Power-balancing Instantaneous Optimization Energy Management for a Novel Series-parallel Hybrid Electric Bus

Energy management（EM） is a core technique of hybrid electric bus（HEB） in order to advance fuel economy performance optimization and is unique for the corresponding configuration. There are existing algorithms of control strategy seldom take battery power management into account with international combustion engine power management. In this paper, a type of power-balancing instantaneous optimization（PBIO） energy management control strategy is proposed for a novel series-parallel hybrid electric bus. According to the characteristic of the novel series-parallel architecture, the switching boundary condition between series and parallel mode as well as the control rules of the power-balancing strategy are developed. The equivalent fuel model of battery is implemented and combined with the fuel of engine to constitute the objective function which is to minimize the fuel consumption at each sampled time and to coordinate the power distribution in real-time between the engine and battery. To validate the proposed strategy effective and reasonable, a forward model is built based on Matlab/Simulink for the simulation and the dSPACE autobox is applied to act as a controller for hardware in-the-loop integrated with bench test. Both the results of simulation and hardware-in-the-loop demonstrate that the proposed strategy not only enable to sustain the battery SOC within its operational range and keep the engine operation point locating the peak efficiency region, but also the fuel economy of series-parallel hybrid electric bus（SPHEB） dramatically advanced up to 30.73% via comparing with the prototype bus and a similar improvement for PBIO strategy relative to rule-based strategy, the reduction of fuel consumption is up to 12.38%. The proposed research ensures the algorithm of PBIO is real-time applicability, improves the efficiency of SPHEB system, as well as suite to complicated configuration perfectly.

An analysis of the dynamic resistance and the instantaneous energy of the CO_2 arc welding process

A self-developed welding dynamic arc wavelet analyzer was adopted to analyze and assess the welding process of two CO2 arc welding machines. The experimental results indicate that the instantaneous energy can reflect the influence of the welding current and voltage on dynamic arc characteristic synthetically. Through calculating and analyzing the instantaneous energy, the energy during arc ignition and short circuit in CO2 welding process can be confirmed rationally, thus the foundation for the accurate design and control of the welding current and voltage can be provided. By reducing the ripple disturbance of the dynamic resistance, avoiding peak current and voltage waveform , and enhancing the transition frequency of short circuit suitably, the stability of the welding arc and the weld appearance can be improved.

A Cell Condition-Sensitive Frequency Segmentation Method Based on the Sub-Band Instantaneous Energy Spectrum of Aluminum Electrolysis Cell Voltage

Cell voltage is a widely used signal that can be measured online from an industrial aluminum electrolysis cell.A variety of parameters for the analysis and control of industrial cells are calculated using the cell voltage.In this paper,the frequency segmentation of cell voltage is used as the basis for designing filters to obtain these parameters.Based on the qualitative analysis of the cell voltage,the sub-band instantaneous energy spectrum(SIEP)is first proposed,which is then used to quantitatively represent the characteristics of the designated frequency bands of the cell voltage under various cell conditions.Ultimately,a cell condition-sensitive frequency segmentation method is given.The proposed frequency segmentation method divides the effective frequency band into the[0,0.001]Hz band of lowfrequency signals and the[0.001,0.050]Hz band of low-frequency noise,and subdivides the lowfrequency noise into the[0.001,0.010]Hz band of metal pad abnormal rolling and the[0.01,0.05]Hz band of sub-low-frequency noise.Compared with the instantaneous energy spectrum based on empirical mode decomposition,the SIEP more finely represents the law of energy change with time in any designated frequency band within the effective frequency band of the cell voltage.The proposed frequency segmentation method is more sensitive to cell condition changes and can obtain more elaborate details of online cell condition information,thus providing a more reliable and accurate online basis for cell condition monitoring and control decisions.

Use of instantaneous energy of ABR signals for fast detection of wave V

Brainstem evoked response audiometry is a powerful diagnostic technique in audiology, otology and neurology. ABR(Auditory Brainstem Response) machine has been very useful and popular in past two decades for detection of hearing defects and pathologies in newborns and children. In ABR, wave V is the most prominent and robust wave that has been used as indicator of hearing loss. However, a fast detection of the wave V is necessary in order to implement newborn hearing screening. Researchers have introduced different kind of signal processing technique in order to achieve this target and one of this is Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Wavelet Transform. In this study, the instantaneous energy of ABR signal had been introduced as a marker to identify the ABR waves. Study showed that the instantaneous energy of auditory brainstem response can be used as a marker to identify the ABR waves. This study had proposed a platform for fast hearing screening system.

Unification Might Be Achievable by a Hypothesis of Instantaneous Time-Jumps during Photon and Graviton Interactions (A Brief Note)

Quantum theory according to the Copenhagen interpretation holds that, when a quantum interaction is observed (i.e., “measured”), the observer’s measuring devices temporarily become a part of the quantum system. Relativity theory holds that the event clock of the absorbed or emitted photon or graviton is frozen in time relative to all clocks outside the observed system. If we harmonize both theories, this would appear to imply that time continuity must be interrupted at each instant of observed photon or graviton interaction with matter. It is as if a segment of space-time is clipped out during each such observed interaction. If so, we must dispense with the notion of an absolutely smooth and continuous space-time and replace it with an observation-dependent, discontinuous, relativistic/quantum space-time. Mathematical physicists should be able to model this hypothesis (call it a “time-jump hypothesis”) and its inherent discontinuous space-time in their further efforts at unification.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC URBAN BUSES

A novel parallel hybrid electrical urban bus （PHEUB） configuration consisting of an extra one-way clutch and an automatic mechanical transmission （AMT） is taken as the study subject. An energy management strategy combining a logic threshold approach and an instantaneous optimization algorithm is proposed for the investigated PHEUB. The objective of the energy management strategy is to achieve acceptable vehicle performance and drivability requirements while simultaneously maximizing the engine fuel consumption and maintaining the battery state of charge in its operation range at all times. Under the environment of Matlab/Simulink, a computer simulation model for the PHEUB is constructed by using the model building method combining theoretical analysis and bench test data. Simulation and experiment results for China Typical Bus Driving Schedule at Urban District （CTBDS_UD） are obtained, and the results indicate that the proposed control strategy not only controls the hybrid system efficiently but also improves the fuel economy significantly.

Immediate, Fast, and Overcome Response of the Organism in Response to Energy Osteopathy on the Model of Primary Gonarthrosis (Polyparametric and Statistical Studies)

In 26 patients with confirmed primary verified gonarthrosis(PGA),a clinical and instrumental examination was conducted to evaluate the response energy osteopathy followed by statistical processing of the data.Three types of the body’s response to treatment were identified:immediate,fast,and delayed,which,despite the different informative value of the data of the polyparametric study,allowed judging the effectiveness of the method used.

Simulation of Instant Energy Incident on Three Sensors： Application in the Cities of Algeria

Algeria is a country of vast surface. It occupies a geographical situation which supports the development and the blooming of the use of solar energy. One of the most significant data to carry out an optimal dimensioning ofa photovoltaic system, is the nature of the solar layer in the site of the establishment of the solar installation, especially the incidental solar energy received in the field of the photovoltaic modules, because this last is necessary for the estimation of the energy quantity delivered by the photovoltaic generator. The objective of this work is to predict the performance of a photovoltaic system （statement） functioning under the weather conditions and the simulation of incidental instantaneous energy on a sensor for the two sites： Tlemcen and Bouzareah. Our simulation is based on a model derived from the empirical models of P. De. Brichambaut and Kasten for a light blue sky, and the knowledge of this energy at every moment per a day or year allows the fine analysis of the collecting system. We established a general program of simulation of energy collected for the various orientations of collecting field of a photovoltaie system.

The Research of Hybrid Energy Management System Based on Super Capacitor

This paper designs energy management system of the super capacitance in parallel hybrid electric vehicle,through dynamic instantaneous optimal control strategy,ameliorate the comprehensive efficiency of hybrid system,improve the vehicle fuel economy.Simulated using software matlab6.5 / advisor2002 modeling simulation and verify,which indicates that the super capacitor hybrid huge market prospects and practical significance.

基于可控串联电抗的新能源送出线路故障性质识别方法

针对不带并联电抗器的新能源送出线,能否正确区分故障性质是确保新能源系统安全可靠运行的重中之重。为降低新能源送出线故障对电力设备和系统的冲击,提高重合闸成功率,减少新能源发电系统脱网的发生,提出基于可控串联电抗限流信息的新能源送出线路故障性质识别方法。在送出线路上设计串联可控限流电抗器,在线路故障相跳闸时基于等值阻抗的预判投入可控电抗,在串联电抗限流特性下分析瞬时性故障和永久性故障时的线路电流差异,建立电流突变量比较判据,并能够确定故障电弧熄灭时刻,进而构建新能源场站送出线路基于故障性质识别的自适应重合闸策略。仿真结果表明,所提方法能快速、可靠地识别结果,应用在新能源场站送出线路工程上能有效提高线路的重合率。

基于变电站高频滤波边界特性的配电网线模行波选线方法

受母线并联电容器对于线模行波的高频滤波作用的启发,该文跳出基于零模行波设计选线方法的视角,提出利用变电站边界特性的配电网线模行波选线方法。首先,研究证实了电子式电压互感器、金属氧化物避雷器与母线其余设备杂散电容共同组成的智能变电站线路边界具备强健的高频滤波特性,其对于线模行波的折射衰减作用为后续选线方法的设计奠定了基础;然后,基于健全线路与故障线路上线模行波高频瞬时能量的差异构造了选线新判据,其在高阻故障与小相角接地故障等工况下具备较高的灵敏度;最后,基于PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台验证了所提选线方法的有效性、灵敏性与可靠性,该方法以线模行波作为所选模量,为故障选线问题的解决提供了全新的思路。

采用TVFEMD和瞬时能量比的轧辊磨床颤振在线监测方法

在磨削过程中,颤振是轧辊表面产生振纹的一个最重要的原因,严重影响了工件表面质量。为避免颤振带来的不利影响,提出了一种基于时变滤波经验模态分解(TVFEMD)和瞬时能量比的(IER)的颤振在线监测方法。该方法采用可靠的指标提前监测出颤振的发生,解决了轧辊磨床早期颤振特征微弱,在背景噪声下难以快速识别的问题。首先对实时采集的振动信号进行实时分段处理。其次对每个砂轮转动周期内的信号进行时变滤波经验模态分解,提高信噪比。然后运用瞬时频率和瞬时能量比选取颤振敏感频带,将颤振敏感频带的瞬时能量比作为颤振特征。最后基于瞬时能量比上升量确定颤振监测阈值,判断当前加工状态。试验结果表明,在不同的轧辊磨床加工条件下,所提方法均能在颤振过渡阶段将其检测出来,更快地实现颤振早期预警;与EMD等传统时频分析方法相比,在早期颤振监测中具有明显的优势。

基于瞬时功率镜像补偿的斜坡式重力储能系统功率平滑控制策略

针对重力储能系统因离散质量块切换引起的输出功率波动问题,提出了一种基于瞬时功率镜像补偿的功率平滑控制策略。首先介绍了斜坡式重力储能系统的工作原理,分析引起系统功率波动的原因;然后设计了抑制功率波动的系统结构以及功率平滑控制策略,并以11 kW的斜坡式重力储能系统为例,对系统结构参数进行理论计算;最后构建斜坡式重力储能系统仿真模型,分析了系统在质量块交替过程中的暂态波动特性。结果表明,应用所提方法,质量块在交替过程中可提供连续稳定的机械功率,较好地平滑重力储能系统的输出功率,验证了该方法的有效性。

基于VMD⁃ESA和IPOA⁃XGBOOST相结合的异步电机故障诊断

为了提高异步电机故障诊断的准确度,提出一种结合变分模态分解(VMD)、包络谱分析法(ESA)和改进的鹈鹕优化算法优化的极限梯度提升模型(IPOA‐XGBOOST)的智能诊断方法。首先,对实测的异步电机振动信号进行VMD分解,并用ESA计算VMD分解得到的本征模态分量(IMFs)的瞬时能量矩阵;然后用奇异值分解法(SVD)对得到的瞬时能量矩阵进行特征提取;最后,使用提取到的特征向量训练IPOA‐XGBOOST模型,得到异步电机的故障诊断准确率。另外,为了解决鹈鹕优化算法容易陷入局部最优解、寻优速度慢等问题,使用Circle映射改进鹈鹕优化算法。将改进的鹈鹕优化算法、遗传算法(GA)和鹈鹕优化算法进行寻优分析,实验结果表明,改进的鹈鹕优化算法的寻优效果最好。

Intrinsic physical relationships between rotor modal shapes and instantaneous vibrational energy flow transmission characteristics:Theoretical and numerical analysis and application

The modal vibration of the rotor is the main cause of excessive vibration of the aeroengine overall structure.To attenuate the vibration of the rotor under different modal shapes from the perspective of energy control,the intrinsic physical relationships between rotor modal shapes and instantaneous vibrational energy flow transmission characteristics is derived from the general equation of motion base on the structural intensity method.A dual-rotor-support-casing coupling model subjected to the rotor unbalanced forces is established by the finite element method in this paper.The transmission,conversion and balance relationships of the vibrational energy flow for the rotors in the first-order bending modal shape,the conical whirling modal shape and the translational modal shape are analyzed,respectively.The results show that the vibrational energy flow transmitted to the structure can be converted into the strain energy,the kinetic energy and the energy dissipated by the damping of the structure.The vibrational energy flow transmission characteristics of rotors with different modal shapes are quite different.Especially for the first-order bending modal shape,the vibrational energy flow and the strain energy are transmitted and converted to each other in the middle part of the rotor shaft,resulting in large deformation at this part.To attenuate this harmful vibration,the influences of grooving on the shaft on the first-order bending vibration are studied from the perspective of transmission control of vibrational energy flow.This study can provide theoretical references and guidance for the vibration attenuation of the rotors in different modal shapes from a more essential perspective.

特高压多端混合直流线路经验模式分解单端保护

针对特高压多端混合直流输电线路T区边界不明显,现有保护难以实现线路全线速动保护,本文提出一种特高压多端混合直流输电线路单端保护方案。首先分析整流侧边界和线路末端逆变侧边界频率特性,根据T区两侧线路电流线模分量突变量极性的差异,提出故障方向判据;然后,利用Teager能量算子计算故障电流线模第1个固有模态分量的瞬时能量,通过该分量瞬时能量的最大值与整定值比较,判断线路首端整流侧及线路末端逆变侧区内外故障,提出特高压多端混合直流输电线路保护方案。最后,搭建昆柳龙特高压多端混合直流输电系统仿真模型并对所提保护方案进行验证,仿真结果表明,该保护方案能准确判断故障位置,实现特高压多端混合直流输电线路全线速动保护。

基于改进多重同步挤压样条Chirplet变换的结构瞬时频率识别

为提高样条Chirplet变换的结构频率识别精度,提出了一种基于改进多重同步挤压样条Chirplet变换(improved multi-synchrosqueezing spline-kernelled Chirplet transform, IMSSSCT)的瞬时频率识别方法。首先通过引入三参数高斯窗函数和能量集中度原理对样条Chirplet变换进行改进,然后结合多重同步挤压算法进一步提高改进样条Chirplet变换(improved spline-kernelled Chirplet transform, ISCT)的时频能量聚集度。通过单自由度Duffing系统和三层剪切框架结构的数值仿真及悬臂梁结构试验对所提方法进行了验证。研究结果表明,IMSSSCT能有效识别非线性结构和时变结构的瞬时频率。

针对新能源短时波动的大电网在线暂态安全稳定控制方法分析

阐述新能源短时波动对大电网在线暂态安全稳定的影响,提出相应的控制方法。运用大数据技术和机器学习算法,解决瞬时波动引发的安全隐患。针对电网暂态稳定性的挑战,构建智能控制策略。

基于极小值原理的混动瞬时优化能量管理策略

以发动机瞬时燃油消耗最小为目标建立性能泛函,通过发动机、电机、电池数学模型建立Hamilton目标函数,采用最优控制的Pontryagin极小值原理解析目标函数,在控制集范围内搜索使目标函数达到最小值的最优控制变量,从而计算出控制电机扭矩与发动机扭矩的最优控制值。

Frequency Following Response of Speech-ABR by Instantaneous Energy Spectrum

A frequency following response(FFR) of speech auditory brainstem response(speech-ABR) elicited by the speech syllable/da/contains three distinct waves named as D, E and F, corresponding to the structure of the stimulus sound. The detection and characterization of FFRs are critical in the study and application of speech-ABRs. Conventional methods detect the latencies of the waves in time domain by measuring the maximal amplitudes of the waveform in the preset windows, which suffers the problem of low quality of FFR waves. In this paper, we defined an instantaneous energy(IE) spectrum based on empirical mode decomposition(EMD)method(EMD-IE method) to detect FFR and measured the latencies of the waves. The results reveal that the FFRs are mostly evident on the second layer of the IE spectra,which would benefit the detection and measurement of the FFRs in clinic.