This paper identifies the shortcomings of variance and semi-variance methods in investment risk measurement and introduces a new model,namely RR-ER (relative risk and excess revenue) model,which takes account of the r...This paper identifies the shortcomings of variance and semi-variance methods in investment risk measurement and introduces a new model,namely RR-ER (relative risk and excess revenue) model,which takes account of the revenue over expectation problem.Properties of RR-ER model and the consistency between RR-ER model and traditional risk measure model with regard to continuous random variables are discussed.Case analysis is presented to prove the practicality and efficiency of this new method.展开更多
BACKGROUND mTOR gene is a key component of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway,and its dysregulation is associated with various diseases.Several studies have demonstrated that tea drinking is a protective factor again...BACKGROUND mTOR gene is a key component of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway,and its dysregulation is associated with various diseases.Several studies have demonstrated that tea drinking is a protective factor against tuberculosis(TB).This study was designed to explore five single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of mTOR in the Han population of China to determine how their interactions with tea drinking affect susceptibility to TB.AIM To investigate if the polymorphisms of mTOR gene and the gene-tea interaction are associated with susceptibility to TB.METHODS In this case-control study,503 patients with TB and 494 healthy controls were enrolled by a stratified sampling method.The cases were newly registered TB patients from the county-level centers for disease control and prevention,and the healthy controls were permanent residents from Xin'ansi Community,Changsha city.Demographic data and environmental exposure information including tea drinking were obtained from the study participants.We genotyped five potentially functional SNP sites(rs2295080,rs2024627,rs1057079,rs12137958,and rs7525957)of mTOR gene and assessed their associations with the risk of TB using logistic regression analysis,and marginal structural linear odds models were used to estimate the gene-environment interactions.RESULTS The frequencies of four SNPs(rs2295080,rs2024627,rs1057079,and rs7525957)were found to be associated with susceptibility to TB(P<0.05).Genotypes GT(OR 1.334),GG(OR 2.224),and GT+GG(OR 1.403)at rs2295080;genotypes CT(OR 1.562)and CT+TT(OR 1.578)at rs2024627,genotypes CT(OR 1.597),CC(OR 2.858),and CT+CC(OR 1.682)at rs1057079;and genotypes CT(OR 1.559)and CT+CC(OR 1.568)at rs7525957 of mTOR gene were significantly more prevalent in TB patients than in healthy controls.The relative excess risk of interaction between the four SNPs(rs2295080,rs2024627,rs1057079,and rs7525957)of mTOR genes and tea drinking were found to be-1.5187(95%CI:-1.9826,-1.0547,P<0.05),-1.8270(95%CI:-2.3587,-1.2952,P<0.05),-2.3246(95%CI:-2.9417,-1.7076,P<0.05)and-0.4235(95%CI:-0.7756,-0.0714,P<0.05),respectively,which suggest negative interactions.CONCLUSION The polymorphisms of mTOR(rs2295080,rs2024627,rs1057079,and rs7525957)are associated with susceptibility to TB,and there is a negative interaction between each of the four SNPs and tea drinking.展开更多
Background:It has been well-established that acute radiation exposures increase the risk of leukemia.However,it is still unknown whether these leukemia risk estimates could be extrapolated to occupational populations ...Background:It has been well-established that acute radiation exposures increase the risk of leukemia.However,it is still unknown whether these leukemia risk estimates could be extrapolated to occupational populations who receive repeated low-dose radiation exposure.The purpose of this study was to estimate quantified associations between low-dose radiation exposures and leukemia.Methods:The Chinese medical X-ray worker study(CMXW)included 27,011 medical X-ray workers employed at major hospitals in 24 provinces in China from 1950 to 1980,and a control population of 25,782 physicians matched by hospital,who were unexposed to X-ray equipment.Poisson regression models were used to esti-mate the excess relative risk(ERR)and excess absolute risk(EAR)for the incidence of leukemia associated with cumulative doses.A meta-analysis of the published literature on low-dose occupational radiation exposure and leukemia risk was also conducted.Results:The incidence rates of leukemia in X-ray workers and the control group were 6.70 and 3.39 per 100,000 person-years,respectively.Among X-ray workers,the average cumulative red bone marrow dose was 0.046 Gy.We found a positive relationship between 2-year lagged cumulative red bone marrow dose and risk of leukemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL)(ERR=0.66 per 100 mGy,90%CI:0.09,1.53;EAR=0.29 per 104 PY-100 mGy,90%CI:0.07,0.56).The excess risk was largely driven by myeloid leukemia(ERR=1.06 per 100 mGy,90%CI:0.22,2.51).Based on the meta-analysis,the pooled ERR at 100 mGy was 0.19(95%CI:0.08,0.31).Conclusion:This study provides strong evidence of a positive and linear doseresponse relationship between cu-mulative red bone marrow dose and the incidence of non-CLL leukemia.展开更多
目的探究高血压家族史与受教育程度交互作用对高血压患病的影响。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,于2016年对昆山市18~69岁常住居民进行问卷调查与体格检查。样本数据通过复杂加权后估计高血压患病率。采用非线性混合模型估计交互作用...目的探究高血压家族史与受教育程度交互作用对高血压患病的影响。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,于2016年对昆山市18~69岁常住居民进行问卷调查与体格检查。样本数据通过复杂加权后估计高血压患病率。采用非线性混合模型估计交互作用指数(Synergy Index,S)、交互作用相对超额危险度(Relative Excess Risk of Interaction,RERI)及归因交互效应百分比(The Attributable Proportion Due to Interaction,AP)来评价相加交互作用。结果有效调查8 529人,加权后高血压患病率为16.28%(95%CI:15.18%~17.37%),其中男性为19.47%(95%CI:17.72%~21.22%),女性为13.59%(95%CI:12.21%~14.97%)。不仅有高血压家族史(OR=1.12,95%CI:1.11~1.14)和低教育程度(OR=1.09,95%CI:1.07~1.12)与高血压患病存在统计学关联;且两者相乘交互效应的参数估计值有统计学意义(P=0.0002)。未发现低教育程度和有高血压家族史相加交互作用与高血压患病有统计学关联(RERI=-0.636,95%CI:-1.236^-0.037;AP=-0.333,95%CI:-0.712~0.046;S=0.589,95%CI:0.331~1.048)。结论昆山市常住居民中高血压较为流行,有高血压家族史和低教育程度与高血压患病存在关联,未发现两者相加交互作用与高血压患病有统计学关联。展开更多
文摘This paper identifies the shortcomings of variance and semi-variance methods in investment risk measurement and introduces a new model,namely RR-ER (relative risk and excess revenue) model,which takes account of the revenue over expectation problem.Properties of RR-ER model and the consistency between RR-ER model and traditional risk measure model with regard to continuous random variables are discussed.Case analysis is presented to prove the practicality and efficiency of this new method.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81803298and Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation,No.2020JJ4762.
文摘BACKGROUND mTOR gene is a key component of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway,and its dysregulation is associated with various diseases.Several studies have demonstrated that tea drinking is a protective factor against tuberculosis(TB).This study was designed to explore five single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of mTOR in the Han population of China to determine how their interactions with tea drinking affect susceptibility to TB.AIM To investigate if the polymorphisms of mTOR gene and the gene-tea interaction are associated with susceptibility to TB.METHODS In this case-control study,503 patients with TB and 494 healthy controls were enrolled by a stratified sampling method.The cases were newly registered TB patients from the county-level centers for disease control and prevention,and the healthy controls were permanent residents from Xin'ansi Community,Changsha city.Demographic data and environmental exposure information including tea drinking were obtained from the study participants.We genotyped five potentially functional SNP sites(rs2295080,rs2024627,rs1057079,rs12137958,and rs7525957)of mTOR gene and assessed their associations with the risk of TB using logistic regression analysis,and marginal structural linear odds models were used to estimate the gene-environment interactions.RESULTS The frequencies of four SNPs(rs2295080,rs2024627,rs1057079,and rs7525957)were found to be associated with susceptibility to TB(P<0.05).Genotypes GT(OR 1.334),GG(OR 2.224),and GT+GG(OR 1.403)at rs2295080;genotypes CT(OR 1.562)and CT+TT(OR 1.578)at rs2024627,genotypes CT(OR 1.597),CC(OR 2.858),and CT+CC(OR 1.682)at rs1057079;and genotypes CT(OR 1.559)and CT+CC(OR 1.568)at rs7525957 of mTOR gene were significantly more prevalent in TB patients than in healthy controls.The relative excess risk of interaction between the four SNPs(rs2295080,rs2024627,rs1057079,and rs7525957)of mTOR genes and tea drinking were found to be-1.5187(95%CI:-1.9826,-1.0547,P<0.05),-1.8270(95%CI:-2.3587,-1.2952,P<0.05),-2.3246(95%CI:-2.9417,-1.7076,P<0.05)and-0.4235(95%CI:-0.7756,-0.0714,P<0.05),respectively,which suggest negative interactions.CONCLUSION The polymorphisms of mTOR(rs2295080,rs2024627,rs1057079,and rs7525957)are associated with susceptibility to TB,and there is a negative interaction between each of the four SNPs and tea drinking.
基金supported by the CAMS Innovation Fund for Med-ical Science(2019-I2M-2-006 and 2021-I2M-1-042)the Fundamen-tal Research Funds for the Central Universities(3332021066 and 3332020104)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81772243,81803172,81803167,31800703,31971168,81972976,31900891,32071241,32171239,and 82072331)the Natural Sci-ence Foundation of Tianjin(19JCYBJC26600 and 20JCQNJC00340).
文摘Background:It has been well-established that acute radiation exposures increase the risk of leukemia.However,it is still unknown whether these leukemia risk estimates could be extrapolated to occupational populations who receive repeated low-dose radiation exposure.The purpose of this study was to estimate quantified associations between low-dose radiation exposures and leukemia.Methods:The Chinese medical X-ray worker study(CMXW)included 27,011 medical X-ray workers employed at major hospitals in 24 provinces in China from 1950 to 1980,and a control population of 25,782 physicians matched by hospital,who were unexposed to X-ray equipment.Poisson regression models were used to esti-mate the excess relative risk(ERR)and excess absolute risk(EAR)for the incidence of leukemia associated with cumulative doses.A meta-analysis of the published literature on low-dose occupational radiation exposure and leukemia risk was also conducted.Results:The incidence rates of leukemia in X-ray workers and the control group were 6.70 and 3.39 per 100,000 person-years,respectively.Among X-ray workers,the average cumulative red bone marrow dose was 0.046 Gy.We found a positive relationship between 2-year lagged cumulative red bone marrow dose and risk of leukemia excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia(CLL)(ERR=0.66 per 100 mGy,90%CI:0.09,1.53;EAR=0.29 per 104 PY-100 mGy,90%CI:0.07,0.56).The excess risk was largely driven by myeloid leukemia(ERR=1.06 per 100 mGy,90%CI:0.22,2.51).Based on the meta-analysis,the pooled ERR at 100 mGy was 0.19(95%CI:0.08,0.31).Conclusion:This study provides strong evidence of a positive and linear doseresponse relationship between cu-mulative red bone marrow dose and the incidence of non-CLL leukemia.
文摘目的探究高血压家族史与受教育程度交互作用对高血压患病的影响。方法采用多阶段整群随机抽样方法,于2016年对昆山市18~69岁常住居民进行问卷调查与体格检查。样本数据通过复杂加权后估计高血压患病率。采用非线性混合模型估计交互作用指数(Synergy Index,S)、交互作用相对超额危险度(Relative Excess Risk of Interaction,RERI)及归因交互效应百分比(The Attributable Proportion Due to Interaction,AP)来评价相加交互作用。结果有效调查8 529人,加权后高血压患病率为16.28%(95%CI:15.18%~17.37%),其中男性为19.47%(95%CI:17.72%~21.22%),女性为13.59%(95%CI:12.21%~14.97%)。不仅有高血压家族史(OR=1.12,95%CI:1.11~1.14)和低教育程度(OR=1.09,95%CI:1.07~1.12)与高血压患病存在统计学关联;且两者相乘交互效应的参数估计值有统计学意义(P=0.0002)。未发现低教育程度和有高血压家族史相加交互作用与高血压患病有统计学关联(RERI=-0.636,95%CI:-1.236^-0.037;AP=-0.333,95%CI:-0.712~0.046;S=0.589,95%CI:0.331~1.048)。结论昆山市常住居民中高血压较为流行,有高血压家族史和低教育程度与高血压患病存在关联,未发现两者相加交互作用与高血压患病有统计学关联。
文摘目的探讨脂质蓄积指数(lipid accumulation product,LAP)和糖尿病家族史交互作用对糖尿病患病风险的影响。方法利用logistic回归和受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristics,ROC)曲线研究LAP与糖尿病的关系,并用交互作用引起的相对超额风险(the relative excess risk due to interaction,RERI),相互作用比例(attributable proportion due to interaction,AP)和协同指数(synergy index,SI)评价LAP和糖尿病家族史对糖尿病的交互作用。研究对象来源于2015年在安徽省蚌埠市某区进行的"创建省级慢性病管理示范区"项目,通过多阶段随机抽样方法在该区7个社区/街道进行抽样调查,共计纳入1777名研究对象。结果多因素logistics回归分析显示,LAP升高(OR=3.93,95%CI:2.47~6.27)是糖尿病发病的重要危险因素。男性中LAP预测糖尿病风险的能力优于BMI(Z=2.37,P=0.02),但与腰围(waist circumference,WC)比较差异无统计学意义(Z=1.23,P=0.22);女性中LAP的AUC与BMI(Z=2.57,P=0.01)和WC(Z=2.33,P=0.02)差异均有统计学意义。LAP和糖尿病家族史对糖尿病风险有交互作用(RERI:2.93,95%CI:0.33~5.52;AP:0.46,95%CI:0.21~0.72;SI:2.24,95%CI:1.21~4.15)。结论LAP增加与糖尿病发病风险密切相关,且其与糖尿病家族史对糖尿病发病存在交互作用。
