Evaluation and mapping of relative sensitivity of the terrestrial ecosystems to acidic deposition in Fujian

Based on the semi-quantitative approach, four environmental factors of sites (i.e. bedrock lithology, soil type, land use, and rainfall) were categorized, weighted and combined to determine and assess the relative sensitivity of the terrestrial ecosystems to acidic deposition in Fujian Province. Then the factors have been digitized and combined to assign an overall value for each mesh square (16.77 km×18.39 km) by using the geographic information system (GIS) The results indicated that the most sensitive area in Fujian was mainly located in the southeast, and the least: ensitive area was distributed sporadically in the east along the coast. Due to slow weathering rate of siliceous rocks, acid to weakly acid reactions of the soils, along with the greater percent of coniferous forests, more than 80 percent of the total area exhibits higher sensitivity classes (4–7).

Measurement of the relative neutron sensitivity curve of a LaBr_(3)(Ce)scintillator based on the CSNS Back-n white neutron source

A scintillator detector consisting of a LaBr_(3)(Ce)(0.5%)scintillator,a photomultiplier tube(PMT),and an oscilloscope were used to study the neutron sensitivities of the LaBr_(3)(Ce)scintillator at the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)Back-n white neutron source in the double-bunch and single-bunch operation modes,respectively.Under the two operational modes,the relative neutron sensitivity curves of the LaBr_(3)(Ce)scintillator in the energy regions of 1–20 MeV and 0.5–20 MeV were obtained for the first time.In the energy range of 1–20 MeV,the two curves were nearly identical.However the relative neutron sensitivity uncertainties of the double-bunch experiment were higher than those of the single-bunch experiment.The above results indicated that the single-bunch experiment's neutron sensitivity curve has a lower minimum measurable energy than the double-bunch experiment.Above the minimum measurable energy of the double-bunch experiment,there is little difference between the measured relative neutron sensitivity curves of the single-bunch and double-bunch experiments of the LaBr_(3)(Ce)scintillator and those of other scintillators with a similar neutron response signal intensity.

Design of a Porous Cored Hexagonal Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Optical Sensor With High Relative Sensitivity for Lower Operating Wavelength

In this article, highly sensitive and low confinement loss enriching micro structured photonic crystal fiber （PCF） has been suggested as an optical sensor. The proposed PCF is porous cored hexagonal （P-HPCF） where cladding contains five layers with circular air holes and core vicinity is formed by two layered elliptical air holes. Two fundamental propagation characteristics such as the relative sensitivity and confinement loss of the proposed P-HPCF have been numerically scrutinized by the full vectorial finite element method （FEM） simulation procedure. The optimized values are modified with different geometrical parameters like diameters of circular or elliptical air holes, pitches of the core, and cladding region over a spacious assortment of wavelength from 0.8 ktm to 1.8 -m. All pretending results exhibit that the relative sensitivity is enlarged according to decrement of wavelength of the transmission band （O＋E＋S＋C＋L＋U）. In addition, all useable liquids reveal the maximum sensitivity of 57.00%, 57.18%, and 57.27% for n=1.33, 1.354, and 1.366 respectively by lower band. Moreover, effective area, nonlinear coefficient, frequency, propagation constant, total electric energy, total magnetic energy, and wave number in free space of the proposed P-HPCF have been reported recently.

Integration and scaling of UV-B radiation effects on plants: the relative sensitivity of growth forms and interspecies interactions

Aims the relative plant type sensitivity and selected community interac-tions under increased UV-B radiation where examined.Specifically,we investigated:(i)if there are differences among growth forms in regard to their sensitivity to UV-B radiation,(ii)if increased UV-B radiation influences the plant competitive balance in plant com-munities and(iii)the response mechanisms of the UV-B radiation-sensitive species that might increase their fitness.Methods to answer our research questions,we used a mechanistic model that,for the first time,integrated the effects of increased UV-B radia-tion from molecular level processes,whole plant growth and devel-opment,and community interactions.Important Findings In the model simulations,species types exhibited different levels of sensitivity to increased UV-B radiation.Summer C3 and C4 annuals showed similar growth inhibition rates,while biennials and winter C3 annuals were the most sensitive.Perennials exhibited inhibitions in growth only if increased UV-B radiation results in increases in metabolic rates.In communities,species sensitive to UV-B radiation may have a competitive disadvantage compared to resistant plant species.But,sensitive species may have a wide array of responses that can increase their fitness and reproductive success in the com-munity,such as,increased secondary metabolites production,changes in timing of emergence and reproduction,and changes in seed size.While individual plants may exhibit significant inhibi-tions in growth and development,in communities,these inhibitions can be mitigated by small morphological and physiological adap-tations.Infrequent or occasional increased UV-B radiation events should not have any lasting effect on the structure of the commu-nity,unless other environmental factors are perturbing the dynamic equilibrium.

Relative Broken Family Sensitivity

Letπ:(X,T)→(Y,S)be a factor map between two topological dynamical systems,and F_(a) Furstenberg family of Z.We introduce the notion of relative broken F-sensitivity.Let Fs(resp.Fpubd,Finf)be the families consisting of all syndetic subsets(resp.positive upper Banach density subsets,infinite subsets).We show that for a factor mapπ:(X,T)→(Y,S)between transitive systems,πis relatively broken F-sensitive for F=Fs or Fpubd if and only if there exists a relative sensitive pair which is an F-recurrent point of(R_(π),T^((2)));is relatively broken Finf-sensitive if and only if there exists a relative sensitive pair which is not asymptotic.For a factor mapπ:(X,T)→(Y,S)between minimal systems,we get the structure of relative broken F-sensitivity by the factor map to its maximal equicontinuous factor.

Relative sensitivities of woody plants to acid deposition in south areas of China

Relative sensitivities of 30 species of common woody plants to simulated acid rain with pH values of 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.5 and control were studied. The results showed that 6 species of these plants were sensitive to simulated acid rain. The moderate included 18 species. The resistant included 6. Relative sensitivities to ambient acid rain and air pollutants and visible injury degree of 30 species of common woody plants in Chongqing City were investigated. Results showed that 6 species with foliage lesion rate at above 10 percent were sensitive, that 6 species with no lesion were resistant and that other 18 species with lesion at 10 percent below were moderate. Other 7 cities (Guiyang, Zunyi, Duyun, Changsha, Zhuzhou, Liuzhou and Guilin City) were also investigated and results were consistent with those of Chongqing City. The experimental and investigated results showed relative sensitivities and visible injury degree of woody plants to simulated acid rain were consistent with those of the woody plants to ambient acid rain and air pollutants. The sensitive plants may be used as bioindicators to acid rain or air pollutants. The resistant species can be introduced to acid rain and air pollution areas to substitute damaged sensitive plants in order to improve environment.

Study of the Performance of a Streaked Optical Pyrometer System for Temperature Measurement of Shocked Materials

A streaked optical pyrometer （SOP） is developed and calibrated for the measurement of the temperature of shocked materials. In order to achieve a higher relative sensitivity, a onechannel scheme is adopted for the system. The system is calibrated with a shocked step-shaped aluminum sample in the SG-III prototype laser facility. The relation between the count number in the detection system and the sample temperature is thus obtained, which can be adopted to infer the temperature of any shocked materials in future experiments.

High-Sensitivity Early Detection Biomedical Sensor for Tuberculosis With Low Losses in the Terahertz Regime Based on Photonic Crystal Fiber Technology

Tuberculosis is one of the most contagious and lethal illnesses in the world,according to the World Health Organization.Tuberculosis had the leading mortality rate as a result of a single infection,ranking above HIV/AIDS.Early detection is an essential factor in patient treatment and can improve the survival rate.Detection methods should have high mobility,high accuracy,fast detection,and low losses.This work presents a novel biomedical photonic crystal fiber sensor,which can accurately detect and distinguish between the different types of tuberculosis bacteria.The designed sensor detects these types with high relative sensitivity and negligible losses compared to other photonic crystal fiber-based biomedical sensors.The proposed sensor exhibits a relative sensitivity of 90.6%,an effective area of 4.342×10^(-8)m^(2),with a negligible confinement loss of 3.13×10^(-9)cm^(-1),a remarkably low effective material loss of 0.0132cm-f,and a numerical aperture of 0.3462.The proposed sensor is capable of operating in the terahertz regimes over a wide range(1 THz-2.4 THz).An abbreviated review of non-optical detection techniques is also presented.An in-depth comparison between this work and recent related photonic crystal fiber-based literature is drawn to validate the efficacy and authenticity of the proposed design.

Studies on the Relation between the Composition of Thermal Sensitive MnZn Ferrite and Curie Temperature

Thermal sensitive MnZn ferrite is a kind of soft magnetic ferrite material with lower Curie temperature (Tc) and can be used to make many kinds of magnetic thermal sensitive sensors with high sensitivity. In this paper, the relation between the composition of thermal sensitive ferrite and TC was studied. It was found that TC changes linearly with ZnO extent when the content of Fe2O3 is fixed. Based on lots of experiments, an experimential formula to determine was given out.

Investigation of the temperature characteristic in SrB4O7：Sm2＋ phosphor-in-glass by analyzing the lifetime of 684 nm

The SrB4O7：Sm2＋ phosphor was synthesized by high temperature solid state reaction method. The phosphor-in-glass was prepared by mixing and firing the phosphor and TeO2-ZnO glass precursor. The XRD results showed that the phosphor-in-glass was in amorphous phase because of the tiny mass fraction of phosphor in glass. The emission spectrum under the 355 nm excitation was measured, and it exhibited the same characteristic emission peaks as the phosphor sample. The temperature characteristic of the SrB4O7：Sm2＋ phosphor-in-glass was discussed by analyzing the lifetime of 684 nm emission at various temperatures. The relative temperature sensitivity of 5%/K around 573 K was obtained for the temperature dependent lifetime, suggesting that the material in this study is a promising candidate for temperature sensor application.

Design and Optimization of Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Sensor for Gas Condensate and Air Pollution Monitoring

In this paper, a hexagonal shape photonic crystal fiber （H-PCF） has been proposed as a gas sensor of which both micro-structured core and cladding are organized by circular air cavities. The reported H-PCF has a single layer circular core which is surrounded by a five-layer hexagonal cladding. The overall pretending process of the H-PCF is completed by using a full vectorial finite element method （FEM） with perfectly matched layer （PML） boundary condition. All geometrical parameters like diameters and pitches of both core and cladding regions have fluctuated with an optimized structure. After completing the numerical analysis, it is clearly visualized that the proposed H-PCF exhibits high sensitivity with low confinement loss. The investigated results reveal the relative sensitivity of 56.65% and confinement loss of 2.31×10^-5 dB/m at the 1.33%tm wavelength. Moreover, effective area, nonlinearity, and V-parameter of the suggested PCF are also briefly described.

Benzene Shape Photonic Crystal Fiber Based Plasma Sensor： Design and Analysis

A novel benzene core photonic crystal fiber （BC-PCF） is proposed for plasma sensing applications. The proposed BC-PCF parameters have been tuned to gain high sensitivity, high numerical aperture （NA）, and low confinement loss, and modality over the extensive variety of 0.7 μm to 1.9μm wavelength. The explored results for the ideal structure have exhibited the high sensitivity up to 77.84% and negligible confinement loss of 7.9×10^-3dB/m at 1.3μm wavelength. The V-barometer remains under 2.405 over the whole working wavelength. So the proposed BC-PCF is a single mode fiber, which advances the long partition correspondence applications. Furthermore, high numerical aperture （NA） makes the fiber potential candidate in medical imaging applications. The plan of the sensor is to find out the creative potential outcomes in sensing applications.

Chemical sensing through photonic crystal fiber:sulfuric acid detection

A photonic crystal fiber(PCF)for sensing of sulfuric acid is designed and analyzed using Comsol Multiphysics.To analyze the sensor performance,0%,10%,20%,30%,40%H2SO4 solution is placed into the fiber separately and then relative sensitivity,confinement loss,birefringence,effective area etc.are investigated for each solution over wavelength ranging from 0.8 to 1.8μm.The sensor structure affords moderately high relative sensitivity and around 63.4%sensitivity is achieved for the highest concentration of H2SO4 at the wavelength 1.5|im inxpolarization direction.This PCF model also shows zero confinement loss for all solutions of H2SO4 over wavelength ranging from 1 to 1.35μm and later on approximately 1.422×10^-17 dB/km confinement loss is found for the highest concentration of H2SO4 at 1.5|im wavelength.Besides,higher birefringence is attained when the concentration of sulfuric acid is lower and it is achieved 7.5×10^-4 at 1.5μm wavelength.Moreover,higher sensing area is achieved at high concentration of sulfuric acid.