Applying Machine Learning Techniques for Religious Extremism Detection on Online User Contents

In this research paper,we propose a corpus for the task of detecting religious extremism in social networks and open sources and compare various machine learning algorithms for the binary classification problem using a previously created corpus,thereby checking whether it is possible to detect extremist messages in the Kazakh language.To do this,the authors trained models using six classic machine-learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine,Decision Tree,Random Forest,K Nearest Neighbors,Naive Bayes,and Logistic Regression.To increase the accuracy of detecting extremist texts,we used various characteristics such as Statistical Features,TF-IDF,POS,LIWC,and applied oversampling and undersampling techniques to handle imbalanced data.As a result,we achieved 98%accuracy in detecting religious extremism in Kazakh texts for the collected dataset.Testing the developed machine learningmodels in various databases that are often found in everyday life“Jokes”,“News”,“Toxic content”,“Spam”,“Advertising”has also shown high rates of extremism detection.

On Uzbekistan's Experience Countering Religious Extremism and Terrorism

Since the first years of independence,Uzbekistan began to develop and implement a policy of countering religious extremism and addressing the ideological basis of terrorism.Taking into consideration the complexity of this problem,Uzbekistan is comprehensively combating expressions of extremism and terrorism.

Oppose Religious Extremism and Guarantee Human Rights

For today＇s human rights protection, it is requisite to firmly oppose religious ex- tremism, no matter whether in China or worldwide. Religious extremism is a rather serious phenomenon in the political life of today＇s world. In the form of religion （including banners, words, symbols and costumes, etc）, it agitates for the extreme claims and fanatical behavior of certain groups and damages social stability, so that it can serve its villainous purposes.

Root of Religious Extremist Thought and Sino-Arab Cooperation on Deradicalization

Islam is a religion that advocates peace and abides by“the doctrine of balance”.However,religious extremism is a“tumor”for the development of Islam,and leads to an alienation of Islam.After the 9/11 attacks,Islamic extremism reappeared,mainly reflected in:1)the teachings of Islam being distorted,and the civil movement of the Islamic revival leading to the mire of extremism;2)Jihad ideology of Islam being misread,and the Islamic revival tending to be politicized and increasingly extreme;3)Al-Qaeda,the“Islamic State”(IS)and other terrorist organizations were rapidly expanding,which drove Islamic extremism globally.The causes of the above circumstances are complex and have far-reaching impacts.The religious extremism has stolen the discourse right of the interpretation of scriptures,resulting in the formation of religious extremism discourse.This became the deep-rooted reason of trends of religious extremism,and also led to the necessity of launching de-radicalization policies.In global anti-terrorism activities,China showed its uniqueness in seeking to play a constructive role in coordinating efforts of three major international anti-terrorist groups.This paper holds that cooperation between China and the Middle East countries on de-radicalization activities could focus on measures such as creating shared consensus in anti-terrorism,advancing the interpretation of scriptures,improving religious dialogue mechanisms,and highlighting the unique role of patriotic religious leaders and other initiatives,in order to effectively prevent religious extremism from expanding.

Talibanization in the Tribal Areas of Pakistan

Owing to consistent Pakistani economic decline and social unrest,the corrupt governmental political structure and the deepening cooperation with western countries.Talibanization has spread more and more into the tribal area of Pakistan.It is mainly represented as an extremist,armed violence and mass participation,which will seriously affect the political stability in Pakistan and make the western military forces become stationed for a long time in Afghanistan.The“All-weather”relationship between China and Pakistan will also be challenged by those radical religious forces and separatists.

Studies on Religion and China’s National Security in the Globalization Era

Since the 1970s,the global resurgence of religion,the politicization and internationalization of religion,as well as the raging violent religious extremism,have posed a severe challenge to national sovereignty and international order.The impact of religion on national security has become an inevitable problem facing the world.For more than 60 years since the founding of the PRC,religion has always been an important issue in its national security considerations,while“anti-foreign religious infiltration”and“combating the three forces of terrorism,national separatism and religious extremism”have become the official guidelines of discussions concerning religion and national security.In the context of the global resurgence of religion,changes in China’s religious security situation and the development of non-traditional security studies,research on religion and China’s national security has begun to break through the conventional pattern of“anti-filtration study”and started to become more academic and empirical.This paper has outlined the history and current situation of studies about religion and China’s national security and discussed some basic issues of this research area.