Superselective transcatheter arterial embolization to control renal hemorrhage after partial nephrectomy for renal tumors:A report of 9 cases and a literature review

Objective:This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of selective arterial embolization for hemorrhage after renal surgery and to summarize the clinical experience.Materials and methods:A total of 9 patients underwent arterial embolization after partial nephrectomy from 2010 to 2018.Results:Technical success was achieved in all patients;however,3 patients underwent a secondary arterial embolization because of short-term re-hemorrhage or the co-occurrence of accessory renal arterial hemorrhage.No serious complications occurred during the follow-up.Conclusions:Superselective arterial embolization is an effective and minimally invasive treatment for hemorrhage after partial nephrectomy.To improve the success rate of surgery,attention should be paid to the evaluation of accessory renal arteries and the management of suspected bleeding arteries.

Renal Tumor Biopsy Technique

Objective： To review hot issues and future direction of renal tumor biopsy （RTB） technique. Data Sources： The literature concerning or including RTB technique in English was collected from PubMed published from 1990 to 2015. Study Selection： We included all the relevant articles on RTB technique in English, with no limitation of study design. Results： Computed tomography and ultrasound were usually used for guiding RTB with respective advantages. Core biopsy is more preferred over fine needle aspiration because of superior accuracy. A minimum of two good-quality cores for a single renal tumor is generally accepted. The use of coaxial guide is recommended. For biopsy location, sampling different regions including central and peripheral biopsies are recommended. Conclusion： In spite of some limitations, RTB technique is relatively mature to help optimize the treatment of renal tumors.

Diagnostic Utility of Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Differentiating Small Solid Renal Tumors （≤4 cm） at 3.0T Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Background： The aim of this study was to assess the performance of apparent diffusion coefficient （ADC） measurement obtained with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging （DW-MRI） to distinguish renal cell carcinomas （RCCs） from small benign solid renal tumors （〈4 cm）. Methods： In this cross-sectional study, 49 consecutive patients with histopathologically confirmed small solid renal tumors, and seven healthy volunteers were imaged using nonenhanced MRI and DW-MRI. The ADC map was calculated using the b values of 0, 50, 400, and 600 s/ mm2 and values compared via the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The utility of ADC for differentiating RCCs and benign lesions was assessed using a receiver operating characteristic curve. Multiple nonenhanced MRI features were analyzed by Logistic regression. Results： The tumors consisted of 33 cases of clear-cell RCCs （ccRCCs） and 16 cases of benign tumors, including 14 cases of minimal fat angiomyolipomas and 2 cases ofoncocytomas. The ADCs showed significant differences among benign tumors （[0.90 ±0.52] x 10 x mm2/s）, ccRCCs （[1.53 ± 0.31 ] x 10 ^3 mm2/s） and the normal renal parenchyma （[2.22 ± 0.12]x 10^-3 mmVs） （P 〈 0.001）. Moreover, there was statistically significant difference between high and low-grade ccRCCs （P = 0.004）. Using a cut-offADC of 1.36± 10 3 mm2/s, DW-MRI resulted in an area under the curve （AUC）, sensitivity, and specificity equal to 0.839, 75.8%, and 87.5%, respectively. Nonenhanced MRI alone and the combination of imaging methods led to an AUC, sensitivity and specificity equal to 0.919, 93.9%, and 81.2%, 0.998, 97%, and 100%, respectively. The Logistic regression showed that the location of the center of the tumor （inside the contour of the kidney） and appearance of stiffblood vessel were significantly helpful for diagnosing ccRCCs. Conclusions： DW-MRI has potential in distinguishing ccRCCs from benign lesions in human small solid renal tumors （〈4 cm）, and in increasing the accuracy for diagnosing ccRCCs when combined with nonenhanced MRI.

Renal tumor in developing countries:142 cases from a single institution at Shanghai,China

Background:The clinical management of children with renal tumors including Wilms'tumor,clear cell sarcoma,rhabdoid tumor and other renal tumors in our center was designed according to the National Wilms'Tumor Study Group protocols.Methods:A total of 142 consecutive patients who had been diagnosed as having renal tumors at Shanghai Children's Medical Center were reviewed retrospectively in the period of December 1998 and September 2012.Diagnosis and treatment were decided by a multi-disciplinary team including oncologists,surgeons,pathologists and sub-specialized radiologists.Results:The median age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 27 months.The tumor stages of the patients were as follows:stage I 24.6%,stage II 23.2%,stage III 32.3%,stage IV 14.1%,and stage V 5.6%.Favorable histology was diagnosed in 80.3%,anaplasia in 4.2%,clear cell sarcoma in 9.8%,rhabdoid tumor in 4.9%,and other renal tumors in 0.7%of the patients.The event-free and overall 5-year survival rates were 80%and 83%,respectively.Tumor relapse and progress was seen in 25 patients(17.6%).The median relapse time was 6 months(range:2-37 months).Seven relapsing patients were re-treated and four of them got second complete remission(three in stage II,one in stage I).Conclusion:A multi-disciplinary team work model is feasible in developing countries,and the renal tumors protocols basically from developed countries are safe in developing countries.

Renal granuloma misdiagnosed as renal papillary carcinoma: a case report

The imaging appearance of renal granuloma is very similar to that of a renal tumor.Granulomatous lesions usually do not require surgical treatment,while kidney tumors typically necessitate surgical removal.The diagnosis of renal granuloma typically relies on the history of bacillus Calmette-Guérin perfusion and the position of the renal pelvis in the image(malignant tumors usually destroy or compress the surrounding renal pelvis).However,in this case,the patient has no history of bacillus Calmette-Guérin perfusion,making the diagnosis more challenging.The ultrasound and enhanced CT findings were consistent with renal papillary carcinoma.Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy was performed,revealing degeneration and necrosis of the renal cortex and formation of granulomas.The imaging diagnosis of renal granuloma is difficult.Ultrasound-guided biopsy may be a preferable method to avoid unnecessary surgery.

DETERMINATION OF URINE TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR, IL-6, IL-8 AND SERUM IL-6 IN PATIENTS WITH HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS WITH RENAL SYNDROME

Objective To explore the roles of cytokines in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome(HFRS). Methods Double-antibody sandwich ELISA was used to determine serum interleukin (IL)-6, urine tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6 and IL-8 levels in 56 patients with HFRS. Results Serum IL-6, urine TNF, IL-6 and IL-8 concentrations in HFRS patients were significantly higher than those in control group, respectively (P<0.001). The concentrations increased at fever stage, then continued to increase during hypotension stage and peaked at oliguria stage. The concentrations of serum IL-6, urine TNF, IL-6 and IL-8 increased in accord with the severity of the disease and differed greatly among different types of the disease. Serum IL-6 had remarkable relationships with serum specific antibodies. It was positively related to serum β_2-microglobulin (β_2-MG), blood ureanitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). Significant positive relationships were also found both between urine IL-6 and TNF, and between IL-6 and IL-8 (r=0.5768, P<0.05; r=0.3760, P<0.01). Conclusion TNF, IL-6 and IL-8 activated during the course of the disease. IL-6 is associated with the immunopathological lesions caused by the hyperfunction of humoral immune response. IL-6, IL-8 and TNF are involved in the renal immune impairment. Determining them might, in certain extent, be used in predicting the prognosis and outcome of patients with HFRS.

Comprehensive treatment for primary right renal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with a renal vein tumor thrombus:A case report

BACKGROUND Renal involvement in lymphoma is commonly associated with widespread nodal or extranodal lymphoma.Primary renal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is an extremely rare extranodal lymphoma,accounting for fewer than 1%of all renal masses.Interestingly,the patient in this study had a renal vein tumor thrombus that was observed after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 56-year-old female patient with primary renal lymphoma and a renal vein tumor thrombus whose first symptom was right pain in the back and gross hematuria.Histopathology revealed primary renal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.The patient received 8 standard cycles of rituximab with cyclophosphamide,doxorubicin,vincristine,and prednisone chemotherapy after surgery,and no obvious signs of recurrence were observed during the one-year follow-up.CONCLUSION We evaluated comprehensive treatment of primary renal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and multidisciplinary management of this malignancy.

Application of Circulating Tumor Cells in Peripheral Blood in Judging the Prognosis of Patients with Renal Cancer and Related Indexes of Blood Coagulation

Objective: To investigate the value of the number of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in peripheral blood in the prognosis and coagulation-related indicators of patients with renal cancer. Methods: 65 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) confirmed pathologically were divided into CTC positive group and CTC negative group according to the CTC count (5 pcs/3.5 ml). Compare the age, gender, tumor location, TNM (clinical stage), pathological grade, tissue type, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, prognosis and prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen (FIB), partial coagulation of the two groups of patients The correlation between the results of zymogen time (APTT) and D-dimer (DD) and the number of CTC. Results: There were significant differences in TNM, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis between the two groups (P < 0.05). The number of CTC in patients was correlated with FIB and D-D levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The number of CTC in patients with renal cell carcinoma is correlated with some clinical phenotypes (TNM, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis) and some coagulation indexes (FIB, D-D), and can jointly predict the prognosis of renal cancer.

EXPRESSION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF TUMOR INFILTRATING DENDRITIC CELLS IN RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

Objective: To study the expression of dendritic cells in human renal cell carcinoma and explore the cause, so to reveal the mechanism of escaping immune surveillance in RCC. Methods: The expressions of CD83+DCS, CD1a+DCS,VEGF and TGF-β1 in tumoral, peritumoral and normal kidney tissues of RCC in 30 cases were detected by immunohistochemistry using streptavidin/peroxidese(SP) Results: CD83+DCS were mainly located in the peritumoral areas; whereas CD1a+DCS、were mainly retained within the cancer nests. The number of CD83+DCS was inversely correlated with the clinical stage(P<0.05); but there were no significant correlations between the number of CD1a+DCS、and the clinical stage(P>0.05). The expressions of CD83+DCS and CD1a+DCS have significant difference between the tumoral, peritumoral and normal kidney tissues(P<0.001). The expression of VEGF and TGF-β1 were significantly lower in samples with highly infiltrating CD83+DCS(P<0.05); Whereas CD1a+DCS were not (P>0.05). Conclusion: DC has the tendency to gathering in tumor, but because of the immunosuppressive cytokins, for example VEGF and TGF-β1, inhibits the maturation of DC, there are less mature TIDCS(CD83+TIDCS) in the tumoral tissues, they are mainly located in the peritumoral areas. This may contribute to the mechanism of escaping immune surveillance in RCC.

Translating new data to the daily practice in second line treatment of renal cell carcinoma:The role of tumor growth rate

The therapeutic options for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma(mRCC) have completely changed during the last ten years. With the sequential use of targeted therapies, median overall survival has increased in daily practice and now it is not uncommon to see patients surviving kidney cancer for more than four to five years. Once treatment fails with the first line targeted therapy, head to head comparisons have shown that cabozantinib, nivolumab and the combination of lenvatinib plus everolimus are more effective than everolimus alone and that axitinib is more active than sorafenib. Unfortunately, it is very unlikely that we will ever have prospective data comparing the activity of axitinib, cabozantinib, lenvatinib or nivolumab. It is frustrating to observe the lack of biomarkers that we have in this field, thus there is no firm recommendation about the optimal sequence of treatment in the second line. In the absence of reliable biomarkers, there are several clinical endpoints that can help physicians to make decisions for an individual patient, such as the tumor burden, the expected response rate and the time to achieve the response to each agent, the prior response to the agent administered, the toxicity profile of the different compounds and patient preference. Here, we propose the introduction of the tumor-growth rate(TGR) during first-line treatment as a new tool to be used to select the second line strategy in m RCC. The rapidness of TGR before the onset of the treatment reflects the variability between patients in terms of tumor growth kinetics and it could be a surrogate marker of tumor aggressiveness that may guide treatment decisions.

Successful Management of Pulmonary Tumor Embolism from Renal Cell Carcinoma

Although invasion of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) into the inferior vena cava is common, pulmonary tumor embolism is rare. We present a case of a pulmonary tumor embolism from type II papillary renal cell carcinoma successfully treated using a staged approach. Such staged procedures are particularly effective in cases of massive renal tumors. Pulmonary tumor embolectomy using normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass is considerably less invasive than under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.

Combined use of retroperitoneal laparoscopy and bladder resectoscope to treat renal and ureteral tumor occurring at the same side of transplanted kidney (report of 5 cases)

To evaluate the operative characteristics and efficacy of retroperitoneoscopic resection of renal,ureter and partial bladder for the treatment of native renal pelvic and ureteral transitional cell cancer occurring at the same side of transplanted kidney.Methods In 5 cases of renal transplantation,there were 2 cases of right native renal pelvic cancer,1 case of right native renal pelvic and ureter cancer and 2 cases of right ureter cancer respectively.The transplanted kidney was in the same iliac fossa side of the tumor.All 5 patients were subjected to nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff excision by retroperitoneoscopic technique.Results Five operations were completed successfully.The operative time was 180 to 280 min,and the blood loss was 50 to 200 ml.The recovery of intestinal function after operation was 12 to 36 h.The urine output was 1 500 to 4 000 per day.Postoperative serum creatinine was still normal.The mean hospital stay after operation was 4.5 days.Conclusion Retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff excision is a good method to treat the native renal pelvic and ureteral transitional cell cancer occurring at the same side of transplanted kidney.The procedure is safe and less invasive,which provides a good protection of transplanted kidney.12 refs.

原发性肾类癌伴马蹄肾1例报道并文献复习

原发性肾类癌极为罕见,肾畸形,如马蹄肾等是其高危因素,确诊需要组织病理学检查,治疗以手术为主。原发性肾类癌恶性程度较低,但也可转移至肝、肺、脑、骨骼等部位,因此术后应密切随访。本文报道了1例原发性肾类癌伴马蹄肾患者,并结合文献复习了原发性肾类癌的临床、病理特点、诊疗方法和预后因素。

透明细胞乳头状肾细胞肿瘤临床病理研究

目的:透明细胞乳头状肾细胞肿瘤(clear cell papillary renal cell tumor,CCPRCT)是一种少见但重要的肾肿瘤类型,与其他肾细胞肿瘤具有类似的形态学特征,易导致误诊。本研究旨在探讨CCPRCT的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断要点,以提高其病理诊断的准确性。方法:收集15例CCPRCT患者,观察其临床及影像学特点,分析其镜下形态、免疫表型,并复习相关文献。结果:15例患者中,男10例,女5例,年龄为(54±17)岁,10例患者肿瘤位于左肾,5例患者肿瘤位于右肾。组织学上肿瘤均由增厚的纤维囊包裹,并局限于肾实质内;肿瘤细胞排列成乳头状、管状、囊状、腺泡及实性等结构;乳头由小到中等大小、透明细胞质的单层细胞组成,肿瘤均为世界卫生组织/国际泌尿病理学会(World Health Organization/International Society of Urological Pathology,WHO/ISUP)1级或2级;细胞核反极性分布,即核上移,靠近腔面,远离基底,类似鲨鱼牙齿排列。免疫组织化学染色显示:细胞角蛋白7、碳酸酐酶9(carbonic anhydrase 9,CA9)和高分子量细胞角蛋白(34βE12)均为阳性表达;α甲基酰基辅酶A消旋酶、CD117、转录因子E3均为阴性表达;CCPRCT中典型的CA9表现方式是“U型”着色,即腔缘不表达,基底和侧面表达。患者术后随访均未见复发或转移。结论:CCPRCT是一种惰性肾细胞肿瘤,预后好,临床可能存在过诊断,其形态学为特征性的核朝向腔缘的线性排列,特殊的免疫表型CA9呈“U型”阳性,可以与其他肾细胞肿瘤区分开来,但仍然需要积累更多患者来阐释其预后。

Complicated Tumor Lysis Syndrome after CWH Treatment in a Renal Transplantation Patient: One Case Report and Literature Review

IntroductionTumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a potentially lethal emergency causedby lysed tumor cells,and it frequently occurs in tumors of hematologicorigin.Up until now,there has been only one known reportpublished overseas about TLS resulting from post-transplant lymphoproliferativedisorder (PTLD).In 2008,a PTLD patient

脱氧核糖核酸酶1在肾细胞癌中的作用及机制研究

肾细胞癌(renal cell carcinoma,RCC)患者在手术后对放疗、化疗和靶向治疗均不敏感。前期研究证明,在肝癌中,脱氧核糖核酸酶1(deoxyribonuclease 1-like 3,DNASE1L3)可以分解包膜内的单链和双链DNA,通过弱化糖酵解的限速酶,抑制细胞周期、增殖和代谢。然而,DNASE1L3在肾癌中的作用和相关机制尚不清楚。从癌症基因组图谱数据库(the Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)中下载并分析了肾癌RNA测序数据;使用(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)数据库、人类蛋白质图谱数据库和免疫印迹验证DNASE1L3的表达水平;运用免疫相关数据库分析、划痕和侵袭实验,探究了DNASE1L3的作用和潜在机制。结果发现,在TCGA肾癌数据中,DNASE1L3表达量与患者的临床特征显著相关,且与患者生存期呈正相关;过表达DNASE1L3会抑制ACHN和786-O细胞的增殖和侵袭能力。结果表明,DNASE1L3可能成为肾癌患者诊断和治疗的潜在生物标志物。

抑制miRNA-376c-3p对肾透明细胞癌生长的影响

目的探究miRNA-376c-3对肾透明细胞癌(ccRCC)中肿瘤细胞生长的影响。方法以实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测人ccRCC细胞系786-O、Caki-1、SN12-PM6、ACHN及正常人近段肾小管上皮细胞系HKC中miRNA-376c-3p的表达。体外培养786-O细胞,随机分为对照组、miR-376c-3p inhibitor组(转染miR-376c-3p inhibitor)、miR-376c-3p mimics组(转染miR-376c-3p mimics)、阴性对照组(转染miR-376c-3p阴性对照),分组转染后以RT-PCR检测4组细胞miRNA-376c-3p表达;以Ki67免疫荧光染色、集落生成实验检测4组786-O细胞增殖;以TUNEL染色检测4组786-O细胞凋亡;以免疫荧光染色检测4组786-O细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bax、Bcl-2表达并比较其Bax/Bcl-2。于右腋窝皮下接种上述4组786-O细胞建立其裸鼠移植瘤模型,3周后测定其肿瘤体积与质量;以Ki67免疫荧光染色、TUNEL染色分别检测4组裸鼠肿瘤细胞增殖与凋亡。结果与HKC细胞比较,ccRCC细胞系786-O、Caki-1、SN12-PM6、ACHN中miR-376c-3p表达降低(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,miR-376c-3p inhibitor组细胞增殖率与集落形成率、肿瘤体积与质量、裸鼠肿瘤组织Ki67阳性比升高(P<0.05),细胞miR-376c-3p相对表达、Bax/Bcl-2与凋亡率、裸鼠肿瘤组织TUNEL阳性比降低(P<0.05);miR-376c-3p mimics组细胞增殖率与集落形成率、肿瘤体积与质量、裸鼠肿瘤组织Ki67阳性比降低(P<0.05),细胞miR-376c-3p相对表达、Bax/Bcl-2与凋亡率、裸鼠肿瘤组织TUNEL阳性比升高(P<0.05);阴性对照组各指标无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论抑制miRNA-376c-3p可削弱ccRCC细胞增殖及集落生成活性,促进其凋亡,并在裸鼠体内抑制其移植瘤生长。

经腹腔入路和经腹膜后入路在腹腔镜下保留肾单位肾肿瘤切除术中的应用效果

目的比较经腹腔入路和经腹膜后入路在腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术(LNSS)中的应用效果。方法选取2018年1月-2022年12月该院行LNSS的患者100例,按照手术方法不同,分为:经腹腔入路腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术(TLNSS)组(53例)和经腹膜后入路腹腔镜下保留肾单位手术(RLNSS)组(47例),比较两组患者围手术期相关指标、治疗前后肾功能指标、临床疗效和并发症发生情况。结果TLNSS组手术时间、热缺血时间、肠道功能恢复时间和肾动脉阻断时间明显较RLNSS组长,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者术中出血量、引流管拔出时间和住院时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者术后血清胆碱酯酶(ChE)较术前升高,血尿素氮(BUN)和血肌酐(Scr)较术前降低,TLNSS组ChE明显低于RLNSS组,TLNSS组BUN和Scr明显高于RLNSS组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);TLNSS组疾病控制率(DCR)和总体有效率(ORR)明显低于RLNSS组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);TLNSS组并发症总发生率明显高于RLNSS组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论RLNSS可明显缩短手术时间和热缺血时间,促进患者肠道功能和肾功能的恢复,提高临床疗效,降低并发症发生风险。值得临床应用。

增强CT影像组学对肾透明细胞癌恶性程度的鉴别

目的探索基于CT增强图像影像组学鉴别肾透明细胞癌恶性程度的价值。方法回顾性分析192例经病理证实为肾透明细胞癌(CCRCC)增强CT图像资料,其中低级别组(Ⅰ-Ⅱ级,n=111)、高级别组(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级,n=81)。对于增强CT皮质髓质期(CMP)、肾实质期(NP)、排泄期(EP)及三期联合的图像进行影像组学特征提取,运用最小绝对收缩率和选择运算符(LASSO)进行降维,选取有价值的组学特征,采用五折交叉验证将样本量分为训练组及测试组,训练组采用支持向量(support vector machine,SVM)及逻辑回归(logistic regression,LR)两类分类器创建CMP、NP、EP及三期联合的影像组学模型,运用受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)、准确度、灵敏度、特异度、精确度最终评估影像组学模型对于肾透明细胞癌恶性程度的诊断效能,并用测试组进一步验证。结果基于CMP、NP、EP及三期联合图像所建立的影像组学模型与CCRCC恶性程度显著相关,且CMP影像组学模型对于CCRCC恶性程度诊断效能最高(R=0.831,0.801)。SVM分类器模型测试组CMP、NP、EP及三期联合诊断效能ROC曲线下面积(AUC)值分别为0.819、0.785、0.808、0.812;LR分类器模型测试组CMP、NP、EP及三期联合AUC值分别为0.860、0.789、0.808、0.799;在SVM与LR分类器中,CMP与EP、CMP与NP影像组学模型AUC值之间具有显著差异(P<0.05),NR与EP模型之间无差异(P>0.05)。两类分类器均有较好的诊断性能,且SVM分类器建立的影像组学模型性能较LR分类器更稳定、全面。结论基于增强CT影像组学特征所建立的影像组学模型对于肾透明细胞癌恶性程度鉴别具有临床指导性作用,且SVM分类器建立的影像组学模型性能更加稳定、全面。

Molecular genetics and immunohistochemistry characterization of uncommon and recently described renal cell carcinomas

Renal cell carcinoma （RCC） compromises multiple types and has been emerging dramatically over the recent several decades. Advances and consensus have been achieved targeting common RCCs, such as clear cell carcinoma, papillary RCC and chromophobe RCC. Nevertheless, little is known on the characteristics of several newly-identified RCCs, including clear cell （tubulo） papillary RCC, Xpl 1 translocation RCC, t（6;11） RCC, succinate dehydrogenase （SDH）-deficient RCC, acquired cystic disease- associated RCC, hereditary leiomyomatosis RCC syndrome-associated RCC, ALK translocation RCC, thyroid-like follicular RCC, tubulocystic RCC and hybrid oncocytic/chromophobe tumors （HOCT）. In current review, we will collect available literature of these newly-described RCCs, analyze their clinical pathologic characteristics, discuss their morphologic and immunohistologic features, and finally summarize their molecular and genetic evidences. We expect this review would be beneficial for the understanding of RCCs, and eventually promote clinical management strategies.