Eltrombopag-related renal vein thromboembolism in a patient with immune thrombocytopenia: A case report

BACKGROUND Eltrombopag is an orally administered thrombopoietin receptor agonist linked to a heightened risk of treatment-related thromboembolism.Both venous and arterial thromboses have been documented in the medical literature.CASE SUMMARY In the absence of nephropathy,a 48-year-old patient receiving eltrombopag for immune thrombocytopenia(ITP)developed renal vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism.The renal vein thrombus spontaneously resolved during subsequent anticoagulant treatment,restoring venous circulation.CONCLUSION A rapid upsurge in platelets,rather than their absolute number,may trigger thrombotic events in this setting.For patients at high thrombotic risk,individualized eltrombopag dosing and vigilance in platelet monitoring are perhaps needed during treatment of ITP.

Comprehensive treatment for primary right renal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with a renal vein tumor thrombus:A case report

BACKGROUND Renal involvement in lymphoma is commonly associated with widespread nodal or extranodal lymphoma.Primary renal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is an extremely rare extranodal lymphoma,accounting for fewer than 1%of all renal masses.Interestingly,the patient in this study had a renal vein tumor thrombus that was observed after laparoscopic radical nephrectomy.CASE SUMMARY We report the case of a 56-year-old female patient with primary renal lymphoma and a renal vein tumor thrombus whose first symptom was right pain in the back and gross hematuria.Histopathology revealed primary renal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.The patient received 8 standard cycles of rituximab with cyclophosphamide,doxorubicin,vincristine,and prednisone chemotherapy after surgery,and no obvious signs of recurrence were observed during the one-year follow-up.CONCLUSION We evaluated comprehensive treatment of primary renal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and multidisciplinary management of this malignancy.

Variations in the bifurcation level of the abdominal aorta, formation level of the inferior vena cava, and insertion level of the left renal vein into the inferior vena cava and their clinical importance in laparoscopic surgery

Objective: It is important to minimize the risk of major vascular injury during pneumoperitoneumestablishment in laparoscopic surgeries for patients with unusual variations in the levels of theabdominal aorta, the inferior vena cava (IVC), and the left renal vein, which will decrease the morbidityand mortality. The study aims to assess the variations regarding the bifurcation level of the abdominalaorta, formation level of the IVC, and insertion level of the left renal vein into the IVC.Methods: This retrospective study was conducted on 100 patients (50 males and 50 females) referred tothe Department of Radiology, Jordan University Hospital for abdomino-pelvic CT with intra-venouscontrast from January 2018 to December 2019. The three vessels were determined on the axial plane,the coronal plane, and the midsagittal plane. The central vertebral body height as well as the distance ofthe level of the point of interest to the upper end plate of the vertebrae were measured. Afterwards, theresults were classified into the following categories, upper end plate, lower end plate, intervertebral disc,upper half, and lower half of the vertebra.Results: The aortic bifurcation was mainly found at the level of the L4 vertebral body (65, 65%). In theremaining cases, the bifurcation was found to be variably located spanning from L3 in 11 (11%) cases to3 (3%) cases at L5. As for the iliocaval junction, the most common site was also at the level of L4 with41 (41%) cases followed by 39 (39%) cases at the level of L5, and 20 (20%) cases at the intervertebral discof L4/L5. The left renal vein most commonly joined the IVC at the level of L1 with 62 (62%) cases followedby 20 (20%) cases at the intervertebral disc T12/L1. There was wide variation in its entry to the IVCspanning from 4 (4%) cases at T12/L1 to 1 (1%) case at L4.Conclusion: The anatomical variation of the major vessels can be found in the normal population.Therefore, sufficient investigation of the anatomical position of these vessels is essential for patientsbefore laparoscopic surgery.

COLOR DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY APPEARANCES OF RENAL VEIN THROMBOSIS AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC VALUE

Objective To evaluate color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) appearances of renal vein thrombosis (RVT) and its diagnostic value.Methods Ten patients with RVT were analyzed retrospectively. Renal structure, distributions of intrarenal flow signals, echogenicity, and flow fullness in main renal veins were observed with CDU. Resistance index (RI) was recorded from the waveforms of segmental or interlobar renal artery.Results Ten kidneys in nine patients were confirmed to have thrombus within the main renal veins, and one patient was confirmed to have thrombus within the small intrarenal veins. The appearances of the main renal vein thrombosis included full of solid echogenicity or strip echogenicity and complete or partial filling defect within the main renal veins, and absent or a few intrarenal venous flow signals in 70% of kidneys involved. The appearances of intrarenal vein thrombosis included obscure renal structure and no venous flow signal within the involved part of the kidneys. Reverse diastolic flow in the intrarenal artery had only a sensitivity of 36% (4/11); in other 7 kidneys without intrarenal arterial reverse diastolic flow, increased RI (mean, 0.84; range, 0.74-0.96) was found.Conclusion CDU is helpful for rapid clinical diagnosis and follow-up of RVT, and therefore can be the first imaging modality of choice for RVT.

A Rare Anomaly of the Left Renal Vein in the Laboratory of Anatomy of Bamako(Mali)

Aim: The purpose of this work was to describe the left renal retro-aortic vein. Methodology: A case of left renal retro-aortic vein was discovered on a corpse of male, 45-year-old adult during the dissections to the laboratory of anatomy of the Faculty of Medicine of Bamako. The way at first was a xypho-pubic median and two side abdominal sections under costal and inguinal. The side sections under costal went of the median section to sides by following the costal edge. The inguinal side sections went of the median section to the anterior and superior iliac thorns. The abdominal wall was opened and reclined by every quoted. The small intestine and the colonist were resected with their meso. The renal pedicle was dissected on each side. The abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava were dissected by the diaphragm up to the headland. Arteries and iliac veins were also dissected. Results: On male corpse, 45 years old, we discovered a left renal retro-aortic vein in horizontal route, and the trunk of the left renal vein was formed by the confluence of three veins at the level of the left renal hilum. The left renal vein passed almost horizontally below the left renal artery. It passed then behind the abdominal aorta to end in the inferior vena cava at the level of its left side face. The right renal vein had a normal aspect. Conclusion: The left renal retro-aortic vein is one of the variants of the anomalies of the system cellar inferior. The left renal retro-aortic vein could be responsible for renal aplasia.

Treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) around renal vein

Objective To study and evaluate the treatment of the deep vein thrombosis(DVT) around the renal vein(DVT involving the renal vein and it's surrounding,shortly as DVTAR in our study)by two-positioned filter for catheter thrombectomy assisted with a Fogarty balloon.Methods We retrospectivly analysed seven cases of DVTAR and by comparison to elicit the respective effect different methods in DVT treatment.The methods used were:1.direct thrombectomy 2.thrombectomy facillitated by blocking of blood flow with a balloon 3.direct thrombolysis via Peripheral vein and 4.thrombectomy with simultaneous placement of a two-positioned filter with a Fogarty balloon and followed by intubation thrombolysis.Result Segmental pulmonary embolism(PE)or thrombosis in vena cava were still observed by CT angiography(CTA)or venography in those cases treated with the first three methods.As for the 3 cases where two-positioned filter for catheter thrombectomy with Fogarty balloon was used,neither pulmonary embolism during and after the operation nor thrombosis in the inferior vena cava was observed.Conclusion For DVTAR,thrombectomy with simultaneous placement of a two-positioned filter with a Fogarty balloon and followed by intubation thrombolysis can be regarded as safe and effective.

The effect of the degree of left renal vein constriction on the development of adolescent varicocele in Sprague-Dawley rats

Experimental models have allowed inquiry into the pathophysiology of varicocele （VC） beyond that possible with human patients. A randomized controlled study in rats was designed to clarify the influence of the degree of left renal vein constriction on the development of adolescent VC. Fifty adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats （Rattus norvegicus） were randomly assigned to five groups of 10： the experimental groups （I-IV） underwent partial ligation of left renal veins with 0.5-, 0.6-, 0.7-, and 0.8-mm diameter needles, respectively. The control group （V） underwent a sham operation. The diameter of the left spermatic vein （LSV） was measured at baseline and 30 days postoperatively. In addition, the lesion of the left kidney was examined with the naked eye and assessed by Masson＇s trichrome staining. VC was successfully induced in 2 （20%）, 4 （40%）, 7 （70%）, and 10 （100%） rats in groups I-IV, respectively. The other rats failed to develop VCs primarily due to left renal atrophy. No VC was observed in group V. The postsurgical LSV diameters in VC rats in groups III and IV were 1.54 ± 0. 16 and 1.49 ± 0.13 mm, respectively （P〉 0.05）, and their increments were 1.36±0. 10 and 1.31±0. 10 ram, respectively （P 〉 0.05）. These results suggest that suitable constriction of the left renal vein is critical for adolescent VC development. In addition, the 0.8-mm diameter needle may be more suitable for inducing left renal vein constriction in adolescent rat models.

多排螺旋CT对胡桃夹综合征和胡桃夹现象的诊断价值

目的探讨多排螺旋CT(MDCT)对胡桃夹综合征(NCS)和胡桃夹现象(NCP)的诊断价值。方法纳入2018年1月至2024年6月本院患者22例,其中NCS患者13例,NCP患者9例。评价CT平扫图像肠系膜上动脉(SMA)、左肾静脉(LRV)的可见性。在CT增强重建图像上测量主动脉SMA夹角(AMA)、LRV近段最宽处前后径(D1)、经AMA处前后径(D2)并计算D1/D2比值。结果成人SMA、LRV在MDCT平扫图像上可见性较好。NCS组AMA、D1、D2、D1/D2分别为15.14°±3.54°,(11.00±2.38)mm,(2.76±0.43)mm,4.08±1.19;NCP组分别为22.42°±4.97°,(10.55±1.66)mm,(4.00±0.70)mm,2.70±0.53。两组AMA、D2、D1/D2存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论MDCT平扫可以提示或排除NCP、NCS的诊断。MDCT增强成像可以全面评估腹部血管形态和LRV侧支循环,结合临床可确诊NCS。

Hemodynamics and vasoactive substance levels during renal congestion that occurs in the anhepatic phase of liver transplantation

AIM: To explore hemodynamics and vasoactive substance levels during renal vein congestion that occurs in the anhepatic phase of liver transplantation.METHODS: New Zealand rabbits received ligation of the hepatic pedicle, supra-hepatic vena cava and infrahepatic vena cava [anhepatic phase group(APH); n = 8], the renal veins(RVL; n = 8), renal veins and hepatic pedicle [with the inferior vena cava left open)(RVHP; n = 8)], or a sham operation(SOP; n = 8). Hemodynamic parameters(systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressures) and the levels of serum bradykinin(BK) and angiotensin Ⅱ(ANGII) were measured at baseline(0 min), and 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, and 45 min after the surgery. Correlation analyses were performed to evaluate the associations between hemodynamic parameters and levels of vasoactive substances.RESULTS:All experimental groups(APH,RVL,and RVHP)showed significant decreases in hemodynamic parameters(systolic,diastolic,and mean arterial blood pressures)compared to baseline levels,as well as compared to the SOP controls(P<0.05 for all).In contrast,BK levels were significantly increased compared to baseline in the APH,RVL,and RVHP groups at all time points measured(P<0.05 for all),whereas no change was observed in the SOP controls.There were no significant differences among the experimental groups for any measure at any time point.Further analyses revealed that systolic,diastolic,and mean arterial blood pressures were all negatively correlated with BK levels,and positively correlated with ANGII levels in the APH,RVL,and RVHP groups(P<0.05 for all).CONCLUSION:In the anhepatic phase of orthotopic liver transplantation,renal vein congestion significantly impacts hemodynamic parameters,which correlate with serum BK and ANGII levels.

彩色多普勒超声在血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘术前及术后评估中的应用价值分析

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在血液透析患者自体动静脉内瘘(AVF)术前及术后评估中的应用价值。方法选取60例接受AVF维持性血液透析的终末期肾病(ESRD)患者展开研究,患者应用彩色多普勒超声进行术前评估及术后动态监测,术后评估手术成功率。根据患者手术结果分为成功组(56例)和失败组(4例),比较成功组和失败组患者临床资料(年龄、性别、原发病、桡动脉内径、头静脉内径及动脉阻力指数)。结果术后,60例血液透析患者中行左前臂与右前臂标准AVF术者分别为48、12例。经3个月的随访及探访,60例患者中有56例(93.33%)内瘘正常,适用于血液透析治疗。4例(6.67%)出现内瘘手术失败,糖尿病肾病2例,肾小球肾病2例,其中3例以吻合口成熟不良为主,另有1例吻合失败。成功组与失败组患者性别、年龄、桡动脉内径、原发病及动脉阻力指数差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);成功组头静脉内径为(1.763±0.572)mm、较宽,失败组为(1.000±0.469)mm、明显较细,对比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论AVF术前彩色多普勒超声评估很重要,彩色多普勒超声可以实时动态观测血管的解剖学和功能学信息,可更精准地指导终末期肾病拟造瘘患者的血管选择,提高手术成功率。

侵犯肾静脉的Castleman病误诊临床分析

目的探讨Castleman病(CD)的临床特点及鉴别诊断要点,以减少误诊误治。方法回顾性分析2023年收治的1例CD的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果1例女性因发现腹腔占位10余天入院。入院完善相关检查,肿瘤标志物等未见异常。全腹部强化CT检查考虑畸胎瘤可能性大,腹膜后多发增大淋巴结。经多学科专家会诊后,行腹膜后病灶切除术、部分肾静脉切除术、肾静脉-下腔静脉自体大隐静脉搭桥术治疗,术后病理示CD,治愈出院。结论部分CD患者无明显临床表现,易误诊。临床鉴别CD与其他腹腔肿瘤时,应行多学科会诊并重视病理及免疫组织化学结果,仔细询问病史及查体,认真鉴别诊断,以减少或避免误诊误治。

经皮肾穿刺造瘘管误入下腔静脉2例报道并文献复习

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘管误入下腔静脉的发生原因以及处理体会。方法对2例超声引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘管误入下腔静脉病例的治疗过程进行回顾性分析,探讨其发生原因、微创处理方式上的改变以及预防方案。结果2例患者均采用数字减影血管造影(DSA)下将肾造瘘管一步法一期回纳复位至肾盂集合系统。操作过程中患者未出现肾静脉的破裂出血,生命体征稳定。术后顺利拔除肾造瘘管。术后随访肾造瘘处伤口愈合良好,无肾周血肿等继发出血表现,预后良好。结论肾穿刺造瘘过程中肾造瘘管误入下腔静脉虽然少见,但后果严重,采用一步法一期回纳肾造瘘管能够有效安全地处理此类并发症。

De Novo Techniques that Facilitate the Transplant of Short Right Allograft Kidney Vein as Left Allograft Kidney from Live Donor

The Kidney transplant is preferred option for treatment of chronic renal failure because with this modality treatment the life quality of patient is like normal also this modality is cost effective. The left allograft is choice for transplant because the short right renal vein predisposes this allograft for more complication. We introduce methods, which facilitate the anastomosing the short right allograft vein and probably reduce the vascular complication. Methods: In 20 right allograft kidneys after irrigation, with dissection between vein and artery near the hilum at the back table, placing the allograft kidney with inversion position and external iliac artery selection and first vein anastomosing and heparin injection transplantation is carried out and all the recipients are treated with three drugs (prednisolone, cyclosporine cellcept) and follow up is conducted. Results: In these cases, with at least six months follow up, flow of the urine and circulation of blood were normal. Conclusion: With regarding the results it may be concluded that with this technique it may reduces the vessel complication and facilitates the vessel anastomosing of the right allograft kidney.

Unusual Drainage of the Right Testicular Vein: A Case Report

Routine dissection was carried out on a 75-year-old male cadaver and the drainage pattern of the testicular veins was identified and photographed. Dissection showed that the right testicular vein demonstrated an abnormal drainage pattern by terminating into the right renal vein. The left testicular vein demonstrated a normal drainage pattern by terminating into the left renal vein. The unusual drainage of the right testicular vein into the right renal vein may complicate hemodynamics thus causing a varicocele. Complications of a varicocele could lead to testis atrophy and/or infertility. Knowing the anatomical variants of the testicular veins drainage pattern may help the surgeon avoid potential complications during routine laparoscopic procedures and may also uncover a reason for male infertility.

Early Surgical Correction of Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis (Tras)—A Case Report

Saphenous vein graft (SVG) bypass of the renal artery from the aorta has been well documented, though bypass of the internal iliac artery to the individual renal arteries is not yet described. We herewith present a case of early TRAS detected 6 hours after a successful renal transplant. Renal angiography showed complete stenosis of the internal iliac to renal artery anastomosis. Percutaneous transplant artery angioplasty was attempted, but was not successful;hence the surgical correction of the same was done. This is to demonstrate the use of saphenous vein bypass of anastomotic obstruction of the previous anastomosis, in case of short renal artery.

肾移植患者下肢深静脉血栓管理方案的构建

目的 :构建肾移植患者下肢深静脉血栓管理方案。方法 :2022年1月—6月采用文献分析、德尔菲法确定肾移植患者下肢深静脉血栓管理方案,并设置各条目权重。结果 :共对25名专家进行2轮函询,函询问卷的有效回收率均为100.0%,2轮专家权威系数分别为0.906、0.898,2轮专家协调系数分别为0.236、0.181,P值均<0.001,最终形成包含3项一级条目、12项二级条目、38项三级条目的肾移植患者下肢深静脉血栓管理方案。结论 :肾移植患者下肢深静脉血栓管理方案具有科学性及可靠性,为肾移植患者下肢DVT预防提供有价值的参考依据。

二维灰阶血流成像技术在儿童左肾静脉检查中的价值

目的应用二维灰阶血流成像技术(B⁃Flow)对儿童左肾静脉(LRV)及其周围血管显影,评价LRV受压情况,探讨该技术在LRV检查中的应用价值。方法收集南京医科大学附属儿童医院因血尿、蛋白尿就诊并经CT检查后确诊为胡桃夹综合征(NCS)的青少年患儿18例为疾病组;收集同期无相关临床症状、因非泌尿系情况行CT检查最终排除NCS的青少年儿童17例为对照组。采用超声B⁃Flow技术测量两组儿童肠系膜上动脉(SMA)与腹主动脉(AO)间的夹角(θ)、LRV受压前扩张段(a段)内径(Φa)与受压段(b段)内径(Φb);应用脉冲多普勒测量a段血流峰值流速(Va)及b段血流峰值流速(Vb);计算比值Ⅰ=Φa/Φb、Ⅱ=Vb/Va。采用两独立样本t检验比较组间各指标的差异;绘制ROC曲线得到各指标单独及联合诊断NCS的最佳截断值、曲线下面积(AUC)、敏感性、特异性等,并比较各指标的诊断效能。结果疾病组θ角均值(26.79±9.06)°明显小于对照组(52.23±12.77)°;疾病组b段受压及a段扩张普遍较对照组严重,其比值Ⅰ(4.82±1.14)明显大于对照组(2.60±0.52);疾病组受压b段血流速度显著增快,其比值Ⅱ(8.98±4.22)明显大于对照组(3.73±1.30)。两组间θ、Ⅰ、Ⅱ差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。ROC曲线显示θ、Ⅰ、Ⅱ单独及联合诊断NCS的AUC均>0.95,联合诊断效能大于单指标诊断,但各诊断方法间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论B⁃Flow技术对NCS有较好的诊断价值,可作为儿童LRV超声检查的一种新的成像模式应用。

双J管静脉内异位1例报告及文献复习

目的 探讨双J管静脉内异位的原因及诊治策略,提高临床医师对该病的认知。方法 回顾分析我院1例双J管静脉内异位患者的临床资料,并进行文献复习。结果 患者女性,51岁,因子宫切除术后尿瘘入院,诊断为右侧双J管静脉内异位并输尿管阴道瘘,行达芬奇机器人辅助腹腔镜下右侧双J管拔除加输尿管膀胱再植术。结论 静脉内异位是双J管置入术的罕见且可进一步迁移危及生命的并发症。根据双J管位置及患者一般情况选择手术方式,多数患者可行微创手术治疗。

小内径头静脉自体动静脉内瘘术在血液透析中的临床应用

目的 探讨小内径头静脉行自体动静脉内瘘(AVF)术在血液透析应用中的可行性和安全性。方法 收集2015年1月至2021年1月莆田学院附属医院收治的42例头静脉内径﹤2.5 mm的终末期肾病患者的临床资料,所有患者均行AVF术。观察AVF术成功率和AVF成熟情况,分析AVF成熟的影响因素,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评估头静脉内径对AVF成熟的预测价值。结果 42例终末期肾病患者中,12例患者采取肱动脉-头静脉自体动静脉内瘘(BCAVF),30例患者采取桡动脉-头静脉自体动静脉内瘘(RCAVF)。42例终末期肾病患者中,造瘘成功患者37例,术后AVF成熟并且可用于血液透析的患者32例。内瘘成熟情况与小内径头静脉的ESRD患者的头静脉内径有关(P﹤0.05)。头静脉内径预测AVF成熟的AUC为0.828(95%CI:0.705~0.951),约登指数为0.594,对应的最佳截断值为2.25mm,灵敏度为100%,特异度为59.40%。结论 对于内径﹤2.5mm的头静脉,可选择行AVF术,其手术成功率和AVF成熟率均较高,临床应用效果较好,可有效应用于血管条件较差的终末期肾病患者。同时,头静脉内径在预测AVF成熟方面具有一定的应用价值。

胡桃夹综合征诊治研究进展

胡桃夹综合征即左肾静脉压迫综合征,是指各种原因导致左肾静脉受压,从而产生一系列的临床表现如血尿、蛋白尿、性腺静脉曲张等。诊断尚无统一定论,目前主要依据临床表现结合影像学结果,CT静脉造影具有较大的优势。主要的治疗手段包括保守治疗、腔镜/开放手术、介入手术、显微手术等,生殖静脉的显微转流手术近年来受到重视,单组静脉的转流目前应用较多,基于此改进的两组静脉转流的新术式具有更好的疗效,未来有望成为该病首选的手术方式。