The need for sustainable fuels has resulted in the production of renewables from a wide range of sources,in particular organic fats and oils.The use of biofuel is becoming more widespread as a result of environmental ...The need for sustainable fuels has resulted in the production of renewables from a wide range of sources,in particular organic fats and oils.The use of biofuel is becoming more widespread as a result of environmental and economic considerations.Several efforts have been made to substitute fossil fuels with green fuels.Ester molecules extracted from processed animal fats and organic plant materials are considered alternatives for the use in modern engine technologies.Two different methods have been adopted for converting esters in vegetable oils/animal fats into compounds consistent with petroleum products,namely the transesterification and the hydro-processing of ester bonds for the production of biodiesel.This review paper primarily focuses on conventional and renewable biodiesel feedstocks,the catalyst used and reaction kinetics of the production process.展开更多
Over the last decade, the uptake rate of first-generation biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) has decelerated as low blend limits have increased only slowly and extreme volatility in oil prices has limited investment in ...Over the last decade, the uptake rate of first-generation biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) has decelerated as low blend limits have increased only slowly and extreme volatility in oil prices has limited investment in biofuels production infrastructure. Concerns over the environmental impacts of large-scale biofuels production combined with tariff barriers have greatly restricted the global trade in biofuels. First-generation biofuels produced either by fermentation of sugars from maize or sugarcane (ethanol) or transesterification of triglycerides (biodiesel) presently contribute less than 4% of terrestrial transportation fuel demand and techno-economic modelling foresees this only slowly increasing by 2035. With internal combustion and diesel engines widely anticipated as being phased out in favour of electric power for motor vehicles, a much-reduced market demand for biofuels is likely if global demand for all liquid fuels declines by 2050. However, second-generation, thermochemically produced and biomass-derived fuels (renewable diesel, marine oils and sustainable aviation fuel) have much higher blend limits;combined with policies to decarbonise the aviation and marine industries, major new markets for these products in terrestrial, marine and aviation sectors may emerge in the second half of the 21st century.展开更多
文摘The need for sustainable fuels has resulted in the production of renewables from a wide range of sources,in particular organic fats and oils.The use of biofuel is becoming more widespread as a result of environmental and economic considerations.Several efforts have been made to substitute fossil fuels with green fuels.Ester molecules extracted from processed animal fats and organic plant materials are considered alternatives for the use in modern engine technologies.Two different methods have been adopted for converting esters in vegetable oils/animal fats into compounds consistent with petroleum products,namely the transesterification and the hydro-processing of ester bonds for the production of biodiesel.This review paper primarily focuses on conventional and renewable biodiesel feedstocks,the catalyst used and reaction kinetics of the production process.
文摘Over the last decade, the uptake rate of first-generation biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel) has decelerated as low blend limits have increased only slowly and extreme volatility in oil prices has limited investment in biofuels production infrastructure. Concerns over the environmental impacts of large-scale biofuels production combined with tariff barriers have greatly restricted the global trade in biofuels. First-generation biofuels produced either by fermentation of sugars from maize or sugarcane (ethanol) or transesterification of triglycerides (biodiesel) presently contribute less than 4% of terrestrial transportation fuel demand and techno-economic modelling foresees this only slowly increasing by 2035. With internal combustion and diesel engines widely anticipated as being phased out in favour of electric power for motor vehicles, a much-reduced market demand for biofuels is likely if global demand for all liquid fuels declines by 2050. However, second-generation, thermochemically produced and biomass-derived fuels (renewable diesel, marine oils and sustainable aviation fuel) have much higher blend limits;combined with policies to decarbonise the aviation and marine industries, major new markets for these products in terrestrial, marine and aviation sectors may emerge in the second half of the 21st century.
