Enhancing Renewable Energy Integration:A Gaussian-Bare-Bones Levy Cheetah Optimization Approach to Optimal Power Flow in Electrical Networks

In the contemporary era,the global expansion of electrical grids is propelled by various renewable energy sources(RESs).Efficient integration of stochastic RESs and optimal power flow(OPF)management are critical for network optimization.This study introduces an innovative solution,the Gaussian Bare-Bones Levy Cheetah Optimizer(GBBLCO),addressing OPF challenges in power generation systems with stochastic RESs.The primary objective is to minimize the total operating costs of RESs,considering four functions:overall operating costs,voltage deviation management,emissions reduction,voltage stability index(VSI)and power loss mitigation.Additionally,a carbon tax is included in the objective function to reduce carbon emissions.Thorough scrutiny,using modified IEEE 30-bus and IEEE 118-bus systems,validates GBBLCO’s superior performance in achieving optimal solutions.Simulation results demonstrate GBBLCO’s efficacy in six optimization scenarios:total cost with valve point effects,total cost with emission and carbon tax,total cost with prohibited operating zones,active power loss optimization,voltage deviation optimization and enhancing voltage stability index(VSI).GBBLCO outperforms conventional techniques in each scenario,showcasing rapid convergence and superior solution quality.Notably,GBBLCO navigates complexities introduced by valve point effects,adapts to environmental constraints,optimizes costs while considering prohibited operating zones,minimizes active power losses,and optimizes voltage deviation by enhancing the voltage stability index(VSI)effectively.This research significantly contributes to advancing OPF,emphasizing GBBLCO’s improved global search capabilities and ability to address challenges related to local minima.GBBLCO emerges as a versatile and robust optimization tool for diverse challenges in power systems,offering a promising solution for the evolving needs of renewable energy-integrated power grids.

Impact of interconnections and renewable energy integration on the Philippine-Sabah Power Grid systems

This study presents a comprehensive impact analysis of the rotor angle stability of a proposed international connection between the Philippines and Sabah,Malaysia,as part of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)Power Grid.This study focuses on modeling and evaluating the dynamic performance of the interconnected system,considering the high penetration of renewable sources.Power flow,small signal stability,and transient stability analyses were conducted to assess the ability of the proposed linked power system models to withstand small and large disturbances,utilizing the Power Systems Analysis Toolbox(PSAT)software in MATLAB.All components used in the model are documented in the PSAT library.Currently,there is a lack of publicly available studies regarding the implementation of this specific system.Additionally,the study investigates the behavior of a system with a high penetration of renewable energy sources.Based on the findings,this study concludes that a system is generally stable when interconnection is realized,given its appropriate location and dynamic component parameters.Furthermore,the critical eigenvalues of the system also exhibited improvement as the renewable energy sources were augmented.

Impact of industrial virtual power plant on renewable energy integration

An industrial park is one of the typical en ergy con sumption schemes in power systems owing to the heavy in dustrial loads and their abilities to resp ond to electricity price cha nges.Therefore,en ergy in tegrati on in the industrial sector is significant.Accordingly,the concept of industrial virtual power plant(IVPP)has been proposed to deal with such problems.This study demonstrates an IVPP model to man age resources in an eco-i ndustrial park,including en ergy storage systems,dema nd resp onse(DR)resources,and distributed energies.In addition,fuzzy theory is used to cha nge the deterministic system constraints to fuzzy parameters,considering the uncertainty of renewable energy,and fuzzy chance constraints are then set based on the credibility theory.By maximizi ng the daily ben efits of the IVPP owners in day-ahead markets,DR and energy storage systems can be scheduled economically.Therefore,the energy between the grid and IVPP can flow in both directions:the surplus renewable electricity of IVPP can be sold in the market;when the electricity gen erated in side IVPP is not enough for its use,IVPP can also purchase power through the market.Case studies based on three win d-level scenarios dem on strate the efficie nt syn ergies betwee n IVPP resources.The validatio n results indicate that IVPP can optimize the supply and demand resources in in dustrial parks,thereby decarbonizing the power systems.

CALL FOR PAPERS Dec.2018 Special Issue on Large Scale Renewable Energy Integration

Guest Editor in Chief:Professor Xiao-Ping Zhang, University of Birmingham The potential for renewable energy to make contributions to mitigating the impact of climate change is expected to increase significantly in the longer term. Renewable energy generation technologies including onshore wind, offshore wind, wave,tidal, marine current, and ocean thermal energy generation as well as PV power generation, which are considered

Recent advances on smart grid technology and renewable energy integration

With the integration of renewable energy generations and other related changes,the smart grid,or the future electric power system,is confronted with new challenges and opportunities.Therefore,it is a promising subject in electrical engineering and much work has been done on it.This paper reviews the recent advances on the technologies of smart grid and renewable energy integration,from the aspects of modeling,simulation,protection and control,stability,operation,and planning.

Engineering practices for the integration of large-scale renewable energy VSC-HVDC systems

With the continuous development of power electronic devices,intelligent control systems,and other technologies,the voltage level and transmission capacity of voltage source converter (VSC)-high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology will continue to increase,while the system losses and costs will gradually decrease.Therefore,it can be foreseen that VSC-HVDC transmission technology will be more widely applied in future large-scale renewable energy development projects.Adopting VSC-HVDC transmission technology can be used to overcome issues encountered by large-scale renewable energy transmission and integration projects,such as a weak local power grid,lack of support for synchronous power supply,and insufficient accommodation capacity.However,this solution also faces many technical challenges because of the differences between renewable energy and traditional synchronous power generation systems.Based on actual engineering practices that are used worldwide,this article analyzes the technical challenges encountered by integrating large-scale renewable energy systems that adopt the use of VSC-HVDC technology,while aiming to provide support for future research and engineering projects related to VSC-HVDC-based large-scale renewable energy integration projects.

A distributed VSG control method for a battery energy storage system with a cascaded H-bridge in a grid-connected mode

With the high penetration of renewable energy,new challenges,such as power fluctuation suppression and inertial support capability,have arisen in the power sector.Battery energy storage systems play an essential role in renewable energy integration.In this paper,a distributed virtual synchronous generator(VSG)control method for a battery energy storage system(BESS)with a cascaded H-bridge converter in a grid-connected mode is proposed.The VSG is developed without communication dependence,and state-of-charge(SOC)balancing control is achieved using the distributed average algorithm.Owing to the low varying speed of SOC,the bandwidth of the distributed communication networks is extremely slow,which decreases the cost.Therefore,the proposed method can simultaneously provide inertial support and accurate SOC balancing.The stability is also proved using root locus analysis.Finally,simulations under different conditions are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Cross-seam Hybrid MTDC System for Integration and Delivery of Large-scale Renewable Energy

To better utilize the diversity of renewable energies in the U. S., this paper proposes a cross-seam hybrid multi-terminal high-voltage direct current(MTDC) system for the integration of different types of renewable energies in the U. S.Based on a developed station-hybrid converter design, the proposed hybrid MTDC system further investigates the connection methods of renewable energies and develops novel flexible power flow control strategies for realizing uninterrupted integration of renewable energies. In addition, the frequency response control of the hybrid MTDC system is proposed by utilizing the coordination between the converters in the hybrid MTDC system.The feasibility of the hybrid MTDC system and the performance of its corresponding control strategies are conducted in the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation. The simulation results indicate that the proposed hybrid MTDC system could realize the uninterrupted integration of renewable energies and flexible power transmission to both coasts of U.S.

Towards Fully Renewable Energy Systems:Experience and Trends in Denmark

Deployment of renewable energy generation capacities and integration of their power production into existing power systems has become a global trend,with a common set of operational challenges stemming from variability and limited predictability of power generation from,e.g.,wind and solar.Denmark is a country that invested early in wind energy,rapidly proposing very ambitious goals for the future of its energy system and global energy usage.While the case of Denmark is specific due to its limited size and good interconnections,there may still be a lot to learn from the way operational practice has evolved,also from shifting towards a liberalized electricity market environment,and more generally from going along with other technological and societal evolution.The aim of this paper is to give an overview of recent and current initiatives in Denmark that contributes towards a goal of reaching a fully renewable energy system.

Guest Editorial:Special Section on Integrating Ultra-High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy

Wind and solar energy have seen significant decreases in the cost of these technologies over that last decade which has lead to increasing levels integrated into the grid.They also offer unique benefits such as no fuel costs,quick installation,and no pollution.But as more variable renewable energy(VRE)such as wind and solar is integrated into electrical power systems.

A Demand Response System for Wind Power Integration: Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Reduction of Generator Cycling

A smart grid power system for a small region consisting of 1,000 residential homes with electric heating appliances from the demand side,and a generic generation mix of nuclear,hydro,coal,gas and oil-based generators representing the supply side,is investigated using agent-based simulations.The simulation includes a transactive load control in a real-time pricing electricity market.The study investigates the impacts of adding wind power and demand response(DR)on both greenhouse gas(GHG)emissions and generator cycling requirements.The results demonstrate and quantify the effectiveness of DR in mitigating the variability of renewable generation.The extent to which greenhouse gas emissions can be mitigated is found to be highly dependent on the mix of generators and their operational capacity factors.It is expected that the effects of demand response on electricity use can reduce dependency on fossil fuel-based electricity generation.However,the anticipated mitigation of GHG emissions is found to dependent on the number and efficiency of fossil fuel generators,and especially on the capacity factor at which they operate.Therefore,if a generator(the marginal seller)is forced to use less efficient fossil fuel power generation schemes,it will result in higher GHG emissions.The simulations show that DR can yield a small reduction in GHG emissions,but also lead to a smaller increase in emissions in circumstances when,for example,a generator(the marginal seller)is forced to use less efficient fossil fuel power generation schemes.Nonetheless,DR is shown to enhance overall system operation,particularly by facilitating increased penetration of variable renewable electricity generation without jeopardizing grid operation reliability.DR reduces the amount of generator cycling by an increased order of magnitude,thereby reducing wear and tear,improving generator efficiency,and avoiding the need for additional operating reserves.The effectiveness of DR for these uses depends on the participation of responsive loads,and this study highlights the need to maintain a certain degree of diversity of loads to ensure they can provide adequate responsiveness to the changing grid conditions.

Climate change and future power systems: the importance of energy storage in reduced-hydropower systems in the American Southwest

Power systems are responding to climate change both through efforts to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions and through adaptive responses to the effects of climate change,such as changes in hydroelectric generation.These changes,experienced together,may cause new patterns in plant operations or pollutant emissions.Various scenarios representing future climate change mitigation and adaptation in the power sector were explored using the PLEXOS production-cost model,with a focus on plant utilization and behaviour,total system-operating costs and total CO_(2) emissions.Further,the effect of introducing widespread utility-scale energy storage into these scenarios was quantified in terms of these same parameters.Large increases in variable renewable penetration combined with extreme reduction of hydroelectric generation in the American Southwest(based on climate modelling in the Colorado River basin and actual drought experience in California)caused significant increases in thermal plant start-up/shutdown cycling.The introduction of storage significantly reduced this cycling,without a material increase in CO_(2) emissions.Storage introduced on even a modest scale can provide considerable flexibility under a range of future power-system circumstances that might be experienced due to climate change.

Two-time-scale Congestion Management Scheme for Microgrid Integrated Distribution Networks

Microgrids(MGs)with high penetration of dis-tributed generators may cause congestion in the distribution net-work during operation.To address this issue,this paper proposes a two-time-scale congestion management scheme for multiple MGs integrated distribution networks.Day-ahead hourly-scale dynamic congestion management(DCM)is formulated as a con-strained optimization problem,which can be solved by utilizing the proposed alternating iterative method,with the privacy of both the distribution network and MGs being preserved.The sub-hourly-scale contract energy tracking aims at fully utilizing the controllable resources of the MGs to minimize the difference of the contract and actual exchanged energy between the MG and distribution network.Through coordination of the proposed two timescales of management schemes,the MGs integrated distribution networks can operate economically while avoiding the probable congestion predicament with high penetration of renewable energy.Simulation studies with a i3-bus system MGs integrated distribution network demonstrated this proposed approach is effective to manage the congestion problem in the distribution network,while the energy tracking approach can improve the welfare of the MGs engaged in energy contracts execution.IndexTerms-Alternating giterativemethod,congestion management,microgrids,renewable energy integration.

Intelligent Energy Management Strategy and Sizing Methodology for Hybrid Systems in Isolated Regions

In this study,a comprehensive approach is presented for the sizing and management of hybrid renewable energy systems(HRESs)that incorporate a variety of energy sources,while emphasizing the role of artificial neural networks(ANNs)in system management.For optimal sizing of an HRES,the monthly average method wherein historical weather data are used to calculate the monthly averages of solar irradiance and wind speed,offering a well-balanced strategy for system sizing.This ensures that the HRES is appropriately scaled to meet the actual energy requirements of the specified location,avoiding the pitfalls of over-and under-sizing,and thereby enhancing the operational efficiency.Furthermore,the study details a cutting-edge strategy that employs ANNs for managing the inherent complexities of HRESs.It elaborates on the design,modeling,and control strategies for the HRES components by utilizing Matlab/Simulink for implementation.The findings demonstrate the proficiency of the ANN-based power manager in determining the operational modes guided by a specifically designed flowchart.By integrating ANN-driven energy management strategies into an HRES,the proposed approach marks a significant advancement in system adaptability,precision control,and efficiency,thereby maximizing the effective utilization of renewable resources.

Characteristic Analysis of UHVAC/DC Hybrid Power Grids and Construction of Power System Protection

Strong DC coupling with weak AC and large-scale renewable energy integration are the two significant characteristics of ultra-high-voltage AC/DC(UHVAC/DC)hybrid power grids in China.Strong coupling between AC and DC grids and the different integration performance of renewable energy sources have profoundly changed the stability characteristics of the power system.The traditional stability control system is inadequate for the stability control of UHVAC/DC power grids.This paper analyzes the requirements for constructing an integrated defense system in a UHVAC/DC hybrid power grid(i.e.power system protection).The definition,connotation,and designing principles of power system protection are put forward.The relationship between the power system protection and the traditional three-defense lines is investigated.The design principles,general hardware structure and main functions of a power system protection are presented.Key problems and technologies are specified in the construction of the power system protection.

A Chance-Constrained Wind Range Quantification Approach to Robust SCUC by Determining Dynamic Uncertainty Intervals

With increasing penetration of wind energy,the variability and uncertainty of wind resources have become important factors for power systems operation.In particular,an effective method is required for identifying the stochastic range of wind power output,in order to better guide the operational security of power systems.This paper proposes a metric to determine accurate wind power output ranges so that the probability of actual wind power outputs being out of the range would be less than a small pre-defined value.A mixed-integer linear programming(MILP)based chance-constrained optimization model is proposed for efficiently determining optimal wind power output ranges,which are quantified via maximum and the minimum wind generation levels with respect to a certain time interval.The derived wind power range is then used to construct dynamic uncertainty intervals for the robust securityconstrained unit commitment(SCUC)model.A comparison with the deterministic SCUC model and the traditional robust SCUC model with presumed static uncertainty interval demonstrates that the proposed approach can offer more accurate wind power variabilities(i.e.,different variability degrees with respect to different wind power output levels at different time periods).The proposed approach is also shown to offer more effective and robust SCUC solutions,guaranteeing operational security and economics of power systems.Numerical case studies on a 6-bus system and the modified IEEE 118-bus system with realworld wind power data illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

A Mixed-integer SDP Solution to Distributionally Robust Unit Commitment with Second Order Moment Constraints

A power system unit commitment(UC)problem considering uncertainties of renewable energy sources is investigated in this paper,through a distributionally robust optimization approach.We assume that the first and second order moments of stochastic parameters can be inferred from historical data,and then employed to model the set of probability distributions.The resulting problem is a two-stage distributionally robust unit commitment with second order moment constraints,and it can be recast as a mixed-integer semidefinite programming(MI-SDP)with finite constraints.The solution algorithm of the problem comprises solving a series of relaxed MI-SDPs and a subroutine of feasibility checking and vertex generation.Based on the verification of strong duality of the semidefinite programming(SDP)problems,we propose a cutting plane algorithm for solving the MI-SDPs;we also introduce an SDP relaxation for the feasibility checking problem,which is an intractable biconvex optimization.Experimental results on the IEEE 6-bus system are presented,showing that without any tuning of parameters,the real-time operation cost of distributionally robust UC method outperforms those of deterministic UC and two-stage robust UC methods in general,and our method also enjoys higher reliability of dispatch operation.

An Approach to the Ultimate Goal of Power Grid Development—Constant Voltage Operation

The concept of constant voltage operation is proposed in this paper and it is demonstrated that the ultimate goal of power grid development is constant voltage operation.The topic is expanded into three aspects:the benefits of constant voltage operation,the technology and equipment to realize constant voltage operation,and the reactive power compensation capacity needed for constant voltage operation.The benefits of constant voltage operation have four aspects:1)Constant voltage operation is the ultimate presentation of the strong smart grid;2)Constant voltage operation can resist grid disturbances in the most powerful manner and greatly improve the power system stability;3)Constant voltage operation can effectively eliminate the voltage fluctuation problem involved with the integration of large scale renewable energy;4)Constant voltage operation can minimize the grid power loss.The means to realize constant voltage operation is primarily the modular multilevel converter based STATCOM(MMC-STATCOM),which has encountered great acceptance during recent years.Simualtion verifications are run in a modified IEEE 300-bus system and the Pearl River Delta grid in PSS/E.The results indicate that constant voltage operation can greatly improve the stability of power systems and the capacity of installed MMC-STATCOMs is within an acceptable range.

Electronictization-A Foundation for Grid Modernization

Smart grid is the flag under which the US DoE has been mobilizing efforts to modernize the grid.Electronictization is the first step towards a smart modern grid.It is a process that transforms the grid from electrical and electromechanical(EE)to electronic,electrical and electromechanical(EEE),laying down the very basic foundation for the modern grid.All things grid connected(ATGC)has five groups of essential hardware:1)Grid interface(smart)inverters;2)Hardware for flexible AC transmissions;3)Intelligent electronic power transformers(grid scale);4)Solid-state circuit breaker,current limiters,smart fuses and sensors;and 5)Multi-port bidirectional power&control units.Development and deployment of ATGC will be a grassroots drive to transform the grid from an old passive technology to a new active technology based on electronic power transmission,distribution,processing and protection.Grid modernization represents a win-win-win situation for the environment(Government),consumers,and grid owners/operators.

Phasor Measurement Unit Incorporated Adaptive Out-of-step Protection of Synchronous Generator

The existing out-of-step(OOS)protection schemes have proven to be deficient in the prevention of significant outages.OOS protection schemes must not operate in stable power swing,and rapidly isolate an asynchronous generator or group of generators from the rest of the power system in case of unstable power swing.The paper proposes a novel phasor measurement unit(PMU)incorporating a polygon-shaped graphical algorithm for OOS protection of the synchronous generator.The unique PMU-based logic works further to classify the type of swing once the graphical scheme detects it,which can identify the complex power swing produced in the modern power system.The proposed algorithm can take the correct relaying decision in the event of power swing due to renewable energy integration,load encroachment,and transient faults.In this paper,the original and modified Kundur two-area system with a power system stabilizer(PSS)is used to test the proposed algorithm.In the end,it provides assessment results of the proposed relay on the Indian power system during the blackout in July 2012.The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is fast,accurate,and adaptive in the modern power system and shows better performance than the existing OOS protection schemes.