基于改进SBAS-InSAR技术的西南山区铁路沿线地表形变监测方法研究

合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, InSAR)是一种新兴的对地观测手段,因其不受昼夜、云雨限制,被广泛应用于地表形变监测等领域。然而,受大气误差与失相干影响,InSAR技术仍然存在一些局限,尤其在植被茂密的西南山区,以SBAS-InSAR为代表的时间序列InSAR方法存在观测点不足的问题,难以开展山区变形监测。针对以上问题,考虑西南山区气候特征,设计改进的SBAS-InSAR时间序列处理方法,对干涉相位进行优化。丽香铁路是我国云南省境内一条连接丽江市与迪庆藏族自治州香格里拉的电气化铁路,是西部铁路网中滇藏铁路的重要组成部分。为保障丽香铁路安全稳定,同时验证上述方法的可用性,以丽香铁路段沿线的某段为研究区,利用星载SAR卫星存档影像数据对其周边地表开展历史形变探测,计算研究区近6.5年(2015年05月16日至2021年12月10日)的历史形变时间序列,并分析其影响范围、形变因素、变化规律等信息。最后将提出的改进后的SBAS-InSAR方法与常规InSAR方法比较,充分证明了所提出方法的优越性。

Precise Three-Dimensional Deformation Retrieval in Large and Complex Deformation Areas via Integration of Offset-Based Unwrapping and Improved Multiple-Aperture SAR Interferometry:Application to the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake

Conventional synthetic aperture radar(SAR)interferometry(InSAR)has been successfully used to precisely measure surface deformation in the line-of-sight(LOS)direction,while multiple-aperture SAR interferometry(MAI)has provided precise surface deformation in the along-track(AT)direction.Integration of the InSAR and MAI methods enables precise measurement of the two-dimensional(2D)deformation from an interferometric pair;recently,the integration of ascending and descending pairs has allowed the observation of precise three-dimensional(3D)deformation.Precise 3D deformation measurement has been applied to better understand geological events such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.The surface deformation related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake was large and complex near the fault line;hence,precise 3D deformation retrieval had not yet been attempted.The objectives of this study were to①perform a feasibility test of precise 3D deformation retrieval in large and complex deformation areas through the integration of offset-based unwrapped and improved multiple-aperture SAR interferograms and②observe the 3D deformation field related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake,even near the fault lines.Two ascending pairs and one descending the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2(ALOS-2)Phased Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2(PALSAR-2)pair were used for the 3D deformation retrieval.Eleven in situ Global Positioning System(GPS)measurements were used to validate the 3D deformation measurement accuracy.The achieved accuracy was approximately 2.96,3.75,and 2.86 cm in the east,north,and up directions,respectively.The results show the feasibility of precise 3D deformation measured through the integration of the improved methods,even in a case of large and complex deformation.

DENOISING METHODS IN INTERFEROMETRIC SAR IMAGES PROCESSING

Thermal and “Speckle” noise is an obstacle to generate the digital elevation model(DEM) from interferogram by 2 D SAR images. According to the theory of interferometry, the main sources of noise in interferogram are discussed. On the basis of the character of noise in the interferogram, the low pass filter, median filter and wavelet transform are investigated. Wavelet transform is forwarded as the most effective method to eliminate the InSAR noise because it can keep the resolution of the images during eliminating the noise. The raw data verify the validity and effectiveness of wavelet transform.

A Comparative Study of Ionospheric Correction on SAR Interferometry—A Case Study of L’Aquila Earthquake

Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry(InSAR)has shown its potential on seismic deformation monitoring since it can achieve the accuracy of centimeter level or even the millimeter level.However,the irregular varieties of ionosphere can induce the additional phase delay on SAR interferometry,restricting its further application in high-precision deformation monitoring.Although several methods have been proposed to correct the ionospheric phase delay on SAR interferometry,the performances of them haven't been evaluated and compared.In this study,three commonly used methods,including polynomial fitting,azimuth offset and split-spectrum are applied to L'Aquila Earthquake to correct the ionospheric phase delay on two Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar(PALSAR)onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite-1(ALOS-1)images.The result indicates that these three methods can effectively correct the ionospheric phase delay error for SAR interferometry,where the standard deviations of the ionosphere-corrected results have decreased by almost a factor of 1.8 times for polynomial fitting method,4.2 times for azimuth offset method and 2.5 times for split-spectrum method,compared to those of the original phase.Furthermore,the result of the sliding distribution inversion of the seismic fault shows the best performance for split-spectrum method.

基于空时滤波的多通道SAR抗欺骗干扰算法

干扰机通过“截获⁃调制⁃转发”的方式对雷达实施欺骗干扰,导致成像图中形成难以分辨的假目标,严重影响目标识别。针对直达波欺骗干扰难分辨和去除的问题,本文基于多通道合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)信号与干扰模型,提出了一种SAR欺骗干扰的检测与抑制方法。首先通过分置相位中心天线(Displaced Phase Center Antenna,DPCA)方法对消静止场景目标,分离出干扰信号;然后采用沿航迹干涉(Along⁃Track Interferometry,ATI)方法估计出干扰信号的空间位置;利用获取的干扰信号先验信息,基于干扰信号与目标信号在空时二维分布差异,采用基于零点约束的最小二乘误差方向图合成的空域滤波方法联合多普勒滤波抑制干扰。仿真实验表明,本文方法能有效检测和抑制欺骗干扰,同时不损失真实场景信息。

ADAPTIVE MODEL-BASED SCATTERING DECOMPOSITION OF POLARIMETRIC SAR INTERFEROMETRY

In this paper,a new decomposition method is proposed to solve the problems that vegetation component is overestimated and is not sensitive to directional scattering features with traditional polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)decomposition.It uses a Polarimetric Interferometric Similarity Parameter(PISP)calculated from Polarimetric SAR Interferometry(PolInSAR)datasets to the scattering decomposition.The PISP is proposed to reveal the geometric sensitivity of SAR interferometry.It is defined by three optimized mechanisms obtained from PolInSAR datasets,therefore,it not only relates to the coherent scattering mechanism closely,but also sufficiently uses the phase and amplitude information.The PISP of building is high,and forest’s PISP is low.The proposed method uses the PISP as a judge condition to select different vegetation model adaptively.The decomposition results show the proposed method can effectively solve the vegetation ingredients overestimation problem.In addition,it is sensitive to the directional scattering.

双站与重轨InSAR数据融合获取DEM的方法

多样性InSAR数据融合是弥补单基线InSAR生成DEM所存在不足的重要手段。鉴于以往的融合研究大多基于相同InSAR系统构型与工作模式的同源数据,文章提出一种双站与重轨InSAR异源数据融合获取DEM的方法和处理流程,重点研究了融合区域识别、重轨干涉大气校正等关键问题。为验证方法的有效性,使用一对天绘二号双站干涉数据结合多个异源重轨干涉数据进行融合,开展获取DEM实验,并采用GNSS实测数据和WorldDEM对DEM精度进行了验证。结果表明,融合后的DEM解缠错误及叠掩、阴影导致的无效点数明显减少,融合后的DEM相比单基线天绘二号干涉生成的DEM高程精度提高了11.6%。

Monitoring Landslide-Induced Displacements with TerraSAR-X Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI): Gimigliano Case Study in Calabria Region (Italy)

This work provides a detailed detection of landslide-induced displacements at local scale on Gimigliano site (Italy), by means of PSI (Persistent Scatterers Interferometry) analysis, exploiting TerraSAR-X data acquired in November 2010-October 2011. In February-March 2010, several landslides affected Gimigliano, following high-intensity precipitation, and causing damages to structures and roads. In order to assess any spatial and temporal patterns of deformation, the present X-band PS data were compared with historical motion rates derived from ERS1/2 and ENVISAT satellites, and with geological and geomorphological evidences resulting from auxiliary data such as landslide databases and orthophotos referred to different dates, finally validated with recent field checks. The PSI analysis of the historical ground motion rates highlighted that the modern built-up area located downhill was already affected by surface ground deformation since 1993. A significant enlargement of the instability phenomena is detected across time. The recent PS data analysis and the in situ observations permitted us to accurately update the ground movements in the investigated site: their evidence allowed assessing a reactivation of the large deep-seated landslide zone on which the new urbanized area had built-up, with an average deformation rate of about 8 - 9 mm/yr. The higher instability phenomenon is affecting the eastern part of Gimigliano old village, with a mean displacement velocity reaching up values of -30 mm/yr, in the radar temporal acquisition of only 10 months. These outcomes can be taken into account for further hazard-reduction analysis and to support risk mitigation design within the investigated area.

Airborne sparse flight array SAR 3D imaging based on compressed sensing in frequency domain

In airborne array synthetic aperture radar(SAR), the three-dimensional(3D) imaging performance and cross-track resolution depends on the length of the equivalent array. In this paper, Barker sequence criterion is used for sparse flight sampling of airborne array SAR, in order to obtain high cross-track resolution in as few times of flights as possible. Under each flight, the imaging algorithm of back projection(BP) and the data extraction method based on modified uniformly redundant arrays(MURAs) are utilized to obtain complex 3D image pairs. To solve the side-lobe noise in images, the interferometry between each image pair is implemented, and compressed sensing(CS) reconstruction is adopted in the frequency domain. Furthermore, to restore the geometrical relationship between each flight, the phase information corresponding to negative MURA is compensated on each single-pass image reconstructed by CS. Finally,by coherent accumulation of each complex image, the high resolution in cross-track direction is obtained. Simulations and experiments in X-band verify the availability.

Deriving glacier border information based on analysis of decorrelation in SAR interferometry

Variations of glaciers are important parameters for monitoring glacial change. Although optical remote sensing method can extract variations of glaciers effectively and accurately in cloudless regions, these variations are difficult to extract in cloudy conditions and bad weather. In this paper, a new method is presented, based on the decorrelation of repeat SAR interferometry, to extract the variations of glaciers. This method uses the decorrelation of the inland glacier＇s surface to extract the variation of glacier by comparing the coherence of the glacier and land cover in threshold values. For validation of this method, we compared classification results with that derived from TM images. An accuracy of better than 89% can be achieved if we consider the classification result from TM image as the ground truth. Results show that this method provides an effective way to identify icy areas from the coherent image.

基于TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X数据的森林高度反演算法研究

基于RVoG模型,对传统三阶段算法及其改进算法进行研究,以云南省西双版纳州勐腊县为研究区,以TerraSAR-X/TanDEM-X数据为数据源进行森林高度反演算法研究,并结合野外实测数据进行结果验证。结果表明,三阶段改进算法对森林高度反演精度优于传统三阶段算法。三阶段改进算法对天然林高度反演精度较高;三阶段算法对橡胶林高度反演精度较高。

基于D-InSAR的珠三角地区地表沉降监测

由于自然因素和人为因素的影响,使得地层岩体发生缓慢或突发的改变导致地表沉降现象,严重影响了正常的生产和生活。合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术是用于大范围监测地表沉降的一种重要技术,具有精度高、范围广的特点。利用D-INSAR技术对珠江三角洲地区的地表沉降状况进行了监测实验。通过对所获得的欧空局ASAR数据和德国高分辨率雷达卫星Terrasar-X时序序列影像进行处理,最终得到整个目标区域的垂直形变场,表明利用InSAR监测城市地表沉降具有较好的精度吻合。

极化干涉SAR的研究现状与启示

阐述极化与干涉结合的基本考虑,介绍极化干涉SAR相干最优和相干目标分解的基本思想,总结分析极化干涉SAR技术、典型星载极化SAR系统研制和极化干涉SAR应用的研究现状,以得到开展极化干涉SAR技术研究的启示。

机载干涉SAR测绘制图应用系统研究

介绍我国机载干涉SAR系统及测绘应用概况,介绍机载干涉SAR生成DEM、SAR正射校正、地形引起的SAR后向散射畸变校正、机载SAR图像解译、雷达图像与光学影像的融合、雷达"空中三角测量"等关键技术研究进展。最后,介绍机载干涉SAR系统在泰山试验区的测绘制图实验情况。

基于InSAR的西安地面沉降与地裂缝发育特征研究

西安地区长期遭受地面沉降和地裂缝灾害。采用合成孔径雷达干涉测量(InSAR)技术对该区域1992年至今的地面沉降和地裂缝的时空特征进行了监测。主要分3个阶段进行,在每一阶段尤其对InSAR处理过程中的干涉图滤波进行了迭代自适应处理和相位解缠进行了顾及粗差的改正,通过与同期水准和GPS监测结果比较可得InSAR精度达1 cm。从3个时间段的InSAR成果可以看出在空间分布上,西安市的东郊和南郊是沉降严重的区域;从时间发育来看,最大沉降阶段发生在1996年,最大沉降量达21 cm,而2006年的最大沉降量减少到8 cm,且沉降中心转移到西南郊;3个阶段均探测到活动地裂缝两侧的不均匀沉降,地裂缝的南侧沉降均大于北侧。该研究将为西安地区地面沉降和地裂缝的解释和减灾提供数据支持。

星载SAR复数图像的配准

星载干涉雷达测量已被证实用于生成大范围 (乃至全球 )的 DEM或监测地表位移具有广阔的应用前景 ,其中 SAR复数图像序列的精确配准是保证生成有效干涉相位图的重要环节之一。本文分析了卫星 In SAR系统中所涉及的几种坐标系统变换问题 ,并提出了基于此的几何配准方案 ,即基于卫星轨道状态矢量、SAR成像几何进行配准的算法 ;同时 ,还设计了基于几何配准结果和能量影像相关技术的配准算法。最后使用 ERS-1 / 2、JERS-1和RADARSAT卫星获取的 3种 SAR复数图像对分别做几何配准和相关配准试验和比较 ,并对卫星

SAR干涉测量的相干性特征分析及积雪划分

雪盖面积是高山地区和季节雪盖区水文、气象模型的重要输入因子。SAR干涉测量不仅能够生成高精度的DEM ,而且能够通过重复轨道雷达信号的相干性来探测地表覆盖的变化。通过分析比较四景重复轨道ERS 1/2的SAR图像发现 ,裸岩、裸地、灌丛等未受到扰动的地表相干性高 ,湖面、雪盖等变化明显的地表相干性低。积雪覆盖后的地表面 ,其相干性急剧降低 ,利用其相干性特征可以进行积雪划分。根据上述特性 ,利用地物的散射强度和SAR重复轨道的相干测量进行雪盖划分 ,分类精度达到 82 %,结果表明利用SAR干涉测量的相干性特征进行雪盖制图是可行的。

InSAR技术在矿区沉降监测中的应用研究

介绍了应用InSAR技术监测矿区地表沉降以及地下开采活动的原理;利用重轨差分InSAR技术获得了峰峰矿区地表ENVISAT和JERS 1的雷达形变干涉相位图;分析了在矿区地表沉降过程中ENVISATC波段和JERS 1 L波段形变干涉相位图的相干特性、相位特性以及干涉测量技术在矿区地表沉降监测中应用的可行性和局限性。实验结果表明,利用C波段和L波段雷达数据可以实施对矿区地表沉降的监测,但是C波段雷达受到空间干涉基线的限制更加严格,如果要实现对矿区地表沉降的监测,需要充分利用每个卫星回访时期的雷达数据,建立长时序的星载雷达形变干涉相位图序列,才能较好地实现矿区地表沉降监测。

地表形变D-InSAR监测方法及关键问题分析

总结和分析了地表形变D-InSAR监测的主要方法和当前所面临的主要问题。针对常规D-InSAR技术中大气相位和低相干区域相位解缠,分别介绍了基于Delaunay三角网的不规则格网解缠方法、累积干涉纹图处理方法(Stack ing Interferogram s)、永久性散射体(PS)技术以及角反射器干涉测量(CR-InSAR)方法,分析了各自的适用条件和优缺点。此外,对有限数据量条件下低相干区域大气相位校正和相干目标识别等问题进行了重点讨论。立足于工程应用需要,分别对D-InSAR测量地表形变的参数要求、测量结果的精度验证、D-InSAR测量值与形变的关系、大区域处理以及形变场时空演变等问题进行了分析和讨论。

极化干涉SAR数据地表土地类型分类

基于新疆和田地区1994年10月9日和10日SIR-C-L波段全极化雷达数据,首先对极化干涉测量的基本原理和数据处理流程进行了详细的阐述,接着,用Cloude相干最优算法得到了与3种地物散射机制相对应的3个最优相干图,并且就地物相干性对极化的强烈依赖和3种散射机制中地物的最优相干特性进行了分析,具有最高相干值的相位图在提取DEM方面较有利,具有最低相干值的相干图在地物识别方面较有利。最后,在对最优相干系数、后向散射系数和熵进行数据相关性分析基础上,利用得到的最优相干系数、熵和后向散射系数数据进行了土地类型的识别和分类,得到了很好的效果。