Comparison study on calculation methods of bending behavior of Chinese reinforced concrete beams from 1912 to 1949

In order to study the calculation methods of bending behavior of Chinese reinforced concrete beams from 1912 to 1949, tests on the mechanical performance of 66 rebars from different modem Chinese concrete buildings, the concrete compressive strength of 12 modem Chinese concrete buildings, and the concrete cover thickness of 9 modem Chinese concrete buildings are carried out; and the actual material properties and structural conformations of modem Chinese concrete buildings are obtained. Then, the comparison on calculation methods of bending behavior including the original Chinese calculation method, the present Chinese calculation method, the present American calculation method and the present European calculation method is studied. The results show that the original Chinese calculation method of bending behavior is based on the allowable stress calculation method, and the design safety factors are 3.55 to 4. 0. In term of the calculation area of longitudinal rebars of reinforced concrete beams, without considering earthquake action, the original Chinese structural calculation method is safer than the present Chinese structural calculation method, the present European structural calculation method, and the present American structural calculation method. The results can provide support for the structural safety assessments of modem Chinese reinforced concrete buildings.

民国时期国立清华大学学术休假制度的历史考察

在制度设计上,国立清华大学学术休假制度是具有大学供给教师休养福利和投资教师发展双重性质的一种教师管理制度。在制度实施过程中,不仅休假教师人数众,教授级教师占多数,而且绝大多数教师选择研究、考察或攻读学位等学术导向的休假。学术休假制度大大提高了教师学术产出的数量,增加了中外学者交流的机会,加速了学科知识的发展和积蓄了学术发展的力量,为国立清华大学教师的发展做出了重要贡献。

民国时期职业教育立法的基本特征及当代价值

职业教育法律是促进职业教育有序发展、保障公民接受职业教育权利的基本规范,科学立法、民主立法、依法立法是职业教育法治化的重要保证。民国时期职业教育立法具有内容比较全面、主体相对明确、技术较为规范等特点,形成了完整的职业教育法律体系,不仅构成了近代教育法制的重要组成部分,为近代职业教育发展提供了法律支持和制度保障,而且对于当前我国职业教育法治建设中职业教育立法的科学性和民主性、可操作性、适时修法、确保统一性、完善体系、强化执法等方面仍有一定的借鉴意义。

民国时期高校教师校外兼课管理制度小考

民国时期高校教师在校外兼课现象比较普遍,以致影响了学生课业和教师学术水平的提高。因此,教育部和高校在提倡教师以专任为原则的基础上,对教师校外兼课的时间、内容、地点以及兼课的条件、资格、程序等都提出了相应的限制办法,同时将提高教师待遇和巡查监管相结合,减少教师兼课行为,促进民国高等教育的发展。探讨和挖掘民国教师校外兼课管理办法,总结其经验,以期对当前高校教师兼职管理有所启示与借鉴。

民国时期宝安县的教师教育

中华民国时期,随着新教育的推进,宝安县的教师教育渐渐步上正轨。民国前期主要是通过宝安县教师社团组织活动和办期刊杂志宣传推动的。民国后期宝安设立了正规的教师教育机构简易师范学校,以培养宝安所需师资。宝安县立简易师范极为重视未来教师的专业思想教育、为人师表的师德教育。鉴于师资匮乏,简易师范不能满足全县学校对教师的需求,广东省教育厅令宝安县申办县立师范学校,以培养初等小学和高等小学的师资,结果泥牛入海。

Comparative Studies on Calculation Methods of Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams of Chinese Modern Reinforced Concrete Buildings

In order to study the calculation methods of shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams of Chinese modern reinforced concrete buildings,this paper carried out tests on the concrete compressive strength of 12 Chinese modern concrete buildings,the mechanical properties of 66 rebars from different Chinese modern concrete buildings,and the concrete cover thickness of 9 Chinese modern concrete buildings,and the actual material properties and structural configurations have been obtained. Then,the comparison on calculation methods include the Chinese original calculation method,the Chinese present calculation method,the American present calculation method and the European present calculation method is studied with case analysis method.The results show that the Chinese original calculation method of shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams is based on the allowable stress calculation method,and the design safety factors are 3. 55- 4. 00. The standard value of the compressive strength of concrete cubes is 8. 48 MPa,the standard value of the concrete tensile strength is 1.20 MPa,the standard value of the yield strength of rectangular rebars is 229. 56 MPa,and the standard value of the yield strength of round rebars is 276. 82 MPa. The average value of the concrete cover thickness of beams and columns is 35.96 mm. In term of calculation area of hoop rebars of reinforced concrete beams,without considering earthquake loads,the Chinese original structural calculation method is safer than the Chinese present structural calculation method,but is more unsafe than the American present structural calculation method and the European present structural calculation method. The results can provide the support for structural safety assessments and repair designs of Chinese modern reinforced concrete buildings.

民国时期儿童学研究者的理论成就及实践贡献

民国时期儿童心理学、儿童教育学与儿童医学等领域诞生了中国最早的一批儿童学研究者,他们是我国儿童学研究领域的主要奠基者和方向的引领者,其大多数有出国留学或进修的背景,对西方不同领域的儿童学研究有清晰的认知和独到的见解。在返回国内后,纷纷结合国内情境发起和推动了儿童学研究,并取得了具有国内外影响力的重要成果。这些学者还致力于推动学科建设、学术团体建设和学术期刊建设,并积极投身于社会实践之中。这些经验和启示都值得当代我国儿童学研究者学习和借鉴。

民国时期宝安初等教育论略

辛亥革命后,宝安县从清末脱胎而出的旧教育弊端百出。为了推进国民政府实施的义务教育,宝安县在发展公立初等教育,实施宽松的文化教育方针政策,吸引华侨和传教士办学的同时,根据国家教育法令对旧学校传统私塾进行艰难的改造,使之能够与公立初等小学一道携手完成普及教育大业。

民国时期学前教育立法的基本特征及当代价值

学前教育法律是促进学前教育有序发展、保障学前儿童接受教育权利的基本规范,科学立法、民主立法、依法立法是学前教育法治化的重要保证。民国时期学前教育立法具有内容比较全面、立法主体相对明确等特点,形成了较为完整的学前教育法律体系,不仅构成了近代教育法制的重要组成部分,为近代学前教育发展提供了法律支持和制度保障,而且对当前我国教育法治建设中如何确保学前教育立法的科学性和民主性、可操作性、完善体系、强化执法等方面仍有一定的借鉴意义。