Multi-formal and Information-based Emergency Resource Reserve System in China

Emergency resources are an important basis of effective emergency response. But there are many disadvantages of the Chinese traditional material reserve method in which the resources are separately reserved in different regions and sections according to the kinds of disasters. So there comes the Multi-formal and Information-based Emergency Resource Reserve System (MIERRS) in China. The reserve body and method change from the single into the multiple forms, that is, the main reserve body changes from the single government agency into the organizations combining with the military, enterprise and society, and the reserve method changes from single material reserve into the reserve combining with market reserve, talents and technology reserve, and production capacity reserve. The content of the reserve change from material to information means to develop the Emergency Resource Management Information System realizing real-time control of resource characteristics and relevant reserve information. The MIERRS leads to a reserve system with rapid response and flexible schedule. It provides a convenient platform for resource sharing, thus avoiding duplication and waste, improving the utilization of resources, reducing the reserve loss and optimizing the structure of resource reserve.

Spatiotemporal variations of ecosystem services and driving factors in the Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve of Xinjiang,China

Nature reserves play a significant role in providing ecosystem services and are key sites for biodiversity conservation.The Tianchi Bogda Peak Natural Reserve(TBPNR),located in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,China,is an important ecological barrier area in the temperate arid zone.The evaluation of its important ecosystem services is of great significance to improve the management level and ecological protection efficiency of the reserve.In the present study,we assessed the spatiotemporal variations of four ecosystem services(including net primary productivity(NPP),water yield,soil conservation,and habitat quality)in the TBPNR from 2000 to 2020 based on the environmental and social data using the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.In addition,the coldspot and hotspot areas of ecosystem services were identified by hotspot analysis,and the trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services were analyzed using factor analysis in a geographic detector.During the study period,NPP and soil conservation values in the reserve increased by 48.20%and 25.56%,respectively;conversely,water yield decreased by 16.56%,and there was no significant change in habitat quality.Spatially,both NPP and habitat quality values were higher in the northern part and lower in the southern part,whereas water yield showed an opposite trend.Correlation analysis revealed that NPP showed a synergistic relationship with habitat quality and soil conservation,and exhibited a trade-off relationship with water yield.Water yield and habitat quality also had a trade-off relationship.NPP and habitat quality were affected by annual average temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),respectively,while water yield and soil conservation were more affected by digital elevation model(DEM).Therefore,attention should be paid to the spatial distribution and dynamics of trade-off and synergistic relationships between ecosystem services in future ecological management.The findings of the present study provide a reference that could facilitate the sustainable utilization of ecosystem services in the typical fragile areas of Northwest China.

Efficacy of intraovarian autologous platelet-rich plasma administration in women with low ovarian reserve: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective:To conduct a systematic examination and meta-analysis of the most reliable data from experimental studies evaluating the efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma(PRP)on low ovarian reserve.Methods:A comprehensive search was performed utilizing pertinent search terms across electronic databases,including PubMed,Cochrane,and Google Scholar.We included studies that assigned infertile women with low ovarian reserve in experimental studies.Ovarian reserve parameters were measured before and after PRP injection into ovaries.The data of each study was retrieved and subsequently compiled.Results:Of 301 articles collected and reviewed,six studies were finally included in the meta-analysis.Following PRP injection,infertile women showed a non-significant increase in anti-Mullerian hormone(AMH)level(MD=0.10;95%CI-0.04,0.23),a significant increase in antral follicular count(AFC)(MD=1.88;95%CI 0.47,3.29),and a non-significant reduction in follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)level(MD=-0.22;95%CI-8.32,7.87).Conclusions:Autologous PRP may increase AFC,but not AMH.Although it is found beneficial in enhancing ovarian reserve(AFC),further research with strong evidence is still required.

Electronic Reserves System-基于Web的电子教学参考文献服务系统

网络技术的发展使传统的教学参考书服务正在走向数字化 ,这种全新的服务方式将会使高校师生得益匪浅。鉴于我国高校图书馆界正积极着手开展此项服务 ,本文参考了北美目前发展比较成熟的电子教学参考文献服务系统 ,对其系统模式及功能特点进行了分析 ,旨在为我国高校图书馆开展此项工作提供借鉴和参考。

The Systematic Diagnoses and Analysis of the Eco-vulnerability in Daqinggou National Natural Reserve

[Objective] The aim is to conduct systematic diagnoses on the eco-vulnerability in Daqinggou National Natural Reserve. [Method] A kind of ＂problem pile＂ is proposed about 58 interrelated problems of ecological vulnerability by field survey and questionnaires and a ladder diagram of interrelations among the problems is established. The root problems, basic problems, core problems, interrelation and solving approaches are proposed, as well. [Result] It can be concluded from system diagnosis that fragile ecosystem of the Reserve can be observed from poor disasterresistibility, lower species diffusivity, lower system metabolism and poor system restorability. According to system diagnoses, management planning and control subsystem is key for protection of system vulnerability and solving different problems in process-oriented system. Conservation of the Reserve and ecological education on tourists are indispensible. It can be concluded from diagnoses that plant updating, evolution and ill growth in the Reserve are the focus of the vulnerable ecosystem, which influence species diffusivity, system metabolism and restorability and constitute central nodes of process-oriented and effect-oriented subsystems. [Conclusion] The research provides references for solving vulnerability issues of conservation and tourism management in Daqinggou National Nature Reserve.

Effects of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt using the Viatorr stent on hepatic reserve function in patients with cirrhosis

BACKGROUND As transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS)creation alters the hemodynamic status of the portal system,whether reduced portal blood supply affects the synthetic reserve function of the liver has been the focus of clinical attention.Since the Viatorr stent entered the Chinese market in 2015,it has not yet been widely used in clinical practice.Further,unlike other countries,the main cause of liver cirrhosis in China is viral hepatitis.Therefore,use of the Viatorr stent to establish a TIPS channel in patients with liver cirrhosis with differing etiologies is of great clinical interest.AIM To investigate factors affecting changes in liver reserve function after TIPS Viatorr stent implantation.METHODS Clinical data from 200 patients with cirrhotic portal hypertension who received TIPS treatment from March 2016 to March 2020 were analyzed retrospectively.The patients were divided into three groups(A-C),according to their disease etiology,with post-hepatitis,autoimmune,and alcoholic cirrhosis,respectively.Preoperative and postoperative liver and renal function and coagulation data,Child-Pugh grade,and model for end-stage liver disease(MELD)scores were collected.Statistical analyses were performed using the t-test or chi-square test.The incidence and of hepatic encephalopathy and patient survival were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method.RESULTS The surgical success rate was 100%,with mean portal pressure gradient(mmHg)decreasing from 25.5±5.22 to 10.04±2.76(t=45.80;P<0.001).After 24 mo,the cumulative incidence of hepatic encephalopathy in group A was significantly lower than that in group B/C,while the cumulative survival rate was significantly higher in group A than in group B/C(P<0.05 for both).The Child-Pugh score for group A was 6.96±1.21,which was significantly better than those of groups B(7.42±0.99;t=-2.44;P=0.016)and C(7.52±1.12;t=-2.67;P=0.009).Further,the MELD score for group A(9.62±2.19)was significantly better than those for groups B(10.64±1.90;t=-2.92;P=0.004)and C(10.82±2.01;t=-3.29;P=0.001).CONCLUSION Insertion of 8 mm internal diameter Viatorr stent has no significant effects on liver reserve function.Changes of liver reserve function in the medium and long term may be related to the etiology and treatment of portal hypertension.

Carbon storage of a subtropical forest ecosystem: a case study of the Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve in south-eastern China

The carbon cycle of forest ecosystems plays a key role in regulating CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Research on carbon storage estimation of forest ecosystems has become a major research topic. However, carbon budgets of subtropical forest ecosystems have received little attention. Reports of soil carbon storage and topographic heterogeneity of carbon storage are limited. This study focused on the Jinggang Mountain National Nature Reserve as an example of a mid-subtropical forest and evaluated soil and vegetation carbon storage by field sampling combined with GIS, RS and GPS technology. We classified the forest into nine forest types using ALOS high-resolution remote sensing images. The evergreen broad-leaved forest has the largest area, occupying 26.5% of the total area, followed by coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forests and warm temperate coniferous forest, occupying 24.2 and 22.9%, respectively. The vegetation and soil carbon storage of the whole forest ecosystem were 1,692,344 and 5,514,707 t, with a carbon density of 7.4 and 24.2 kg/m^2, respectively, which suggests that the ecosystem has great carbon storage capacity. The topographic heterogeneity of the carbon storage was also analysed. The largest vegetation storage and soil storage is at 700–800 and 1000–1100 m, respectively. The vegetation carbon storage is highest in the southeast, south and southwest.

Non-use value assessment for wetland ecosystem service of Hongxing National Nature Reserve in northeast China

By the contingent value method, we studied the non-use value of wetland ecosystem service of Hongxing National Nature Reserve （HNNR） in Heilongjiang Pro- vince, northeast China. The proportion of respondents willing to pay （WTP） for protection of HNNR was 63 %. The WTP ratio was affected by geographical area, contact nature, personal preferences, and familiar degree of the respondents. The WTP value was affected by age, education level and career of the respondents. The mainly reasons for people rejecting to pay for protecting HNNR were ＂I am not familiar to HNNR＂ and ＂I had no capacity for additional spending because of low income＂. Weighted average individual WTP value was CNY 59.26 Yuan ind.^-1 year^-1 for all the respondents with WTP. The total non-use ecosystem service value of HNNR was CNY 1430 million Yuan in 2013. The heritage value was highest followed by existence value and option value. From the high ecosystem service value in HNNR, it is very important to construct nature reserve for protecting natural ecosystems and human sustainable use of natural resources.

Characterization of Some Typical Soils of the Miombo Woodland Ecosystem of Kitonga Forest Reserve, Iringa, Tanzania： Physico-Chemical Properties and Classification

Despite the fact that miombo woodland soils have significant implications in global climate change processes, few studies have been done to characterize and classify the soils of the miombo woodland ecosystem of Tanzania. The current study was carried out to map and classify soils of Kitonga Forest Reserve, which is a typical miombo woodland ecosystem, in order to generate relevant information for their use and management. A representative study area of 52 km2 was selected and mapped at a scale of 1：50,000 on the basis of relief. Ten representative soil profiles were excavated and described using standard methods. Soil samples were taken from genetic soil horizons and analyzed in the laboratory for physico-chemical characteristics using standard methods. Using field and laboratory analytical data, the soils were classified according to the FAO-World Reference Base （FAO-WRB） for Soil Resources system as Cambisols, Leptosols and Fluvisols. In the USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy system the soils were classified as Inceptisols and Entisols. Topographical features played an important role in soil formation. The different soil types differed in physico-chemical properties, hence exhibit differences in their potentials, constraints and need specific management strategies. Texture varied from sandy to different loams; pH from 5.1 to 5.9; organic carbon from 0.9 g/kg to 20 g/kg; and CEC from 3 cmol/（＋）kg to 24 cmol/（＋）kg. Sustainable management of miombo woodlands ecosystem soils requires reduced deforestation and reduced land degradation.

Dynamic Economic Dispatch for Wind Power System Considering System Security and Spinning Reserve

In this paper, dynamic economic dispatch model is proposed for power systems with bulk wind power integration. The wind turbine generators are assumed to partially undertake the spinning reserve for the thermal generator. A double-layer optimization model is proposed. The outer layer use the differential evolution to search for the power output of thermal generators, and the inner layer use the primal-dual interior point method to solve the OPF of the established output state. Finally, the impact of spinning reserve with wind power on power system operating is validated.

Spatial variations of Pb in the vertical zone of the soil-plant system in the Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve

The characteristics of vertical and horizontal variations of lead element(Pb) in soil plant system of vertical zone in Changbai Mountain National Nature Reserve(CNNR) were studied. The results showed that Pb concentrations in soils of vertical zone are all above 25 mg/kg, and the average Pb concentration of each soil zone negatively correlates its degree of variation, i.e. brown coniferous forest soil zone has the lowest average Pb concentration of four soil zones, and the highest horizontal variation; however, mountain soddy forest soil has the highest average Pb concentration, and the lowest horizontal variation; the average concentration of plant Pb of each plant zone is lower than the worldwide average level of Pb in plant(Clarke), respectively, and plant Pb content order is consistent with soil Pb content order, but their horizontal variations are different from those in soil zones, the variation of mountain tundra forest zone is highest, but Betula ermanii forest zone the lowest. Vertical variation of plant Pb is obviously higher than that in soils with variation coefficient of 89.76%; the enrichment capability of plant for Pb is depended on the plant types and the different organs of plant; parent material and parent rock, pH values, soil organic matter and soil particle fraction etc. are the main factors influencing variations of Pb content in soil plant system of vertical zone in CNNR.

Emergy Evaluation of a Village Ecosystem in Wolong Nature Reserve in China

Due to historic reasons, there are several human settlements in nature reserves and national parks, which may constitute a threat to biodiversity. Establishment of nature reserves may however generate constraints for development of local communities residing in these reserves. The village ecosystem of Zhuanjinglou Village in Wolong Nature Reserve includes population, farming and livestock (domestic and alpine) and forest ecosystem. An emergy analysis of agro-ecosystem (including the farming and livestock ecosystem) and energy consumption in Zhuanjinglou Village indicates that livestock ecosystem plays an important role in village ecosystem, which may be the source of great pressure on the state of the local environment. The increasing ratio of electricity in energy consumption may play a positive role for environmental conservation. Despite some successful experiences, there are some remaining issues that need to be addressed in the ecological rehabilitation of the village ecosystem.

Research on Security Assessment Index System for Operating Reserve in Large Interconnected Power Grid

Optimization and placement of spinning reserve is an important issue in power system planning and operation. Systematic way for security assessment of operating reserve needs to study. A security assessment index system for operating reserve in large interconnected power grids is presented in this paper. Firstly, classification and determination methods of operating reserve at home and abroad are investigated, and operating reserve is divided into transient state operating reserve and quasi-steady state operating reserve from the view of security assessment. Secondly, assessment indexes and optimization methods for transient state operating reserve are studied. Thirdly, optimization model, deterministic and probabilistic optimization methods for quasi-steady state operating reserve are explored. Finally, some principles for determination of operating reserve are suggested, and a security assessment index system is put forward. The proposed index system, considering both transient and quasi-steady state, both deterministic and probabilistic methods, provides a systematic way to assessment and arrangement of operating reserve.

Developing phase of China's system of nature reserves in perspective

Up until 2009, 2541 nature reserves had been established in China. However, the process of developing this system of nature reserves was not quite smooth. Various kinds of information related to nature reserves, such as annual growth, the type of nature reserves established, motives behind building a nature reserve, legal instructions and the constitution of government sectors, were collected and analyzed in order to highlight the characteristics of the development of our nature reserve system. As a result, we identify three phases and their characteristics, i.e., the initial phase from 1956 to 1978, the establishment phase from 1979 to 1996 and the management standardization phase from 1997 to 2009, could be clearly identified. It is suggested that since the establishment of this comprehensive structural framework in China, the system should be entering a new developing phase. We recommend that more attentions should be paid on how to guarantee effective management and how nature reserves are able to maintain their value and fulfill their objectives in the future.

Comparative efficacy and safety of adenosine and regadenoson for assessment of fractional flow reserve:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Adenosine is a coronary hyperemic agent used to measure invasive fractional flow reserve(FFR)of intermediate severity coronary stenosis.AIM To compare FFR assessment using adenosine with an alternate hyperemic agent,regadenoson.METHODS PubMed,Google Scholar,CINAHL and Cochrane databases were queried for studies comparing adenosine and regadenoson for assessment of FFR.Data on FFR,correlation coefficient and adverse events from the selected studies were extracted and analyzed by means of random effects model.Two tailed P-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 test.RESULTS Five studies with 248 patients were included in the final analysis.All included patients and coronary lesions underwent FFR assessment using both adenosine and regadenoson.There was no significant mean difference between FFR measurement by the two agents[odds ratio(OR)=-0.00;95%confidence interval(CI):(-0.02)-0.01,P=0.88].The cumulative correlation coefficient was 0.98(0.96-0.99,P<0.01).Three of five studies reported time to FFR with cumulative results favoring regadenoson(mean difference 34.31 s;25.14-43.48 s,P<0.01).Risk of adverse events was higher with adenosine compared to regadenoson(OR=2.39;95%CI:1.22-4.67,P=0.01),which most commonly included bradycardia and hypotension.Vast majority of the adverse events associated with both agents were transient.CONCLUSION The performance of regadenoson in inducing maximal hyperemia was comparable to that of adenosine.There was excellent correlation between the FFR measurements by both the agents.The use of adenosine,was however associated with higher risk of adverse events and longer time to FFR compared to regadenoson.

Valuation on Forest Ecosystem Services of Nanling National Nature Reserve

The forest ecological system fulfills many important ecological functions. Researches on the analysis and valuation on forest ecosystem services are at the cutting edge of current ecology and ecological economics. Based on the calculation method of service value of forest ecosystem, 7 forest ecosystem services of Nanling National Nature Reserve were valued, totaling 703.48 million yuan/year. In terms of the contribution size of the service value of forest ecosystem, carbon fixation and oxygen release came as the greatest one, followed by conservation of soil, purification of the air, biodiversity conservation, conservation of water, accumulation of nutrients, and forest recreation. With its value of 208.46 million yuan, carbon fixation and oxygen release ranked first, accounting for 29.63% of the total value; conservation of soil of 24.67% service value took the second place; purification of the air came in third in the value rankings, representing 22.55% of the total value; the fourth one was biodiversity conservation, whose service value came up to 14.51%. Those 4 services made up 91.36% of the total value while other 3 services ranging from conservation of water, accumulation of nutrients to forest recreation were merely a small proportion. This is because the Nanling National Nature Reserve is essentially a large oxygen bar. The above-mentioned ecosystem valuation method contributes to the understanding of the overall value of the forest ecosystem as well as the implementation and advancement in the regional sustainable development strategy.

Change of Forest Ecosystem Service Function and Its Value in Kanas Nature Reserve

In order to clarify the service function and value of forest ecosystem in Kanas Nature Reserve, the ecological service function and its value of forest ecosystem in Kanas Nature Reserve in 2009 and 2014 were evaluated by using the method of Specifications for Assessment of Forest Ecosystem Services in China(LY/T 1721-2008). The results showed that in 2014, the total value of forest ecosystem service function in Kanas Nature Reserve increased by 7.34% compared with that in 2009, and the value of water conservation and biodiversity accounted for the largest proportion. The increasing rate of functional value of shrub forest land was obviously higher than that of coniferous forest land and broad-leaf forest land. The service function and value of different forest types were obviously different.

Reactive Power Reserve Improvement Using Power Systems Inherent Structural Characteristics

This paper considers the use of the inherent structural characteristics of power system networks for improving the reactive power reserve margins for both topologically weak and strong networks. The inherent structural characteristics of the network are derived from the Schur complement of the partitioned Y-admittance matrix using circuit theory representations. Results show that topologically strong networks, operating close to the upper voltage limit could be made to increase their loadability margin by locating reactive power compensators close to generator sources, whereas topologically weak (ill conditioned) networks could be made to operate within the feasible operating limits by locating reactive power compensators on buses farther from generator sources.

Optimal Spinning Reserve for Power System with Wind Integrated

This paper presents an evolutionary stochastic production simulation to solve the optimal spinning reserve configuration problem in power system with wind integrated. Equivalent load curve is generated with considering the wind power forecasting deviation and generation scheduling of hydropower plant in different water periods. The equivalent load duration curve (ELDC), redrawn from equivalent load curve is the core of stochastic production simulation which focuses on random outage of generator and load fluctuation. The optimal spinning reserve model is established around the reliability index Expected Energy Not Served (ENNS). The optimal scheduling of spinning reserve is reached while the cost of purchasing spinning reserve is equal to the outage loss. At last, results of the optimal spinning reserve model tested in Hainan power grid help reduce the costs of spinning reserve configuration.

Nation Needs to Reform Its Foreign Exchange Reserves Management System

This article assesses both the domestic and external reasons for the occurrence of excessive liquidity.To solve the problem of excessive liquidity two different policy options are proposed;firstly the improvement of the structure of national income assignment and secondly the promotion of the structural diversification of foreign exchange assets.