Baoziwan-Majiashan Area of Jiyuan Oilfield Analysis of Reservoir Characteristics and Main Control Factors in Long 4 5 Section

Based on the sheet, scanning electron microscope and high pressure mercury analysis method, this paper takes Jiyuan oilfield-Ma Jia mountain district 4 5 sandstone reservoir as the research object, from the reservoir petrology, pore type and porosity, permeability, the system analyzed the reservoir characteristics and its control factors. The results show that the sandstone in the 4 5 section of Baoziwan-Majiashan area of Jiyuan oilfield is fine in size and high in filling content. The pore types were dominated by intergranular pores and dissolved pores, with a low face rate. The reservoir property is relatively poor, with mean porosity of 11.11% and mean permeability of 1.16 × 10−3 µm2. In the low porous, low otonic background, the development of relatively high pore hypertonic areas. Compaction and cementation should play a destructive role in reservoir properties, and dissolution should play a positive role in reservoir properties. Compaction adjusts the migration of clay minerals and miscellaneous bases in the original sediment in the study area, greatly reducing the porosity and permeability of the reservoir;the development of the cement cement, carbonate cementation and some quartz secondary compounds reduces the storage space;the dissolution effect, especially the secondary dissolution pores of the reservoir, which obviously improves the properties of the reservoir.

Coal reservoir characteristics and their controlling factors in the eastern Ordos basin in China

In the eastern Ordos basin, due to the diversity of the tectonic setting, coal rank, gas content and permeability, coal reservoirs have differing characteristics. In this paper, based on coal reservoir geometry, gas content, adsorption capacity, pores and fissures developments and permeability data, the coalbed methane(CBM) reservoir characteristics and their controlling factors in the eastern Ordos basin is discussed. The results show that, due to undergoing different paleo-temperatures in the geological history,coal rank has a higher trend from the north part to the south and from the shallow part to the inward basin, which determines CBM distribution and recoverability. In the north, although having large coal thickness and high permeability, Zhungeer-Xingxian coal rank is low, and gas content is small. In the central part, with medium rank, higher gas content and relatively high permeability, and the Wubao-Liulin area is the most favorable area in the eastern Ordos basin. In the southern part, medium and high metamorphism coal occurs, and although having the highest gas content, the permeability in the Hancheng area is low due to the development of sheared coal.

Physical property characteristics of Yanchang Formation reservoir in the southwest of Ordos Basin and their controlling fac-tors： taking Chang 3 and Chang 4 ＋ 5 reservoirs in Longdong area as an example

分析鄂尔多斯盆地西南部陇东地区延长组储层物性特征及其控制因素，发现沉积和成岩控制储层物性。沉积微相带不同，储层物性就不同；成岩作用中压实-压溶作用、胶结作用对储层物性具有破坏作用，溶蚀作用是储层物性改善的关键因素。沉积微相带是控制油气藏储层展布的内在因素，成岩作用是储层形成过程中控制物性演化的外部因素。

Comparison of marine controlled-source electromagnetic data acquisition systems by a reservoir sensitivity index:analyzing the effect of water depths

During the past ten years, a marine controlled source electromagnetic（CSEM） method has been developed rapidly as a technology for hydrocarbon exploration. For shallow water environments, two CSEM data acquisition systems： Seabed Logging（SBL） and towed streamer electromagnetics（TSEM） have been developed in recent years. The purpose is to compare the performance of the SBL and TSEM systems at different water depths. Three different methods for the comparison are presented. The first method is a quick one dimensional sensitivity modelling. As a result, the sensitivity of marine CSEM data increases with water depth for the SBL system. Further, the sensitivity decreases with the increasing water depth for the TSEM system. The two other methods use two dimensional synthetic data from a simple 2-D isotropic model. The second method is a reservoir sensitivity index（RSI） method which has been developed to provide a quick comparison of the two systems. The RSI is calculated as the amplitude of the scattered field dividing by data uncertainty. From the calculations, it is found that with the increasing water depth RSI increases for the SBL system, while it decreases for the TSEM system. The third method uses Occam＇s inversion, and applies an anomaly transverse resistance（ATR） ratio for evaluating the resulting resistivity image. In shallow water environments, the resolution of the CSEM inversion results is good for both the SBL and TSEM systems. In deep water environments, the resolution of the CSEM inversion is better for the SBL system than for the TSEM system. The ATR ratios of the resistivity images show the similar conclusion. The SBL data acquisition system has an advantage in deep water environments. The TSEM system, on the other hand, is preferable for the shallow water environments.

An Improved Contract Net Protocol with Multi-Agent for Reservoir Flood Control Dispatch

Contract Net Protocol (CNP) has been widely used in solving the problems of multi-Agent cooperates and reservoir flood control optimization dispatch. This paper designs an Agent functional module based on the multi-Agent coordinated the construction of reservoir flood control optimization dispatch and the corresponding Agent to solve the problem of classical CNP in the Agent communication aspect, to enhance the efficiency of reservoir optimization dispatch and to improve the insufficiency of the classical CNP in the application of reservoir flood control dispatcher. Then, the capacity factor and the cooperation level are introduced in the module. Experiments are conducted on the Agentbuilder simulation platform to simulate reservoir flood control optimization dispatching with the improved CNP. The simulation results show the communication interactive efficiency and the performance of new protocol is superior to those of the classical CNP.

Distribution Patterns of Remaining Hydrocarbons Controlled by Reservoir Architecture of Distributary Channel with Different Channel Style: S2 Formation of Songliao Basin, China

1 Introduction Reservoir architecture analysis of distributary channel of Daqing oilfield has drawn consistent interest among development geologists and petroleum engineers over the last decade(Lv et al.,1999;Zhou et al.,2008;Zhang et

A Review of Reservoir Sedimentation Control and Storage Capacity Recovery

There are many reservoirs in China,and serious reservoir sedimentation affects reservoir function and reservoir safety.It is of great significance for restoring the reservoir capacity,improving the efficiency of the reservoir and prolonging the service life of the reservoir to carry out the research on reservoir sedimentation control and storage capacity recovery technology,in the case of fewer and fewer good dam sites suitable for the construction of the reservoir and the increasing accumulation of reservoir sedimentation.In this paper,influence factor of the storage loss,sedimentation control and reservoir capacity recovery technology in China are briefly reviewed.It is necessary to carry out research work on reservoir sedimentation investigation and reservoir siltation mechanism and control measures.

新疆克拉玛依乌尔禾张扭性走滑断裂特征及其控藏作用研究

乌尔禾沥青矿断裂带位于准噶尔盆地西北缘乌夏断裂带乌尔禾鼻隆之上,是一个小型左旋走滑断裂带。断裂带形成后未发生强烈改造,断裂带内发育沥青矿脉,露头地质条件好,且有三维地震覆盖,是研究走滑断裂特征和控藏作用的天然实验室。本文采用无人机三维立体建模技术,结合野外剖面实测,对乌尔禾沥青矿走滑断裂带野外剖面露头进行定量分析和解剖。结果表明,沥青矿断裂带共发育17条断层,主断层西北侧断层呈雁列状分布,东南侧断层呈马尾状,断裂带纵向呈负花状。研究表明,断层形成于燕山期左旋剪切应力场,受拉张应力影响,整体处于张扭环境,形成张扭性走滑断裂带。断层发育空腔和诱导裂缝,尤其主动盘裂缝更为发育,空腔的开度与油气侵染宽度呈正相关。结合塔里木盆地张扭性走滑断裂与油气藏关系分析,本文认为张扭性走滑断裂是良好的垂向油气运移通道,主动盘具有侧向输导作用,被动盘具有封堵作用,走滑断裂主动盘一侧圈闭是良好的油气聚集区域。

Strike-Slip Faults and Their Control on Differential Hydrocarbon Enrichment in Carbonate Karst Reservoirs: A Case Study of Yingshan Formation on Northern Slope of Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin

Objective Oil and gas are abundant in the Ordovician Yingshan Formation carbonate karst reservoirs on the northern slope of Tazhong uplift in the Tarim Basin, and have extremely complicated oil-gas-water distribution, however. The difference in burial depth of the reservoirs between east and west sides is up to 1000 m. Water-bearing formations exist between oil- and gas-bearing formations vertically and water-producing wells are drilled between oil- and gas-producing wells. Macroscopically, oil and gas occur at low positions, while water occurs at high positiona on the northern slope of Tazhong uplift. The mechanism of differential hydrocarbon enrichment in heterogeneous reservoirs is by far not clarified, which has affected the efficient exploration and development of oil and gas fields in this area.

超深断控碳酸盐岩油藏空间结构表征技术与工程实践

在积极推进深地工程的背景下,超深断控缝洞型碳酸盐岩成为油气勘探开发的重点领域,而超深走滑断裂精准解译、缝洞体内部构型建模、断控油气藏储量雕刻评估、高效井位部署及提高采收率等是制约超深领域“增储上产”的重要科学问题与技术挑战。本文基于区域应力场研究、露头剖析、三维地震解译、物模数模,全面构建了涵盖动力学、运动学、几何学,分期、分级、分性质、分带、分层的“三学五分”断裂构造解析技术,据此阐明了走滑断裂纵向分层、横向差异分段特征,揭示了走滑断裂控储、控藏、控油气富集等地质规律,发现了超深断控缝洞型10亿吨级大油田。依据动/静态资料,精细刻画了断控缝洞体内部构型,通过“井震”结合实现了断控缝洞型油气藏量化表征,形成了相应的高效井位部署、油气储量雕刻评估等技术系列,支撑了富满油田10亿吨级油气储量的发现与落实。依据断控油气藏的定量刻画结果,针对性提出了提高采收率技术对策,推动了富满5×106t大油田的高效建设,形成了超深断控碳酸盐岩“增储上产”范例,可为我国类似油气藏的开发“上产”提供借鉴。

Present Situation and Control of Outbreaks of Algal Blooms in the Three Gorges Reservoir

After water storage in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,there are no outbreaks of algal blooms in the main stream of the reservoir region,but the density of algae increases obviously. Outbreaks of algal blooms mainly appeared in the tributaries of the reservoir region such as the Xiangxi River,Daning River,Shennong River and Xiaojiang River,but they did not occur every year. The reasons for outbreaks of algal blooms in the tributaries are shown as follows: the existence of sources of algae(blue-green algae) in the Three Gorges Reservoir is the root cause,and the sources include sources existing and being produced in the reservoir and sources from upstream main stream and its tributaries and other related lakes and reservoirs,of which the sources are mainly from the Dianchi Lake; slight or moderate eutrophication of water is the basic condition;hydrologic and hydrodynamic conditions and suitable temperature are conducive to proliferation and aggregation of algae(blue-green algae) after the operation of the Three Gorges Reservoir until outbreaks of algal blooms appear. Outbreaks of algal blooms in the tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region mainly appear in backwater reaches; they mainly occur in the tributaries in the north of the reservoir region and near to the dam;they mainly appear from March to July; the dominant species of algae( blue-green algae) in the Three Gorges Reservoir are Pyrrophyta,Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta,but they tend to change into blue-green algae and other algae. To control outbreaks of algal blooms in the tributaries of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,it is needed to prevent water containing blue-green algae collected from the Dianchi Lake and other lakes and reservoirs from being input into the lower reaches,reduce pollution load flowing into the Three Gorges Reservoir,use enclosures to change hydrodynamic conditions of backwater reaches of the tributaries appropriately,and adopt biological measures such as culturing fish and planting plants to improve ecosystem of the tributaries and other measures to inhibit and eliminate algae and decrease eutrophication level.

湖库蓝藻水华控制技术发展、应用及展望

蓝藻水华暴发会引起供水系统堵塞、水体异味、水生生物死亡等一系列生态环境问题,严重时还将威胁饮用水安全,因此采取切实有效的蓝藻水华控制技术对蓝藻水华防控至关重要。通过文献调研系统梳理了国内外蓝藻水华控制技术发展历程,综述了典型蓝藻水华控制技术及其适用范围、应用情况及优缺点等。结果表明:蓝藻水华控制技术总体分为物理控藻技术、化学控藻技术和生物控藻技术。从技术文献关键词时间发展脉络看,2010年之前国外蓝藻水华控制技术关键词多集中在絮凝、混凝等化学控藻技术,2010年后向水生植物抑藻等生物控藻技术发展;我国蓝藻水华控制技术关键词2010年前主要集中在鲢鳙鱼控藻、水生植物抑藻等生物控藻技术,2010年后超声波、机械除藻等物理控藻技术和絮凝等化学控藻技术快速发展,2015年后物理控藻技术进一步发展。国外蓝藻水华控制技术于20世纪50年代起步于化学控藻技术,2000年后研发了超声波、光波等物理控藻技术,2010年后主要以生物控藻和化学控藻技术为主;国内蓝藻水华控制技术于20世纪80年代起步于针对小型水体的生物控藻技术,2000年后逐渐发展为针对大型湖库的机械除藻技术(物理控藻技术)。物理控藻、化学控藻技术的应急效果显著,但物理控藻技术存在成本高、长效性不足等缺点,化学控藻技术存在二次污染风险;而生物控藻技术存在见效慢、有外来物种入侵风险、生态系统被扰乱风险等生态安全问题,目前实际应用案例较少。未来应加快推进蓝藻水华控制技术优化筛选和示范应用,同时开展蓝藻水华控制技术与内外源污染控制、水生态修复等技术的集成应用,提高蓝藻水华控制效果。

Effect of Flood Peak Discharge Control by a Small Reservoir in an Urbanized Area—Case Study in the Kurabe River Basin, Japan

Recently severe damage of flooding by urbanization was frequently occurred. To prevent this damage, small reservoir was constructed in the urbanized residential area. This paper describes an effect of flood peak discharge control by a small reservoir (control reservoir) caused by rapidly developed urbanization. Although work for this purpose was conducted, research on the effects of the control reservoir was not conducted until now. This research, conducted by simulation, was a case study in the Kurabe River Basin in the Tedori River Alluvial Fan Area, Japan, based on the precise investigation of the reservoir in the actual field. The study was conducted to determine not only the actual control reservoir capacity for the newly developed residential area but also the ideal capacity for all present residential areas and the largest capacity allowable for a maximum rainfall event that recently occurred. The control reservoir effects between individual blocks and the entire basin area were compared by dividing the test basin into 15 blocks (sub-basins). The results showed that the effects on the capacity per unit area of the residential area in blocks have close relationship with the decreasing ratio of peak discharge in blocks. Consequently, the effects of control reservoir capacity and the limitation were clarified. In the future, control reservoirs should be constructed for all of the already developed residential areas, for example, by utilizing underground car parking lot. The results of this research can contribute to the design of the control reservoir for protection against flooding damage in urbanized areas.

基于BP神经网络的分层相控碳酸盐岩储层渗透率预测方法

碳酸盐岩储层受成岩作用影响大,孔隙-喉道结构复杂,孔隙度—渗透率相关性较低,渗透率预测难度较大,常规以线性关系为主的预测方法结果不理想。提出了基于BP神经网络的储层渗透率综合预测方法,可以有效预测碳酸盐岩储层渗透率。方法主要分3步。首先对岩心数据和测井数据进行质量控制;然后结合地质特征,优选预测测井曲线参数和神经网络模型的参数,建立预测模型;最后综合多来源资料,进行预测结果质量控制。将该方法应用于中东地区碳酸盐岩A油藏,渗透率预测结果较好。碳酸盐岩储集空间复杂,孔、洞、缝均发育,岩心塞的渗透率测量只能代表局部位置,而试井资料的动态有效渗透率测量范围较大,可以体现储集空间特征,加之储层黏土矿物含量低,不存在储层敏感性问题和各向异性较弱等因素,最终导致试井动态渗透率数值一般高于岩心渗透率。

鄂尔多斯盆地太原组灰岩成岩演化及控储作用

鄂尔多斯盆地太原组灰岩有良好含气显示,但目前控制灰岩储层形成的关键成岩作用类型尚不明确。针对此问题,利用岩心、薄片、阴极发光、扫描电镜、LA-ICP-MS测试等资料,开展储层特征及成岩作用研究,进行成岩流体示踪,恢复储层成岩演化历程并分析对储层的控制。研究表明:(1)太原组灰岩储层以黏结生屑灰岩为主,共经历海底泥晶化、混合水白云石化、准同生期岩溶、同生-埋藏阶段的5期次胶结以及硅质交代等多类型成岩作用。(2)利用基质灰岩与各期次关键成岩作用产物微区元素地球化学特征对比,识别出浅埋藏期“封存海水”、准同生期暴露“大气淡水”、准同生期-浅埋藏期“混合水”以及埋藏期“残余淡水”等多期次成岩流体环境。(3)储层成岩演化认为准同生期“大气淡水”流体的溶蚀作用是区内储层发育的关键驱动力,而各类胶结以及小规模白云石化作用对储层则是持续充填破坏。太原组灰岩沉积期高频海平面升降控制下的控储成岩作用模型,可为有利区预测提供帮助。

塔里木盆地富满断控破碎体油藏储集类型特征与注水替油效果

塔里木盆地走滑断裂控制的超深油气藏是近年来中国油气勘探开发最重要领域之一,但目前该类型油藏的储集空间类型并不清楚,不同储集空间类型与注水效果关系不明确,严重制约了富满油田的高效开发。在充分分析野外露头、岩心、成像测井以及动态监测资料的基础上,系统剖析了断控破碎体的3种主要储集空间类型及其与注水效果的关系。提出了断控破碎体的概念,指出富满油田主要为断控破碎体油藏,研究结果表明:①断裂空腔型储集体主要分布在断裂带的核部,由断层滑动面产状变化引发内部体积调整形成了“空腔”型洞穴。埋藏条件下的储集空间相对较为封闭,内部孔隙空间较大,注水后原油置换率较高,部分油井动用储量的注水采收率可高达93%。②角砾间孔隙型储集体主要分布在断裂带的核部,由相邻的角砾相互支撑而形成角砾间不规则储集空间类型。该类储集体分布较为均匀,孔隙度中等,单位压降下的产液量较高,但是由于储集空间内部连接并不通畅,注水后置换率较低,需要研究探索构建立体结构井网来提高开发效果。③构造裂缝型储集体主要分布在断裂带的损伤带和过程带,在断层带的两侧和端部发育形成一定宽度的裂缝带。裂缝带周边也会发育少量孔隙,部分区域会形成一定的渗流优势通道,因此注入水的流失量较大,注水效果相对于断裂空腔型储集体较差。研究成果支撑了富满油田上产原油350×10^(4) t,可助推注水开发方案和提高采收率方案的优化,对同类型油藏高效开发具有重要的借鉴意义。

四川盆地东部上石炭统黄龙组规模储层形成主控因素与发育模式

石炭系黄龙组是四川盆地东部地区(以下简称川东地区)重要的天然气产层之一,石炭系储层是控制气藏发育的关键因素。为了深入评价川东地区黄龙组储层,拓展勘探新领域,寻找接替区,在前人研究的基础上,应用大量钻井、岩心、露头和分析化验等资料,系统研究了黄龙组储层发育的主控因素和发育模式,并预测规模储层的展布。研究结果表明:(1)黄龙组储集岩主要为颗粒白云岩、角砾白云岩和晶粒白云岩,储集空间主要为晶间孔/晶间溶孔、粒间溶孔/粒内溶孔、溶洞和裂缝,颗粒滩为有利储集体,裂缝-溶蚀孔洞型储层质量好;(2)储层发育主要受乐山—龙女寺古隆起和开江古隆起、沉积作用及成岩作用的共同控制,古隆起控制颗粒滩分布和准同生期成岩作用,是规模成储的基础,准同生期白云石化作用、层间岩溶和风化壳岩溶作用的叠加是形成规模储层的关键,喜马拉雅构造运动产生大量构造裂缝,提高了储层的渗滤性和规模性;(3)一定厚度和较大面积的Ⅰ—Ⅲ类储层可形成规模储层区,对5个规模储层发育区进行了评价,已发现气藏主要分布在这5个区域的背斜构造部位。结论认为,川东地区石炭系仍有较大的天然气勘探开发潜力,向斜区发育大面积的规模储层,是下一步天然气增储上产的重要方向。

Controlling factors of remaining oil distribution after water flooding and enhanced oil recovery methods for fracturecavity carbonate reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield

Based on comprehensive analysis of core, well logging, seismic and production data, the multi-scale reservoir space, reservoir types, spatial shape and distribution of fractures and caves, and the configuration relationship with production wells in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs were studied systematically, the influence of them on the distribution of residual oil was analyzed, and the main controlling factors mode of residual oil distribution after water flooding was established. Enhanced oil recovery methods were studied considering the development practice of Tahe oilfield. Research shows that the main controlling factors of residual oil distribution after water flooding in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs can be classified into four categories: local high point, insufficient well control, flow channel shielding and weak hydrodynamic. It is a systematic project to improve oil recovery in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs. In the stage of natural depletion, production should be well regulated to prevent bottom water channeling. In the early stage of waterflooding, injection-production relationship should be constructed according to reservoir type, connectivity and spatial location to enhance control and producing degree of waterflooding and minimize remaining oil. In the middle and late stage, according to the main controlling factors and distribution characteristics of remaining oil after water flooding, remaining oil should be tapped precisely by making use of gravity differentiation and capillary force imbibition, enhancing well control, disturbing the flow field and so on. Meanwhile, backup technologies of reservoir stimulation, new injection media, intelligent optimization etc. should be developed, smooth shift from water injection to gas injection should be ensured to maximize oil recovery.

顺北超深断溶体储层典型试井曲线特征及类别

顺北地区超深断溶体储层主要发育有裂缝及片状洞穴,采用可横向穿越缝洞储集体的水平井进行开发,其试井曲线形态特征复杂多变。依据井筒和表皮效应结束后的中期试井曲线的典型特征,将顺北地区实测试井曲线分成了3个大类。该3大类试井曲线特征直接反映了井与缝洞储集体的不同接触关系。再根据后期的试井形态特征,将顺北地区实测试井曲线细分成了9个亚类,不同的亚类试井曲线特征明显不同,是井外围缝洞发育状况变化的试井曲线响应。最后,提出了与试井曲线特征相对应的3大类9个亚类的试井解释评价物理模型。本文研究成果可用于指导顺北地区的试井分析与试井研究工作,亦可为其他深层断溶体储层的试井研究提供借鉴与参考。