Simulation of Ground Motion at Guanting Reservoir Dam Based on the Scenario Earthquake in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin

Research at home and abroad shows that the simulation of ground motion using the 3D finite-difference method might be accurate and feasible. Based on related theories and methods,and using the wave velocity and density model of the crust in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin,this paper makes a simulation of ground motion at Guanting Reservoir Dam based on the scenario earthquake in the Yanqing-Huailai Basin. Comparative analysis shows that the results of 3D finite-difference simulation accord with those of the empirical formula. The parameters such as the velocity-time series of ground motion,PGV and frequency might be referred to for the analysis of seismic protection design of the dam's structure.

Dynamic analysis of dam-reservoir-foundation interaction using finite difference technique

Time domain dynamic analysis of inclined dam-reservoir-foundation interaction was conducted using finite difference method(FDM),The Timoshenko beam theory and the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory were implemented to draw out governing equation of beam.The interactions between the dam and the soil were modeled by using a translational spring and a rotational spring.A Sommerfeld's radiation condition at the infinity boundary of the fluid domain was adopted.The effects of the reservoir bottom absorption and surface waves on the dam-reservoir-foundation interaction due to the earthquake were studied,To avoid the instability of solution,a semi-implicit scheme was used for the discretization of the governing equation of dam and an explicit scheme was used for the discretization of the governing equation of fluid,The results show that as the slope of upstream dam increases,the hydrodynamic pressure on the dam is reduced.Moreover,when the Timoshenko beam theory is used,the system response increases.

Channel Evolution of Sandy Reservoir Sediments Following Low-Head Dam Removal, Ottawa River, Northwestern Ohio, U.S.A.

Dozens of low-head dams are removed annually for reasons of obsolescence, financial liability, public safety, or as part of aquatic ecosystem restoration. Prior to removing a dam, hydrologic and sedimentologic studies are used to predict channel changes that would occur after the proposed dam removal. One commonly used predictive approach is a channel evolution model (CEM). However, most CEMs assume that the reservoir has trapped cohesive silts and muds. This study looks at the effects of low-head dam removal on a reservoir in filled with sand-rich sediment. The Secor Dam (2.5 m tall, 17 m wide) was constructed on the Ottawa River in northwestern Ohio (USA) during 1928 and was removed in 2007. High resolution channel cross-sections were measured at 17 locations prior to dam removal and re-measured every approximately 30 days for 6 months following the removal. Sediment sampling, sediment traps, substrate sampling, differential GPS tracking of channel bed forms and sediment coring were also used to characterize the channel sediment response to dam removal. Breaching of the dam produced a diffuse nickzone which was the width of the channel and about 10 m in length. One initial response was downstream migration of a sediment wave at rates up to 0.5 m/hr. The overall effect was erosion of the former reservoir to a distance of 150 m upstream of the former dam. Portions of the former reservoir were incised >1 m. Within the first 6 months after removal, approximately 800 m3 of sand had been mobilized from the former reservoir, transported downstream past the former dam, and had primarily in-filled pre-existing pools within a reach approximately 150 m downstream of the former dam. This behavior significantly differs from the predicted results of current CEMs which anticipate a first flush of suspended sediment and minor deposition of bed load materials in the channel downstream of the former dam.

Monitoring and Evaluating the Sedimentation Process in Mosul Dam Reservoir Using Trap Efficiency Approaches

Reservoirs are usually exposed to sediment accumulation problems that will lead to reduction in their storage capacity. This problem directly affects the performance of the dams and causes shortage of their useful life. The simplest technique to estimate sediment deposition rate is using sediment rating curve with sediment trapping efficiency (TE) of the reservoir. Many empirical and semi-empirical approaches have been suggested for to determine this term depending on the annual inflow rate, reservoir characteristics and features of the catchments area. In this study six different empirical methods depending on the residence time principle (water retention time) were used. These approaches were reviewed and applied to determine TE of Mosul dam reservoir (MDR) for period 1986 to 2011. The monthly operating data for inflow, outflow and water elevations for MDR were used to determine monthly TE and long-term TE for whole period of MDR using the mentioned methods. Furthermore, the monthly inflow rate for River Tigris upstream MDR, its sediment rating curve and sediment feeding from valleys around MDR were used to estimate the amount sediment coming to the reservoir. The results provided by these methods for TE with sediment coming to MDR were used to compute the amount of sediment deposited in MDR on monthly bases during this period. The results obtained were evaluated using observed bathymetric survey data that had been collected in 2011 after 25 years of the operation of the dam. The results showed all the mentioned methods gave convergent results and they were very close to bathymetric survey results for estimating the volume of sediment deposited especially that proposed by Ward which gave 0.368% percentage error. Furthermore, the result computed using monthly TE gave good agreement if compared with that long-term TE where the percentage error was ranging between –3.229% to 1.674% for monthly adopted data and –4.862% to?–2.477% for whole period data. It is believed that this work will help others to use this procedure on other reservoirs.

Geomatics-Based Framework for Assessing Environmental Impacts of Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) Reservoir

Despite the benefits of big project dams, their reservoirs may have significant environmental impacts. The main objective of this paper is to develop an integrated analysis framework of remotely-sensed data ad GIS techniques for delineating surface area of the dam reservoir, simulating their capacities and assessing associated environmental impacts with application to Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). For this purpose, a methodology of four main steps was applied. The methodology involved delineating the up-to-date reservoir using remotely sensed data, simulating reservoir at full capacity, estimating current and potential reservoir capacity and finally assessing environmental impacts of the reservoir. The results revealed that the up-to-date reservoir covers a total area of 330.3 km2 with a gross storage capacity of 12 billion m3. Under full capacity scenario, the reservoir is estimated to cover a total area of 1650.9 km2, with a storage capacity of 63.4 billion m3. The GERD reservoir may lead to dramatic changes in the local environment with significant implications at both regional and global scales. In this respect, it was found that the reservoir will lead to destruction of ecosystems in a total area of 1300 km2 covered by grasslands and Savannah. Also, the GERD reservoir is expected to have significant impacts on GHGs emissions and global warming. Moreover, a massive quantity of water is expected to be lost by surface evaporation.

Using of GIS Spatial Analyses to Study the Selected Location for Dam Reservoir on Wadi Al-Jirnaf, West of Shirqat Area, Iraq

The GIS data of digital elevation model, topographic maps of different scales, satellite images and GPS were used to analyze the geometrical relations, bathometric properties and shape form of selected depressions on Al-Jirnaf valley. GIS was used to analyze the hydromorphometry and geometry of the depressions, these analyses explain the role of main valley’s contribution to the hydrology of the valley, then, three locations for water storage were suggested. 2D and 3D models of the sites were given, the maximum level, volume, surface area, circumference, shape factor of three supposed reservoirs calculated for different hypothetical levels of water in the reservoir, and the optimal level were determined, the maximum suggested levels are 190, 185 and 180 m, the areas are 3.25, 7.97 and 20.47 km2, the volumes are 0.0096, 0.0334 and 0.1118 km3 for the three locations respectively. This experimental procedure can be repeated in other depressions for the same purpose.

A quantitative model for danger degree evaluation of staged operation of earth dam reservoir in flood season and its application

Based on the natural disaster risk evaluation mode, a quantitative danger degree evaluation model was developed to evaluate the danger degree of earth dam reservoir staged operation in the flood season. A formula for the overtopping risk rate of the earth dam reservoir staged operation was established, with consideration of the joint effect of flood and wind waves in the flood sub-seasons with the Monte Carlo method, and the integrated overtopping risk rate for the whole flood season was obtained via the total probability approach. A composite normalized function was used to transform the dam overtopping risk rate into the danger degree, on a scale of 0-1. Danger degree gradating criteria were divided by four significant characteristic values of the dam overtopping rate, and corresponding guidelines for danger evaluation are explained in detail in this paper. Examples indicated that the dam overtopping danger degree of the Chengbihe Reservoir in China was 0.33-0.57, within the range of moderate danger level, and the flood-limiting water level （FLWL） can be adjusted to 185.00 m for the early and main flood seasons, and 185.00-187.50 m for the late flood season. The proposed quantitative model offers a theoretical basis for determination of the value of the danger degree of an earth dam reservoir under normal operation as well as the optimal scheduling scheme for the reservoir in each stage of the flood season.

Reservoir water effects on earthquake performance evaluation of Torul Concrete-Faced Rockfill Dam

This study presents earthquake performance analysis of the Torul Concrete-Faced Rockfill （CFR） Dam with two-dimensional dam-soil and dam-soil-reservoir finite element models. The Lagrangian approach was used with fluid elements to model impounded water. The interface elements were used to simulate the slippage between the concrete face slab and the rockfill. The horizontal component of the 1992 Erzincan earthquake, with a peak ground acceleration of 0.515g, was considered in time-history analysis. The Drucker-Prager model was preferred in nonlinear analysis of the concrete slab, rockfill and foundation soil. The maximum principal stresses and the maximum displacements in two opposite directions were compared by the height of the concrete slab according to linear time-history analysis to reveal the effect of reservoir water. The changes of critical displacements and principal stresses with time are also shown in this paper. According to linear and nonlinear time-history analysis, the effect of the reservoir water on the earthquake performance of the Torul CFR Dam was investigated and the possible damage situation was examined. The results show that the hydrodynamic pressure of reservoir water leads to an increase in the maximum displacements and principal stresses of the dam and reduces the earthquake performance of the dam. Although the linear time-history analysis demonstrates that the earthquake causes a momentous damage to the concrete slab of the Torul CFR Dam, the nonlinear time-history analysis shows that no evident damage occurs in either reservoir case.

城市水库溃坝耦合极端降雨前后模拟对比分析

以探究城市上游水库溃坝耦合极端降雨及仅溃坝两种工况下洪水灾害程度的变化为目标,确定郑州市二七区、中原区、金水区及惠济区为研究区域,结合芝加哥雨型公式及长历时暴雨强度公式推求设计暴雨,依托“7·20郑州特大暴雨”实测数据推求研究区域产汇流特征,建立极端降雨与洪水过程的响应关系。在此基础上,以郑州市二七区尖岗水库为研究对象,构建两种工况下二维溃坝洪水演进模型,对水情信息进行对比分析。结果表明:相比于仅溃坝,降雨耦合溃坝工况下淹没范围更大,其中增加的淹没范围内各点的最大水深、流速、洪水严重性程度均处于较低等级。在河道两侧,两种工况下各等级水深、流速及洪水严重性淹没范围大致相同;地势较低的区域降雨耦合溃坝工况下淹没水深和流速增大较多,易涝点水深增加约0.6 m,选取断面水面线升高约1 m。

关于加强水库大坝下游水位监测的认识与建议

下游水位监测是1级~5级水库大坝必设的安全监测项目,但在实际建设过程中常常被忽视或误解,不利于充分发挥监测系统作用。通过设置下游水位监测,可以确定准确完整的坝体浸润线位置,支撑智慧水利建设;定量分析监测断面的防渗效果与渗流安全性态,提高渗流安全监测资料分析深度;为大坝渗流计算提供可靠的重要边界条件参数,提升渗流计算成果可靠性与准确性。下游水位监测对大坝安全监测以及大坝安全管理至关重要,建议有条件的水库补充设置下游水位监测,进一步完善大坝安全监测系统。

洪水期小浪底水库排沙影响因素及规律研究

小浪底水库排沙主要集中在汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期。2000—2022年汛前调水调沙期和汛期洪水期小浪底水库累计排沙分别为4.840亿t和21.546亿t,分别占水库运用以来排沙总量的18.3%、81.5%。研究表明,入库水量与回水长度是影响汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙效果的主要因素;入库水量越大,回水长度越短,排沙效果越好。通过多元回归得到了汛前调水调沙期小浪底水库排沙量与影响因素的关系。汛期洪水期小浪底水库排沙主要影响因素为壅水指标和进出库流量比,通过研究量化了汛期洪水期排沙比与影响因素的关系。

双峰寺水库大坝上游柔性防渗设计和施工要点分析

碾压混凝土大坝上游防渗设计和施工是这类坝型需要重视的关键环节,而碾压混凝土层面结合质量直接影响坝体的抗渗性,往往是碾压混凝土大坝防渗的薄弱环节。从碾压混凝土上游防渗设计、表面辅助防渗方案选择、原材料性能和施工要点等方面开展研究,最后选定双峰寺水库大坝上游防渗设计方案,明确施工要点,保证工程顺利实施。

水库大坝突发事件应急演练技术研究与实践综述

水库大坝突发事件应急演练是熟悉和校正应急预案、提升应急响应能力的重要手段,目前应急演练多关注险情应急处置工程措施,而对应急响应与处置过程中的洪水预报、险情捕捉与报告、信息流转、应急决策、现场处置、应急撤离等离散性环节缺少演练,演练效果评估方法缺失,开展应急演练新技术研究十分必要。在分析水库突发事件特点基础上,对国内外应急演练技术研究与实践现状进行了系统梳理,提出了考虑应急响应与处置离散性过程的水库突发事件应急演练技术路线。研究认为,水库突发事件应急演练技术可分角色、灾害类型、响应等级、预警时间和处置形式解析应急响应与处置机制;以时间为主线、角色为主体、事件发展为驱动力,建立应急演练框架体系;构建应急演练评价方法和技术标准,形成标准化的应急演练和评估模型;基于BPMN技术、可视化等技术开发信息化平台,对应急管理各主要环节模拟现实设定阻碍,输出角色和应急演练整体定量评估结果,从而达到有效应急演练目的。

隧道爆破施工对邻近水坝安全性影响分析

以义东高速防军隧道项目为依托,针对隧道爆破施工对邻近麻车坑水库坝体安全性影响进行研究。从混凝土损伤理论阐述了坝体的破坏过程,采用有限元软件MIDAS GTS NX建立隧道-水坝三维数值模型,通过分析坝体监测点的振速峰值、应力、位移及坝体边坡动安全系数,对其整体稳定性进行评估。结果表明,爆心距为100 m时,所产生的拉应力为0.1 kPa,此时隧道爆破对大坝的损伤几乎忽略不计;隧道爆破振动会导致坝体发生微小沉降变形,最大位移点在坝体中部,爆心距为70 m时,最小Y向位移约0.42 mm;水库大坝现场监测振速峰值为5.65 cm/s,模拟结果中振速峰值最大为2.6 cm/s,坝体边坡动安全系数最小值为1.034,结果均在安全范围内,这表明隧道出口段爆破施工结束后邻近水库坝体仍处于相对稳定状态,研究方法可为今后类似工程提供参考。

区间水优先的水库群引供水调度规则研究

【目的】随着跨流域调水工程不断地发展与完善,没有调节能力的闸坝逐渐与水库共同参与到调度中来,对需要考虑多流域丰枯特性和多水库调节能力的调度规则制订提出了更大的挑战。【方法】为此,提出在调水中相对于水库优先利用区间水的原则,以此构建系统总弃水量最小的调度模型,利用改进的遗传算法求解得到调度规则。并且,以石湖-龙湾-碧流河水库与黑鱼汀闸坝联合的引洋入连引调水工程作为研究实例进行对比。【结果】结果显示,相比于常规调度,优先利用区间水的调度规则方案规避了系统深度破坏,满足95%保证率的城市供水需求,多年平均引水量增加了0.79亿m^(3),系统年均弃水量减少了2.1亿m^(3)。【结论】该研究方法较好地提高了区间水的利用率及系统的用水效率,可为有闸坝参与的跨流域调水系统的调度提供科学参考和技术支撑。

基于P2PSand模型的水库土石坝坝基地震液化影响分析

为了解决水库土石坝坝基地震液化导致严重坝体变形和边坡失稳等灾害,从而对水库土石坝长效安全运行造成严重威胁的问题,以某水库土石坝为例,利用有限差分软件FLAC3D 7.0及其内置P2PSand模型(practical two-surface plastic sand model),对存在地震液化地基的水库土石坝进行地震动力响应分析。结果表明:地震强度与相对密实度对水库土石坝坝基地震液化趋势影响较大,超孔压比随着地震过程的进行而逐渐增大,增大幅度约为10.46%;随着坝基地震液化程度的提高,坝体变形更明显,并且坝基边坡稳定性劣化。

基于COMSOL的不同库水位条件下土石坝坝坡稳定性分析

由库水位变化引起的渗透破坏是造成土石坝失稳的主要原因之一,坝体滑坡极易诱发地质灾害,严重威胁人类生命财产安全。针对库水位上升对土石坝坝体滑坡的影响,以某均质土坝为研究背景,借助COMSOL Multiphysics数值软件研究坝坡临界失稳状态下的塑性区和水平位移变化,基于有限元强度折减法分析正常蓄水位、设计洪水位和校核洪水位3种工况下的坝坡稳定性。结果表明:随着库水位上升,土石坝内部浸润线位置提高,坝体的最大塑性应变和水平位移呈线性增大趋势,且最大值均出现在坝脚位置。坝脚处塑性区随折减系数SRF的增大逐渐向坝顶贯通,坝坡变形行为以剪切滑移为主。3种工况下稳定安全系数FOS分别为1.894、1.855和1.831,坝体稳定性不断降低,但均高于临界最小安全系数。

水库与水电站大坝安全评价体系对比研究

当前中国水库与水电站大坝采用不同的安全评价体系,为借鉴水电站大坝安全定检有关经验做法,查找水库大坝安全鉴定工作短板,主要从组织体系与技术体系两方面横向对比分析了水库与水电站大坝安全评价体系。水库与水电站大坝安全评价组织体系虽差别较大,但基本符合水利与能源系统大坝实际情况与特点;技术体系均以现场检查与监测资料分析为基础,分别按隐患类型、工程部位展开分项安全评价。建议从修订《水库大坝安全鉴定办法》、规范水库大坝安全监测工作、完善安全评价技术规范等方面进一步改进水库大坝安全鉴定工作。

梯级水库群溃坝洪水风险分析——以澜沧江上游为例

梯级水库的建设是开发利用我国丰富水能资源、保障国家能源安全、实现减排目标的重要途径.但是由于部分水库结构老化、地势险峻以及近几年极端天气频发等原因,极有可能造成单坝溃决,继而引起梯级连溃,最终使整条流域系统瘫痪,为下游城镇带来不可估量的经济和生命损失.为准确预测梯级连溃发生后的危险程度及影响范围,基于心墙坝漫顶溃坝数学模型和HEC-RAS软件提出了梯级连溃地貌特征演变及洪水演进计算方法,并应用于澜沧江流域梯级水库RM-XW水电站大尺度连溃分析.结果表明,在遭遇1.4倍超标准洪水的情况下,RM水电站发生漫顶溃决,溃决过程中,心墙发生四次折断,并伴随溃口迅速扩张以及溃决流量激增,最高峰值流量达699986.5 m^(3)/s,溃决洪水演进至下游,使WNL-XW水电站相继发生漫顶.河道距离、坝型特征和坝体物理参数是影响梯级连溃过程中溃决流量大小的重要因素.