一种S波段雷达通信电子战多功能宽带DAM的设计

本文创新性地提出了一种S波段多功能宽带DAM,首先介绍了该型DAM的顶层架构设计,接着介绍了各个功能组成模块的设计过程,最后给出了该型DAM的指标实现情况。该型DAM可以分时实现雷达、通信及电子战功能,最大瞬时带宽可达200MHz,支持任意波形产生,在多功能综合射频系统中具有良好的应用前景。

Fine quantitative characterization of high-H2S gas reservoirs under the influence of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption

In order to clarify the influence of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption to high-H2S gas reservoirs,three types of natural cores with typical carbonate pore structures were selected for high-temperature and high-pressure core displacement experiments.Fine quantitative characterization of the cores in three steady states(original,after sulfur injection,and after gas flooding)was carried out using the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)transverse relaxation time spectrum and imaging,X-ray computer tomography(CT)of full-diameter cores,basic physical property testing,and field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging.The loss of pore volume caused by sulfur deposition and adsorption mainly comes from the medium and large pores with sizes bigger than 1000μm.Liquid sulfur has a stronger adsorption and deposition ability in smaller pore spaces,and causes greater damage to reservoirs with poor original pore structures.The pore structure of the three types of carbonate reservoirs shows multiple fractal characteristics.The worse the pore structure,the greater the change of internal pore distribution caused by liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption,and the stronger the heterogeneity.Liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption change the pore size distribution,pore connectivity,and heterogeneity of the rock,which further changes the physical properties of the reservoir.After sulfur injection and gas flooding,the permeability of TypeⅠreservoirs with good physical properties decreased by 16%,and that of TypesⅡandⅢreservoirs with poor physical properties decreased by 90%or more,suggesting an extremely high damage.This indicates that the worse the initial physical properties,the greater the damage of liquid sulfur deposition and adsorption.Liquid sulfur is adsorbed and deposited in different types of pore space in the forms of flocculence,cobweb,or retinitis,causing different changes in the pore structure and physical property of the reservoir.

基于量子衍生涡流算法和T⁃S模糊推理模型的储层岩性识别

鉴于梯度下降法易陷入局部极值、普通群智能优化算法易早熟收敛,提出一种基于量子衍生涡流算法(Quantum Vortex Search Algorithm,QVSA)和T⁃S模糊推理模型的岩性识别方法,QVSA具有操作简单、收敛速度快、寻优能力强等优点,有助于T⁃S模糊推理模型获得最优参数配置,从而实现储层岩性的准确识别。首先利用具有全局搜索能力的QVSA优化T⁃S模糊推理模型的各种参数;然后利用主成分分析方法降低获取的地震属性维度;再利用优化的T⁃S模糊推理模型识别储层岩性。实验结果表明,利用反映储层特征的8个地震属性识别储层岩性时,所提方法的识别正确率达到92%,比普通BP网络方法高5.1%,同时查准率、查全率、F1分数等指标也较BP网络方法提升明显。

基于XGBoost算法的v_(P)/v_(S)预测及其在储层检测中的应用

鄂尔多斯盆地碳酸盐岩地层蕴含着丰富的油气资源。在勘探实践中发现,大牛地气田马家沟组断层发育、断距小,类型多样且成因复杂,给勘探、开发带来了较多挑战。为了应对这些挑战,提高储层预测的精度变得至关重要。在分析大牛地气田敏感弹性参数的基础上,建立地震属性与储层纵横波速度比(v_(P)/v_(S))的关系,提出一种基于XGBoost算法的地震多属性v_(P)/v_(S)预测方法。为了进一步提升XGBoost算法的预测精度和泛化能力,采用贝叶斯算法对XGBoost算法的超参数进行优化,从而找到最佳的超参数组合,以确保模型在训练集和测试集上的性能均能得到提升。将XGBoost算法应用于Marmousi 2模型进行横波速度预测,预测值与实际值相关系数超过0.88,而均方误差、平均绝对百分比误差分别低于6.55×10^(-7)和4%,验证了该方法的准确性和可靠性。在鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田,应用该方法获得的v_(P)/v_(S)成功识别出含气储层,结果与实际钻井数据一致。理论模型和实际数据应用结果表明,XGBoost作为一种强大的机器学习算法预测精度较高,为直接由叠后地震属性预测v_(P)/v_(S)提供了一种有效的途径。

A quantitative model for danger degree evaluation of staged operation of earth dam reservoir in flood season and its application

Based on the natural disaster risk evaluation mode, a quantitative danger degree evaluation model was developed to evaluate the danger degree of earth dam reservoir staged operation in the flood season. A formula for the overtopping risk rate of the earth dam reservoir staged operation was established, with consideration of the joint effect of flood and wind waves in the flood sub-seasons with the Monte Carlo method, and the integrated overtopping risk rate for the whole flood season was obtained via the total probability approach. A composite normalized function was used to transform the dam overtopping risk rate into the danger degree, on a scale of 0-1. Danger degree gradating criteria were divided by four significant characteristic values of the dam overtopping rate, and corresponding guidelines for danger evaluation are explained in detail in this paper. Examples indicated that the dam overtopping danger degree of the Chengbihe Reservoir in China was 0.33-0.57, within the range of moderate danger level, and the flood-limiting water level （FLWL） can be adjusted to 185.00 m for the early and main flood seasons, and 185.00-187.50 m for the late flood season. The proposed quantitative model offers a theoretical basis for determination of the value of the danger degree of an earth dam reservoir under normal operation as well as the optimal scheduling scheme for the reservoir in each stage of the flood season.

Damming effects on dissolved inorganic carbon in different kinds of reservoirs in Jialing River,Southwest China

To assess the effects of river damming on dissolved inorganic carbon in the Jialing River, a total of 40 water samples, including inflow, outflow, and stratified water in four cascade reservoirs(Tingzikou, Xinzheng,Dongxiguan, Caojie) were collected in January and July,2016. The major cations, anions, and δ^(13)C_(DIC) values were analyzed. It was found that the dissolved compositions are dominated by carbonate weathering, while sulfuric acids may play a relatively important role during carbonate weathering and increasing DIC concentration. Different reservoirs had variable characteristics of water physiochemical stratification. The DIC concentrations of reservoir water were lower in summer than those in winter due to the dilute effects and intensive aquatic photosynthesis, as well as imported tributaries. The δ^(13)C_(DIC) values in Tingzikou Reservoir were higher during summer than those in winter,which indicated that intensive photosynthesis increased the δ^(13)C_(DIC) values in residual water, but a similar trend was not obvious in other reservoirs. Except for in Xinzheng Reservoir, the δ^(13)C_(DIC) values in inflow and outflow reservoir water were lower than those in the surface water of stratified sampling in summer. For stratified sampling, it could be found that, in summer, the Tingzikou Reservoir δ^(13)C_(DIC) values significantly decreased with water depthdue to the anaerobic breakdown of organic matter. The significant correlation(p<0.01 or 0.05) between the DIC concentrations, the δ^(13)C_(DIC) values and anthropogenic species(Na^++K^+, Cl~–, SO_4^(2-) and NO_3^-) showed that the isotope composition of DIC can be a useful tracer of contaminants. In total, Tingzikou Reservoir showed lacustrine features, Xinzheng Reservoir and Dongxiguan Reservoir had "transitional'' features, and Caojie Reservoir had a total of "fluvial'' features. Generally, cascade reservoirs in the Jialing River exhibited natural river features rather than typical lake features due to characteristics of reservoir water in physiochemical stratification, spatiotemporal variations of DIC concentrations and isotopic compositions. It is evident that the dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics of natural rivers had been partly remolded by dam building.

Dynamic analysis of dam-reservoir-foundation interaction using finite difference technique

Time domain dynamic analysis of inclined dam-reservoir-foundation interaction was conducted using finite difference method （FDM）. The Timoshenko beam theory and the Euler-Bemoulli beam theory were implemented to draw out governing equation of beam. The interactions between the dam and the soil were modeled by using a translational spring and a rotational spring. A Sommerfeld＇s radiation condition at the infinity boundary of the fluid domain was adopted. The effects of the reservoir bottom absorption and surface waves on the dam-reservoir-foundation interaction due to the earthquake were studied. To avoid the instability of solution, a semi-implicit scheme was used for the discretization of the governing equation of dam and an explicit scheme was used for the discretization of the governing equation of fluid. The results show that as the slope of upstream dam increases, the hydrodynamic pressure on the dam is reduced. Moreover, when the Timoshenko beam theory is used, the system response increases.

Channel Evolution of Sandy Reservoir Sediments Following Low-Head Dam Removal, Ottawa River, Northwestern Ohio, U.S.A.

Dozens of low-head dams are removed annually for reasons of obsolescence, financial liability, public safety, or as part of aquatic ecosystem restoration. Prior to removing a dam, hydrologic and sedimentologic studies are used to predict channel changes that would occur after the proposed dam removal. One commonly used predictive approach is a channel evolution model (CEM). However, most CEMs assume that the reservoir has trapped cohesive silts and muds. This study looks at the effects of low-head dam removal on a reservoir in filled with sand-rich sediment. The Secor Dam (2.5 m tall, 17 m wide) was constructed on the Ottawa River in northwestern Ohio (USA) during 1928 and was removed in 2007. High resolution channel cross-sections were measured at 17 locations prior to dam removal and re-measured every approximately 30 days for 6 months following the removal. Sediment sampling, sediment traps, substrate sampling, differential GPS tracking of channel bed forms and sediment coring were also used to characterize the channel sediment response to dam removal. Breaching of the dam produced a diffuse nickzone which was the width of the channel and about 10 m in length. One initial response was downstream migration of a sediment wave at rates up to 0.5 m/hr. The overall effect was erosion of the former reservoir to a distance of 150 m upstream of the former dam. Portions of the former reservoir were incised >1 m. Within the first 6 months after removal, approximately 800 m3 of sand had been mobilized from the former reservoir, transported downstream past the former dam, and had primarily in-filled pre-existing pools within a reach approximately 150 m downstream of the former dam. This behavior significantly differs from the predicted results of current CEMs which anticipate a first flush of suspended sediment and minor deposition of bed load materials in the channel downstream of the former dam.

频率矫正广义S变换及在储层含油气性预测中的应用

随着我国油气勘探程度的不断加深,陆相页岩油气等非常规油气逐渐成为我国勘探开发的重点,陆相页岩非均质性强、储层薄且纵横向变化剧烈等典型特征导致含油气性预测精度差,影响后续井位部署和生产等.时频变换方法是储层含油气性预测最有效的工具.为了提高储层含油气性预测的精度,本文提出了一种频率矫正广义S变换(Frequency-Corrected Generalized S-Transform, FCGST),该变换既具有S变换多尺度多分辨率的特性,又可以通过自适应选取窗函数参数以控制窗函数的带宽和主频等,这一特性可以适用于不同工区地震数据的处理与解释.与传统的S变换和广义S变换不同,该变换修正了传统S变换和广义S变换中的尺度因子,改善了S变换和广义S变换等传统方法中时频谱主频向高频方向偏移的问题,有利于精确描述复杂储层含油气性.合成数据算例表明,频率矫正广义S变换提升了地震信号局部时频特征的表征能力;将频率矫正广义S变换应用于鄂尔多斯盆地某工区储层含油气性预测中,实钻结果数据进一步验证了该时频分析方法在储层含油气性解释中的有效性和潜力.

基于P2PSand模型的水库土石坝坝基地震液化影响分析

为了解决水库土石坝坝基地震液化导致严重坝体变形和边坡失稳等灾害,从而对水库土石坝长效安全运行造成严重威胁的问题,以某水库土石坝为例,利用有限差分软件FLAC3D 7.0及其内置P2PSand模型(practical two-surface plastic sand model),对存在地震液化地基的水库土石坝进行地震动力响应分析。结果表明:地震强度与相对密实度对水库土石坝坝基地震液化趋势影响较大,超孔压比随着地震过程的进行而逐渐增大,增大幅度约为10.46%;随着坝基地震液化程度的提高,坝体变形更明显,并且坝基边坡稳定性劣化。

基于COMSOL的不同库水位条件下土石坝坝坡稳定性分析

由库水位变化引起的渗透破坏是造成土石坝失稳的主要原因之一,坝体滑坡极易诱发地质灾害,严重威胁人类生命财产安全。针对库水位上升对土石坝坝体滑坡的影响,以某均质土坝为研究背景,借助COMSOL Multiphysics数值软件研究坝坡临界失稳状态下的塑性区和水平位移变化,基于有限元强度折减法分析正常蓄水位、设计洪水位和校核洪水位3种工况下的坝坡稳定性。结果表明:随着库水位上升,土石坝内部浸润线位置提高,坝体的最大塑性应变和水平位移呈线性增大趋势,且最大值均出现在坝脚位置。坝脚处塑性区随折减系数SRF的增大逐渐向坝顶贯通,坝坡变形行为以剪切滑移为主。3种工况下稳定安全系数FOS分别为1.894、1.855和1.831,坝体稳定性不断降低,但均高于临界最小安全系数。

基于HYDRUS-1D模型的水库近坝区土壤水分动态模拟

为探究五强溪水库近坝区土壤水分动态变化规律,以研究区内土壤墒情站为研究对象,利用实测逐日降雨与逐日蒸发数据驱动HYDRUS-1D模型反演土壤水力特性参数,分别在深度为10、20、40 cm观察点处进行土壤水分动态模拟,探讨研究区土壤水分动态变化规律及模型的应用效果。结果表明:不同观察点土壤水分模拟值与实测值的决定系数平均值为0.74,纳什效率系数平均值为0.71,均方根误差在0.011~0.035 cm^(3)/cm^(3)之间;0~10 cm深度的土壤水分对降雨和蒸发的响应最灵敏,波动最大;在水库主汛期(4—6月份)土壤水分变化平稳,且保持在较高的水平;研究期内7—12月份土壤水分在较大降雨情况下出现短暂饱和,土壤干湿变化明显,模拟值与实测值吻合度较高;整体上,HYDRUS-1D模型在研究区土壤水分动态模拟中具有较高的精度,可为研究区土壤水分估计及其动态变化规律研究提供有效方法。

Monitoring and Evaluating the Sedimentation Process in Mosul Dam Reservoir Using Trap Efficiency Approaches

Reservoirs are usually exposed to sediment accumulation problems that will lead to reduction in their storage capacity. This problem directly affects the performance of the dams and causes shortage of their useful life. The simplest technique to estimate sediment deposition rate is using sediment rating curve with sediment trapping efficiency (TE) of the reservoir. Many empirical and semi-empirical approaches have been suggested for to determine this term depending on the annual inflow rate, reservoir characteristics and features of the catchments area. In this study six different empirical methods depending on the residence time principle (water retention time) were used. These approaches were reviewed and applied to determine TE of Mosul dam reservoir (MDR) for period 1986 to 2011. The monthly operating data for inflow, outflow and water elevations for MDR were used to determine monthly TE and long-term TE for whole period of MDR using the mentioned methods. Furthermore, the monthly inflow rate for River Tigris upstream MDR, its sediment rating curve and sediment feeding from valleys around MDR were used to estimate the amount sediment coming to the reservoir. The results provided by these methods for TE with sediment coming to MDR were used to compute the amount of sediment deposited in MDR on monthly bases during this period. The results obtained were evaluated using observed bathymetric survey data that had been collected in 2011 after 25 years of the operation of the dam. The results showed all the mentioned methods gave convergent results and they were very close to bathymetric survey results for estimating the volume of sediment deposited especially that proposed by Ward which gave 0.368% percentage error. Furthermore, the result computed using monthly TE gave good agreement if compared with that long-term TE where the percentage error was ranging between –3.229% to 1.674% for monthly adopted data and –4.862% to?–2.477% for whole period data. It is believed that this work will help others to use this procedure on other reservoirs.

基于PS-InSAR的小浪底土石坝形变监测与稳定性模拟

探索土石坝形变规律及稳定性分析是全球水利工程所关注的一个重大问题,对保障人民群众生命安全和经济健康发展具有重大意义。采用2017年3月至2021年9月小浪底土石坝55景Sentinel-1A卫星SAR影像,利用PS-InSAR技术,监测到小浪底土石坝近5年从坝顶至坝底呈现“阶梯状”形变趋势,最大形变量达到-86.09 mm;并结合库水位、降雨量等因素,发现坝体整体呈现“夏急冬缓”的季节性形变趋势。进一步采用二维有限元方法,对小浪底土石坝的模拟模型进行渗流、应力分析。在高库水位情况下,相较于低水位情况,坝体渗流量更大、形变速率更大;在应力分析部分,发现坝体的垂直向形变趋势与InSAR监测结果相吻合,亦呈现“阶梯状”形变。研究成果不仅为小浪底土石坝运行稳定性分析及形变历史回溯提供理论基础和决策依据,也说明PS-InSAR技术与二维有限元模型模拟技术在水利工程监测方面具有巨大的应用潜力。

基于BIM+B/S的水库工程数字化展示平台的构建

针对水库工程在初步设计阶段仍以二维图纸作为成果交付,缺少对工程整体情况、投资估算等关键信息直观展示的问题,将BIM数字信息建模、BIM数据文件优化处理、B/S前后端分离、跨平台访问等技术应用于新建岔河水库工程,建立岔河水库枢纽BIM模型,创建实现平台功能的数据文件并构建岔河水库枢纽工程数字化展示平台。研究结果表明:构建的岔河水库工程数字化展示平台可以高效、流畅、跨平台地在电脑端和手机端,向参建各方展示待建枢纽工程的基本情况和地理位置,建筑物三维信息模型,单体工程的施工模拟动画,以及枢纽工程投资估算关键信息。研究结果深化BIM技术应用程度,可为其他水利工程信息化提供重要参考和借鉴价值。

Numerical Simulation of Dam-Break Flooding of Cascade Reservoirs

Previous studies at home and abroad have mainly focused on single dam-break, and little attention has been paid so far to the dam-break of cascade reservoirs. Multi-source flooding, which can lead to three-dimensional turbulent phenomena and superposition effects, is the main difference between the dam-break of cascade and single reservoirs. Detailed descriptions of the coupled numerical simulation of multi-source flooding have little been reported, and the initial wet riverbed is rarely considered in current models. Therefore, in this paper, a method based on the three-dimensional (Formula presented.) turbulence model coupled with the volume-of-fluid method is proposed to simulate the dam-break flooding of cascade reservoirs. The upstream river, reservoir, and downstream river are connected by the internal boundary method, and the initial conditions, including river flow and reservoir water, are determined according to the results of the numerical simulation. Coupled numerical simulation of different dam-break flooding is then achieved. The present work solves the challenges presented by the enhancement and superposition of natural river flow, upstream flooding, and downstream flooding. This paper provides a theoretical basis for future studies on the dam-break flood routing of cascade reservoirs. © 2017 Tianjin University and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany

Long-term hydrochemical monitoring and geothermometry:understanding groundwater salinization and thermal fluid contamination in Mila’s basin,Northeastern Algeria

The regular hydrochemical monitoring of groundwater in the Mila basin over an extended period has provided valuable insights into the origin of dissolved salts and the hydrogeochemical processes controlling water salinization.The data reveals that the shallow Karst aquifer shows an increase in TDS of 162 mg L^(-1) while the ther-mal carbonate aquifer that is also used for drinking water supply exhibits an increase of 178 mg L^(-1).Additionally,significant temperature variations are recorded at the sur-face in the shallow aquifers and the waters are carbo-gaseous.Analysis of dissolved major and minor elements has identified several processes influencing the chemical composition namely:dissolution of evaporitic minerals,reduction of sulphates,congruent and incongruent car-bonates’dissolution,dedolomitization and silicates’weathering.The hydrogeochemical and geothermometric results show a mixing of saline thermal water with recharge water of meteoric origin.Two main geothermalfields have been identified,a partially evolved water reservoir and a water reservoir whosefluid interacts with sulphuric acid(H_(2)S)of magmatic origin.These hot waters that are char-acterized by a strong hydrothermal alteration do ascend through faults and fractures and contribute to the contamination of shallower aquifers.Understanding the geothermometry and the hydrogeochemistry of waters is crucial for managing and protecting the quality of groundwater resources in the Mila basin,in order to ensure sustainable water supply for the region.A conceptual model for groundwater circulation and mineralization acquisition has been established to further enhance under-standing in this regard.

Sedimentation Processes and Useful Life of Mosul Dam Reservoir, Iraq

The sedimentation process is the most important problems that affects directly the performance of reservoirs due to the reduction of the storage capacity and possible problems effecting the operation. Thus periodic assessment of the storage capacity and determining sediment deposition patterns is an important issue for operation and management of the reservoirs. In this study, bathymetric survey results and an analytical approach had been used to assess the characteristics of sedimentation and estimate the useful life of Mosul Reservoir. It is located on the Tigris River in the north of Iraq. The water surface area of its reservoir is 380 km2 with a designed storage capacity of 11.11 km3 at a maximum operating level (330 m a.s.l). The dam started operating in 1986. No detailed study was yet carried out to assess its reservoir. The present study indicated that the annual reduction rate in the dead and live storage capacities of the reservoir is 0.786% and 0.276% respectively. The observed results (bathymetric survey) and algebraic formula show approximately that the useful life of Mosul dam reservoir is about 125 years. Furthermore, the stage-storage capacity curves for the future periods (prediction curves) were established using bathymetric survey data.

Review of the Relocation of General Zhang Fei’s Temple in View of the Three Gorges Dam Project

As a national cultural property,General Zhang Fei’s Temple is the largest ancient architectural complex in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.It was built in the Han Dynasty and has a long history of nearly 2,000 years.In 1994,the Chinese government launched the Three Gorges Dam project at the Yangtze River and implemented the largest relocation project for the General Zhang Fei Temple to prevent it from being submerged.The temple was relocated 32 kilometers upstream along with the local people of Yunyang County,and the historic environment was rebuilt on the opposite side of the migrant city of New Yunyang County.The temple was restored successfully and the tradition of offering sacrifices to General Zhang Fei continued in the local community.The relocation project lasted for 8 years and became the largest cultural heritage conservation project of the People’s Republic of China at the end of the 20th century.This paper comprehensively summarizes and reviews the project goals,implementation process,and project highlights of this relocation,so as to provide an important case reference for heritage conservation projects in the future.

Using of GIS Spatial Analyses to Study the Selected Location for Dam Reservoir on Wadi Al-Jirnaf, West of Shirqat Area, Iraq

The GIS data of digital elevation model, topographic maps of different scales, satellite images and GPS were used to analyze the geometrical relations, bathometric properties and shape form of selected depressions on Al-Jirnaf valley. GIS was used to analyze the hydromorphometry and geometry of the depressions, these analyses explain the role of main valley’s contribution to the hydrology of the valley, then, three locations for water storage were suggested. 2D and 3D models of the sites were given, the maximum level, volume, surface area, circumference, shape factor of three supposed reservoirs calculated for different hypothetical levels of water in the reservoir, and the optimal level were determined, the maximum suggested levels are 190, 185 and 180 m, the areas are 3.25, 7.97 and 20.47 km2, the volumes are 0.0096, 0.0334 and 0.1118 km3 for the three locations respectively. This experimental procedure can be repeated in other depressions for the same purpose.