Study on the Impacts of Tourism Development in Letong Ancient Town:A Resident Perception-Based Approach

Residents constitute the principal elements of regional tourism deveopment,and their behavioral cognition will play a certain role in promoting local tourism development.In recent years,although tourism along the Sichuan-Tibet Line(318 and 317 routes)has made some progress,there are some problems,such as homogenization of products,a single local culture,and inconspicuous brand characteristics.At the same time,due to the remote geographical location,living conditions,health conditions,and other imperfections,resulting in greater constraints on tourism development.This article employs Letong Ancient Town as a representative case study,and discusses the impact of tourism development on the local economy,environment,society,and culture from the perspective of residents’perception through field research and data analysis,thereby providing a reference for regional tourism development.

A Study of the Residents’Perception on the Socio-cultural Impact of Coastal Tourism

In the process of tourism development,destination residents,as an important interest group,their perception and attitude towards the impact of tourism has a vital significance to the success of the development of coastal tourism industry.This research studies the perception and attitude to the socio-cultural impact of community residents who live in coastal tourism destination Qingdao through an empirical case study.The results of the study draw that residents’perception of positive influences produce positive effects on their attitude while perception of negative impact generates negative effects.Cluster analysis and descriptive statistical analysis were used to divide Qingdao community residents into four types,namely optimistic supporters,pessimistic opponents,rational supporters,and neutral.Through the different categories of demographic analysis and logistic regression model analysis,the influence degree of residents’subjective factors posed on tourism effect perception has been explored.The research adds a new applied case study for a comprehensive understanding of impacts of coastal tourism destinations.

FUZZY SYNTHETIC EVALUATION ON RESIDENT'S PERCEPTIONS OF TOURISM IMPACTS——Case of Jiuzhaigou National Park, Sichuan Province, China

Tourism can have both positive and negative outcomes for residents in tourism destinations, It is a good method to analyze the status of tourism impact by means of investigating residents＇ perceptions of it. Various methods have been used in previous authoritative studies. However, owing to inherent imprecision, difficulties always exist in some conventional methodologies when describing the interpretation of linguistic or measured uncertainties for real-world randoln phenomena. The purpose of this research is to present the fuzzy synthetic evaluation method to investigate residents＇ perceptions of tourisln impacts. At first, basic attributes and a hierarchical framework of tourism impacts are defined and formed. Secondly, the weighted vectors are determined according to the knowledge and experience of experts. Thirdly, the weighted evaluation matrices are aggregated to get the fuzzy sets of tourism impacts. In the last stage, the final fuzzy sets are defuzzified to get the rank of the residents＇ perceptions of tourism impacts. A case study in Jiuzhaigou National Park of China is provided to demonstrate the application of this method.

Urban Residents' Consumption Risk Perception about the Dairy Products

Based on the continuous downturn puzzle of Chinese dairy consumption,with the perception of consumption risk as a starting point,the paper deeply analyzes the main factors which cause the downturn of dairy product consumption of Chinese residents. The results show that the income elasticity of dairy consumption of Chinese urban residents is still notable; the occurrence of dairy safety incidents improves the perception of consumption risk,and accordingly it reduces the promoting role of income to the dairy consumption; the safety incident is the key factor which leads to the fall of dairy consumption of urban residents in recent years,and the perception of consumption risk of lower income group is clearly higher than that of higher income group.

An empirical analysis on community residents' perception and major influencing factors of rural tourism development

With the rapid development of rural tourism in China,community residents,as important stakeholders in the development of rural tourism,their perceptions and attitudes directly affect the sustainable and healthy development of local rural tourism.Taking the community residents of Xiaogucheng Village in Hangzhou as the research object,using the methods of field interviews and questionnaires,a multiple regression model was established to conduct an empirical analysis on the perception and main factors affecting the development of rural tourism of community residents.The results show that the development of rural tourism in villages with better economic development is not as popular as expected;Where community residents have made ideological progress and are willing to participate in tourism development,the development effect of rural tourism is remarkable;In addition,community residents also hope that their personal abilities can be combined with rural tourism for common development;The destruction of community environment has a slight impact on the development of rural tourism,which shows that the attention is not enough.Finally,based on the analysis conclusion,it provides new ideas and inspiration for the sustainable development of rural tourism:improving the community residents’participation in rural tourism system,establishing the guidance mechanism of community residents’tourism vocational education,and consolidating the achievements of community ecological environment management.

Spatial Differentiation of Tourism Impact Based on the Perception of Residents in Mountainous Valley Resorts

Valley economy is a type of economy that comprehensively utilizes the natural economic and social resources of the region based on environmental protection. This economy utilizes the basic role of the market in disposing resources and achieving regional development and social progress. In this paper we studied the town of Yanqi, a valley resort that has developed tourism-based valley economy for several years in the mountainous area of Beijing. This research identifies the spatial differentiation of tourism-related economic, socio-cultural, and environmental impact and level of support for tourism according to the perception and attitude of residents of Yanqi. The research area was divided into three zones(i.e., core, transition, and peripheral)according to the standard proposed by Jaakson. The residents in all three zones showed a positive attitude toward the tourism industry, and the residents in the core zone had a stronger perception toward the impact of tourism. However, several items indicated the converse. Correlation analysis and analysis of variance were used to explore the correlative factors associated with the attitudes of residents toward the tourism industry. Results indicated major differences among the three zones. Multiple factors, including natural conditions, policies, scenic spots, dependence on the tourism industry, and external investment in the three zones resulted in the spatial differentiation of the perception and attitude of residents toward the impact of tourism.

Research on Residents' Perception after the Trip to Historic and Cultural Block Based on Urban Memory:A Case Study of Confucius Temple of Nanjing

From the perspective of urban memory, the paper made empirical analysis of residents' perception after the trip to the historic and cultural block, by selecting Confucius Temple of Nanjing as the typical case, using questionnaire survey, mathematical statistics and structural equation model. The results indicated that residents had different perceptions after the trip of different elements of the urban memory and some important influential factors were discussed. Moreover, some implications for local governments and planning department were proposed.

Residents＇ Perceptions of Multi-linguistic Landscape in Tourism Destination

Multi-linguistic landscape such as Macao＇s street names consisting of Chinese and Portuguese is regarded as a significant cultural artifact. However, the studies of street names of tourism destinations are rare in tourism field. This study therefore attempts to investigate the relationship between Macao＇s street names and residents＇ perceptions, and to identify residents＇ support for Macao＇s street names as a tourism attraction. Appropriately statistical analyses such as frequency analysis, independent-samples t-test, and analysis of variance （ANOVA） were used to achieve the objectives. The results of study show that trilingual street names consisting of Chinese, Portuguese, and English might satisfy residents＇ needs more than bilingual street names written in Chinese and Portuguese. Besides, residents with longer length-of-residence or residents who are willing to work in tourism related industry have a tendency to support Macao＇s street names for becoming tourism attraction.

A Survey of the Perception of Female Surgical Residents of Their Training in the Examination of Male Genitalia in Makkah Hospitals, KSA

The basic aims of medical schools are to graduate doctors to be competent in eliciting physical signs across all body systems. Deficiency in the clinical examination skills of female surgical residents of the male groin hernia and genitalia has not been explored and not enough investigated in the Arab and Muslim communities, despite obvious cultural restrictions and religious traditions. The cultural background of the students also has had an impact on their future training and skills. Certain systems’ examination for patients is considered very sensitive to perform by students and doctors of both sexes due to their sensitive nature. This might be due to cultural issues which affect the skills on these areas. Aim of this survey was to explore the different reasons and the influence of gender on clinical examination skills of female surgical trainees to male patient intimate. Methods: A cross-sectional design based on a self-administered questionnaire which was distributed to 80 female surgical resident trainees across five Hospitals in Makkah, Holy city, Saudi Arabia. The study was carried out between the period of September 2020 to July 2021 and involved all the female surgical residents from level 1 - 5 (R1 to R5). Result: Our study showed that overall perception of most of female residents on their performance on clinical examinations is less than expected. This study revealed that the main factor affecting the female resident’s clinical examination of the opposite sex intimate is the gender difference. 56 (81.2%) participants stated that their gender impacted their confidence and skills in examination of intimate of opposite sex, while 13 (18.8%) stated that gender has no effect. Conclusion: In conservative community, there are numerous areas where gender influences medical student clinical learning, including clinical exposure, supervisor support and patient willingness and consents, as well as some of the undergraduate methods of learning clinical skills not aligned with the post graduates needs.

Residents’ Perceptions of the Tourism Impacts on a Mature Destination: The Case of Madeira Island

Residents play a fundamental role in the quality of tourists’experiences and satisfaction derived from a visit and,thus,in the success of a tourism destination.This paper addresses the perceptions that residents have the impacts of tourism on Madeira Island,a mature tourism destination.Based on data extracted from a survey administered to residents during August and September 2018,we inquired on the extent to which they maintain a positive perception of the impacts of the tourist industry.The survey tried to address the residents’perceptions of economic,cultural,social,or environmental impacts.In the analysis of the data,both descriptive and multivariable statistical methods were used.The empirical results attained indicate that residents feel that there is no excess of tourism on the island.They do not fail to realize that there are a few negative consequences,but the positive ones got better scores on average.Being an inhabitant of an urban or a rural site did not seem to influence differently the perceptions gathered on the contribution of tourism to the overall development of Madeira Island.This type of analysis can serve as a useful tool for tourism planners and managers in order to prevent or minimize eventual negative impacts of the tourism industry as felt by the local inhabitants and,thus,for creating the required policies.

＂Impression-Liu Sanjie＂ -A Research on the Participation and Perception of Residents in Scenic Area and Community

Tight space and interactive resources grant tourism community residents a vital body status in community tourism development and construction process. Residents＇ all-sided and effective participation in Tourism development process, with no doubt, is an open democratization process and an effective way to ensure sustainable development of tourism as it can raise residents＇ income and eliminate bad influence of tourism. ＂Impression-Liu Sanjie＂ is a scenic spot where ＂landscape live-action＂ is performed. Local residents （farmers） serve as the main part. Through survey and analysis of participation and perception of community residents, this paper aims at finding some useful consult and inspirations for the development, management and policy formulation of other rural scenic region alike.

A tale of duality:Community perceptions towards the ecotourism impacts on Simien Mountains National Park,Ethiopia

This study aims to analyze how park households perceive the economic,sociocultural,and environmental impacts of ecotourism in Simien Mountain National Park(SMNP),Ethiopia.We combined qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection.A sequentially embedded mixed design that gives priority to quantitative data was used.We also employed a multistage sampling technique to select respondents from three districts or woredas,namely Debark,Janamora,and Beyeda woredas.Finally,397 participants were involved in the study from a random selection of three villages from each district or woreda.Data were gathered using a survey questionnaire,interviews,and focus group discussions.Data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods,including means,standard deviations,analysis of variance(ANOVA),and logistic regression models.The findings from a logistic regression analysis revealed that ecotourism participation had a significant relationship with gender(B=1.850,P=0.023),level of education(B=0.238,P=0.032),geographical location(B=0.420,P=0.041),and occupation(B=0.920,P=0.019).This investigation suggested that males and individuals with a higher educational background are more likely to possess optimistic perspectives concerning the impacts of ecotourism.Furthermore,individuals residing in districts relatively near ecotourism destinations,those engaged in tourism-related work,and younger participants were recognized as having optimistic viewpoints regarding the impacts of ecotourism.In conclusion,the study highlighted the need for collaborative efforts among stakeholders to maximize ecotourism’s benefits and minimize negative effects in SMNP.To achieve this,it is recommended that the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Agency,the Ministry of Tourism,and local government should work together to develop sustainable tourism plans that enhance local livelihoods and park conditions.Efforts should focus on increasing the participation of females and individuals with lower education levels through training and resource provision.

Change Trend of Chinese Urban Residents' Food-nitrogen Consumption

Change trend of Chinese urban residents＇ per capita food-nitrogen annual consumption from 1981 to 2007 was analyzed and predicted by using ARIMA time-series model in order to reveal the change of urban food-nitrogen consumption during the China＇s urbanization process.Results showed that after 1980s,the annual consumption of Chinese urban residents＇ food-nitrogen had a change trend of ＂ increase-decrease-increase＂ and generally presented as a slight increasing trend;With the acceleration of rapid economic development and urbanization process,Chinese urban residents＇ food-nitrogen consumption will still keep a rising trend in future,and also has a large rising space.

Climate change impact in the Western Himalaya:people's perception and adaptive strategies

The Himalaya represents a vast mountain system and globally valued for its significant role in regulation of global as well as regional climate that has direct impact on biodiversity and ecosystem services crucial for sustenance of millions of people in Himalaya and adjoining areas. However, mountain regions worldwide are impacted by climate change and at the same time represent distinctive area for the assessment of climate related impacts. Climate change impacts in Himalayan region have its implications on food production, natural ecosystems,retreat of glacier, water supply, human and animal health and overall human well being. The livelihood and food security of the people inhabited in region largely depend on climate sensitive sectors i.e.agriculture, livestock, forestry and their interlinkages with each other, and has the potential to break down food and nutritional security as well as livelihood support systems. People's perception and understanding of climate can be an important asset when it comes to adaptation to climate change impact;however it is not taken into consideration for the development of policy design and implementation of modern mitigation and adaptation strategies by governments and other civil society organizations.The knowledge of local people and farming communities for rural landscape management and sustainable use of bioresources is gaining credence as a key strategy to cope up with the climate change.Therefore, the present study analyzes the indigenous knowledge of local people and their perceptions on climate change, and also documented adaptation approaches at local level in mountain ecosystem of western Himalaya. The study could be useful to policy makers to design appropriate adaptation strategies to cope up with the impacts of climate change.

Climate Change: Trends and People’s Perception in Nepal

In the context of climate change, the frequency and intensity of extreme events such as floods and droughts will increase which could put tremendous challenges in water resources management in the coming days. While scientific knowledge on climate threats and changing climate patterns are essential, it is also important to consider the impacts in relation to how the threats are perceived and handled by local people. This paper intends to assess the trend and people’s perception on temperature and precipitation. Three focus groups’ discussion and a total number of 240 households were interviewed during field visit. The collected information was scaled from the least preferred-1 to the most preferred-5 based on their preferences. The trend of mean of annual average, maximum and minimum temperature indicates that the temperature has increased significantly and precipitation intensity and magnitude are also in increasing trend in the monsoon and postmonsoon seasons which may raise the extreme flood events. These facts were verified with the people’s perception. This finding could be useful for formulation of effective flood management policy and plan in this river basin as well as very applicable for other similar areas.

Beyond Bloom’s: Students’ Perception of Bloom’s Taxonomy and its Convolution with Cognitive Load

Bloom’s taxonomy is widely used in educational research to categorize the cognitive skills required to answer exam questions.For this study,we analyzed how students categorize exam questions(high-level question or low-level question,)gathered data as to their rationale for categorization,and compared their categorizations to those of experts.We found that students consistently rank high-level questions incorrectly.We analyzed student reasons for their categorizations,and found that for many of the incorrectly categorized questions the students referred to reasons related to Cognitive Load Theory.This shows that cognitive load prevents students from accurately assessing the cognitive level of an exam question.Thus,extra cognitive load in exam questions may prevent those questions from accurately measuring the skills and knowledge of the student.This points to the need for instructors to eliminate cognitive load from their exams.

Empirical Analysis of Urban Residents' Perceived Climatic Change Risks

The impact of climate change on human survival and security,urban development is even more profound,and receives more and more attention. To explore the perceived status of urban residents for the risks of climate change and put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions,taking Wuhan for example,from the microscopic point of urban residents,we use factor analysis to classify the perceived risks and recognized risk reduction measures,use cluster analysis to divide the urban residents into five groups,and use variance analysis to explore differences in the choice of measures between different cluster groups. We draw the following conclusions: the risk of deterioration of the ecological environment,the risk of economic damage,the risk of damage to the mental health,the risk of damage to the physical health and the risk of damage to the political harmony are the main risks of climate change for urban residents; individuals and families to develop good habits,businesses and governments to strengthen energy conservation,schools and other agencies to carry on the propaganda and education,carrying out multi-agent environment improvement,learn from the West are their recognized risk reduction measures. Depending on the perceived risk,the urban residents are clustered into five groups: those who are concerned about the body and politics,those who are concerned about the mental health,those who are concerned about the economic development,those who are concerned about the ecological safety,and those who ignore the climatic change. For the roles of individual and the family,business and government in the environmental protection,different groups have unanimous views,while for other measures,different groups have different understanding. It is concluded that individuals and families to develop environmentally friendly habits,government to strengthen regulation,businesses to take environmental responsibility,schools to strengthen publicity and education,and exploring the multi-agent participation,are the key to solving the problem.

Teaching Ultrasound Imaging for Central Line Placement—A Resident’s Perspective

The availability of ultrasound (US) devices has refined techniques for vascular access. The resident trainee’s ability to learn US techniques depends upon device availability, skills, and motivation of instructors. We hypothesized that hands-on teaching program of US techniques for vascular access would have a positive impact on the trainee’s perceptions. After IRB approval, PGY3 anesthesiology residents with limited prior experience in US-guided vascular access underwent close supervision by attending staff as they performed US-guided Internal Jugular Vein (IJV) central line placements. A total of 66 land mark (LM) and 75 US-guided IJV cannulation performed by 19 residents were supervised. Residents completing the study were more proactive with 68.4% agreeing to use US based techniques for an anticipated difficulty in accessing central lines. The graduating residents involved in the study all strongly agreed that US imaging for vascular access was within the scope of practice of all anesthesiologists, and that training guidelines be established and incorporated in their practice. Fifty eight percent of residents stated that their confidence and skill levels had significantly improved. Teaching US-guided techniques resulted in an increase employment of such techniques by graduating residents with no impediment attributed to knowledge deficits or inexperience. Residents were more proactive with using US for anticipated difficulty in IJV placement. A short neck, poor landmark, anticoagulation, morbid obesity favored US use by residents. Systematic teaching of US techniques is justified as it significantly improves the resident’s perceptions and confidence.

Residents Post-Occupancy Evaluation of Social Housing in Liberia

This paper evaluates the livability and convenience of social housing in Liberia from the residents’ perspectives. Using residents’ appraisal from several social housing projects in the suburb of Monrovia, residents’ satisfaction index with regards to the aesthetic, durability and comfort of their homes were measured. It also assessed their overall living environment which includes access to road and basic service facilities such as hospitals, schools, shopping and recreational centers. How secured and comfortable do they feel within their homes? What are the driving factors that led them to acquire their homes? Data were collected from 662 household heads from three housing estates in the suburb of Monrovia using the stratified systematic sampling method and analyzed using IBM SPSS descriptive statistic. Results show that while occupants of public housing are satisfied with certain aspects of their homes, they are generally unsatisfied with their living environment. This investigation is detailed to inform architects, designers and policymakers’ decisions toward social housing in Liberia. It looks at the underlining challenges affecting the improvement of social housing from the end users’ perspective and how these challenges can be mitigated to meet consumers’ satisfaction and make them part of the design process and policymaking.

A MULTILAYER FEEDFORWARD NEURAL NETWORK MODEL FOR VISUAL MOTION PERCEPTION

The local visual motion detection mechanism used in the visual systems of primatescan only sense the motion component oriented perpendicularly to the contrast gradient of thebrightness pattern.But the visual system of higher animals can adaptively determine the actualdirection of motion through a learning process.In this paper a multilayered feedforward neuralnetwork model for perception of visual motion is presented.This model employs W.Reichardt’selementary motion detectors array and T.Kohonen’s self-organizing feature map.We explored theself-organizing principles for perception of visual motion.The computer simulations show thatthis neural network is able to recognize the true direction of motion through an unsupervisedlearning process.In addition,the neurons with the same or similar motion direction selectivitytend to appear in“functional columns”which seem to be qualitatively similar to the corticalmotion columns observed by electrophysiological and cytohistochemical studies in certain higherareas such as MT.It proves that motion-detection by spatio-temporal coherences,mapping,co-operation,competition,and Hebb rule may be the basic principles for the self-organization ofvisual motion perception networks.