Gross Alpha and Beta Activities and Related Lifetime Risks Assessment Due to Ingestion of Drinking Water from Different Sources in the District of Abidjan, Cote d’Ivoire

Drinking good quality water is essential for better health. It is therefore essential to assess the radiological quality of all water consumed in the District of Abidjan in order to prevent related hazards. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the risk of cancer due to the ingestion of alpha and beta emitting radionuclides in the different types of water consumed in the region. A total of 63 water samples with 43 tap water samples, 5 bottled mineral water and 15 sachet water samples was collected and taken to GAEC laboratory for analysis. The low background Gas-less Automatic Alpha/Beta counting system (Canberra iMaticTM) was used to determine alpha and beta activity concentrations. Activity concentrations of both gross alpha and gross beta obtained in water sample were respectively lower than the WHO recommended limits of 0.1 Bq/l and 1 Bq/l. Also, the annual effective dose and total equivalent effective dose found in mineral bottled water samples were higher than in other types of water. The assessment of radiological lifetime risk has shown values of cancer risk due to ingestion alpha and beta emitters lower than recommended limit. These results indicate that there is no health hazard associated to consumption of water in the District of Abidjan.

Economic significance and environmental impacts of the Song Dam Drinking Water Project(SDDWP)in Garhwal Himalaya

With the population growth through natural growth and migration,coupled with the city expansion,it is the fact that Dehradun City in India faces severe water scarcity.Therefore,the Song Dam Drinking Water Project(SDDWP)is proposed to provide ample drinking water to Dehradun City and its suburban areas.This paper examined economic significance and environmental impacts of the SDDWP in Garhwal Himalaya,India.To conduct this study,we collected data from both primary and secondary sources.There are 12 villages and 3 forest divisions in the surrounding areas of the proposed dam project,of which 3 villages will be fully submerged and 50 households will be affected.For this study,50 heads of the households were interviewed in the 3 submerged villages.The questions mainly focused on economic significance,environmental impacts,and rehabilitation issues of the dam project.The findings of this study indicate that economic significance of the dam project is substantial,including providing ample water for drinking and irrigation,contributing to groundwater recharge,creating job opportunities,and promoting the development of tourism and fisheries in the Doon Valley.In terms of the rehabilitation of the affected people,there are only 50 households in need of rehabilitation.Currently,the arable land of these affected people is not sufficient to sustain their livelihoods.The entire landscape is fragile,rugged,and precipitous;therefore,the affected people are willing to rehabilitate to more suitable areas in the Doon Valley.Moreover,it is essential to provide them with sufficient compensation packages including the compensation of arable land,houses,cash,common property resources,institutions,belongingness,and cultural adaptation.On the other hand,the proposed dam project will have adverse environmental impacts including arable land degradation,forest degradation,loss of fauna and flora,soil erosion,landslides,and soil siltation.These impacts will lead to the ecological imbalances in both upstream and downstream areas.This study suggests that the affected people should be given sufficient compensation packages in all respects.Afforestation programs can be launched in the degraded areas to compensate for the loss of forest in the affected areas.

Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Drinking and Irrigation Uses in the Samba Dia Area, Central West Senegal

In the Sahelian zone in Africa, groundwater is the main source of drinking water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural uses. The groundwater of the Samba Dia sandy aquifer was assessed for understanding processes controlling the hydrogeochemistry and its drinking and irrigation suitability, on the basis of various water quality parameters. For the present study, thirty-three groundwater samples were collected in wells of the study area during the dry season in March 2021 and subjected to analysis for chemical characteristics (major ions), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and total dissolved solids (TDS). Gibbs plot depicts that the process of ionic exchange is mainly due to the dissolution of water-rock interaction. The Piper diagram indicates a largely dominant sodium chloride facies with 70% of the groundwater samples followed by calcium chloride facies (18%) than calcium bicarbonate facies (12%). Analytical results of hydrogeochemical parameters of groundwater samples reveal that the majority of samples are within the World Health Organization safety range for drinking water. TDS and electrical conductivity (EC) values of groundwater indicate that 70% and 61% are safe for drinking water, respectively. Sodium percentage (% Na), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) values, and Ca/Mg ratio were calculated and compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization and agricultural water standards. This study shows that the groundwater in the area is mostly chemically suitable for drinking and irrigation, although some wells at the edge of the area exhibit signs of progressive salinization and traces of pollution.

The Effects of Energy Drink Consumption on Kidney and Liver Function: A Comparative Study

The current study aimed to investigate the potential health impacts associated with Energy Drink (ED) consumption and its effects on general health, liver function, and kidney function among students at Jazan University. EDs contain a variety of ingredients such as taurine, arginine, caffeine, acidity regulators, B vitamins, vitamin C, herbal extracts, and sugar. Previous studies have reported that EDs contain more caffeine content more a cup of coffee. Fifty-seven volunteer female students from the same socioeconomic background were eligible for the study based on their ED consumption habits. The students were divided into four groups: the control group (1) which did not consume EDs (19 students), group (2) which consumed 2 - 3 cans per week (19 students), group (3) which consumed 4 - 7 cans per week (14 students), and group (4) which consumed more than 7 cans per week (5 students). Five milliliters of venous blood were drawn from all subjects to determine ALT, AST, and GGT levels for liver function tests and creatinine, urea, uric acid, and BUN levels for kidney function tests. The results of the kidney function analysis showed that uric acid levels significantly increased (P 0.05) in all groups compared to the control group. The liver function analysis illustrated that, compared to the control group, only AST was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in groups 1 and 2. There was no significance in ALT and GGT in all groups. Overall, the study found that long-term ED consumption had a significant relationship to increased uric acid and AST concentrations, while urea and BUN decreased significantly. Further research is needed to understand the long-term health implications of ED consumption.

Impact of the Condition of Drinking Water Supply Networks on the Quality of Water Intended for Consumption: The Case of the Network in the Commune of Daloa (Central West of Côte d’Ivoire)

The potability of drinking water depends not only on the source and the treatment system, but also on the quality of the waterworks. In fact, the quality of drinking water is considerably degraded by the dilapidated state and lack of maintenance of drinking water networks. In Côte d’Ivoire, the majority of drinking water networks in the various towns are ageing. In Daloa, despite the efforts made by the company in charge of water treatment and distribution to make the water drinkable, the water at consumers’ taps is often colored, has an unpleasant aftertaste and settles after collection. As a result, people are concerned about the potability of tap water, and some are turning to alternative sources of drinking water of unknown quality. In order to determine the factors responsible for the deterioration in water color and taste, as well as the sectors of the network most affected, a diagnosis of the network’s equipment was carried out. Water samples taken from the network were analyzed for color and turbidity. The diagnosis revealed that most of the equipment (suction pads, valves, drains and fire hydrants) is outdated and irregularly maintained. Analyses show that the water is more colored in cast-iron and PVC pipes than in asbestos cement pipes. Coloration values in the network range from 0 to 27 UVC for asbestos cement pipes, from 15 to 56 UCV for ductile iron pipes, and from 11 to 102 UCV for PVC pipes. On the over hand, turbidity values vary from 8.02 to 3.32 NTU for ductile cast iron pipes, 8.51 to 16.98 NTU for asbestos cement pipes and 0.9 to 6.98 NTU for PVC pipes. Old cast-iron pipes release ferric ions on contact with water, degrading their color. Old cast-iron pipes release ferric ions into the water, degrading its color. The high color values observed in the vicinity of drains are thought to be due to irregular maintenance of the network. In fact, after network maintenance, a reduction rate ranging from 2% to 73% is observed for turbidity, while for color, the rate varies from 5% to 72%. In short, the network’s obsolescence and irregular maintenance contribute significantly to the deterioration of water quality.

Comparative Effect of Adding Synthetic Citric Acid to Natural Lemon Juice (Citrus aurantiifolia) on the Stability of Hibiscus Drinks Stored at 4°C and 37°C

The general objective of the work is to compare the effect of the addition of synthetic citric acid compared to the addition of natural fruit juice of Citrus aurantiifolia on the conservation of drink based on red chalice H. sabdariffa. The tests were carried out over a period of 5 weeks at 4°C and 37°C with seven batches of beverage samples prepared at the rate of a calyx/water ratio of 1/40 (kg·kg-1) and added respectively citric acid at 1, 2 and 4 g·L-1 and lemon juice at 10, 20 and 40 mL·L-1. The characterization of the different batches of beverages was carried out from day one. A follow-up of the residual anthocyanin content and the intensity of the red coloring were carried out over five weeks. The anthocyanin concentration was determined by the pH-differential method. The red color degradation index is determined based on the CIELAB color system (L*, a*, b* and L*). R and Minitab 18 software was used for data processing. The results of the monitoring of the parameters showed that the concentration of 1 g AC L-1 retains 2.7 mg more of the anthocyanins than adding 10 mL JC L-1 and longer maintains red color when stored at 4°C and 37°C/5 weeks. The 2 g AC L-1 and 4 g AC L-1 ratios have the same effects as the addition of 20 and 40 mL of lemon juice, all accelerating the degradation of anthocyanins and the red color. After 5 weeks of storage at 37°C, the effect of the temperature combined with the increase in the acidity of the samples (2 to 4 g AC L-1 and 20 to 40 ml JC L-1), have accelerated the total disappearance of the red color on all samples.

Study on the Possibility of Raw Seawater into Drinking Water—A Religious Water Literacy

This paper explores the conversion of raw seawater into drinking water from a religious water literacy (RWL) perspective. RWL is here defined as a socially just water literacy that is based on the respect for the dignity of life of all living beings on the Earth. It discusses the importance of sustainable water sources and proposes purification methods. That is, the study aims to show a brief outline of the drinking water source (inland waters;mainly river water) and their purification technologies in recent times and today and propose the purification method (Freezing-Thawing-UV method) in case of taking the seawater as the source. And, it emphasizes the need for dialogue and cooperation between countries in order to proceed. The paper also discusses the relationship among religion, culture, and civilization, and highlights the similarities between Marx’s historical materialism and Umesao’s ecological view. It further discusses the importance of water purification technology, separation methods, and the potential for seawater as an energy source. The paper concludes by discussing the importance of dialogue, communication and understanding environmental decision-making. In order to carry them forward, it is convinced that citizens in the world are nothing but people with self-awareness of “Bodhisattvas of the Earth” as identities. As a result, the new findings that suggest the possibility of raw seawater into drinking water from a religious water literacy perspective through the lens of Kawakatsu’s maritime view have been obtained.

A review of physicochemical and biological contaminants in drinking water and their impacts on human health

Clean drinking water is one of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.Despite significant progress in the water purification technology,many regions still lack access to clean water.This paper provides a review of selected water contaminants and their impacts on human health.The World Health Organization(WHO)guidelines and regional standards for key contaminants were used to characterise water quality in the European Union and UK.The concept of safe drinking water was explained based on the non-observed adverse effect level,threshold concentrations for toxic chemicals,and their total daily intake.Various techniques for monitoring water contaminants and the drinking water standards from five different countries,including the UK,USA,Canada,Pakistan and India,were compared to WHO recommended guidelines.The literature on actual water quality in these regions and its potential health impacts was also discussed.Finally,the role of public water suppliers in identifying and monitoring drinking water contaminants in selected developed countries was presented as a potential guideline for developing countries.This review emphasised the need for a comprehensive understanding of water quality and its impacts on human health to ensure access to clean drinking water worldwide.

饮酒和体力活动对社区2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响

目的:了解饮酒和体力活动与南京市社区糖尿病患者血糖控制之间的关系。方法:采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,随机抽取南京市5个区5663名18岁以上社区糖尿病患者作为研究对象,采用多因素Logistic回归分析饮酒和体力活动对糖尿病患者血糖控制的联合作用。结果:5663名糖尿病患者空腹血糖控制率为39.8%(95%CI:38.5%~41.1%),调整年龄、性别、规律服药、职业、受教育水平、体质量指数(BMI)、高血压、糖尿病家族史和吸烟后,过量饮酒患者空腹血糖控制率是不饮酒/适量者的0.73倍(95%CI:0.64~0.83,P<0.001)。与不饮酒/适量且体力活动充足者相比,过量饮酒且体力活动充足者的空腹血糖控制率为其0.76倍(95%CI:0.66~0.87,P<0.001),过量饮酒且体力活动不足者为其0.58倍(95%CI:0.41~0.84,P=0.003)。结论:饮酒和体力活动对血糖控制存在联合作用,过量饮酒者如体力活动不足会进一步降低其血糖控制率。

植物基乳产业的发展趋势与技术创新

植物基乳产品作为植物基食品产业的重要组成部分,其发展水平对促进植物基食品产业有着举足轻重的作用。分析了全球植物基乳产品的市场规模和我国植物乳产品的市场情况:2023年,全球规模为296亿美元,并以11.4%的速度增长;我国植物基饮品包括豆奶、椰奶、核桃乳、杏仁乳等呈稳定性增长趋势,粉体类产品市场也较稳定(达30万t)。指出植物基乳作为未来食品需要进一步完善定义,充分体现植物基乳特征和属性要求;要加大力度开发满足新消费场景和渠道的新技术、新产品,解决消费者关心的植物基乳产品口味、价格和清洁标签等关键问题,加快植物基酸奶、冷饮等技术的成熟和落地,并通过开发满足不同消费场景、特殊营养、健康需求的产品,为植物基乳产品价值和市场竞争力赋能,创立多元化的植物基乳产业发展新模式。

饮用水中胶体态污染物的研究进展

饮用水中的污染物经过迁移、吸附、团聚等行为,往往以胶体态形式存在,并作为载体吸附水中其他污染物,对饮用水质造成严重污染.聚焦于饮用水中的胶体态污染物,从胶体态污染物的概念、主要分类、迁移行为和去除效果4个方面,总结和阐述了近年来饮用水中胶体态污染物的研究进展.总结得出,饮用水中呈胶体态的无机物、有机物和微生物往往会与其他污染物吸附、团聚,可能引发胶体泵效应,影响污染物的迁移、富集和去除.在常规饮用水处理工艺中,混凝可有效去除>10μm的胶体态污染物,传统过滤不是去除胶体态污染物的主要工艺.臭氧氧化-活性炭吸附和膜分离等深度处理是去除<10μm胶体态污染物的高效工艺.最后,基于研究现状对胶体态污染物的控制进行了展望,以期为保障饮用水质提供借鉴和帮助.

体外循环心脏外科手术病人气管插管拔除后早期饮水的临床实践研究

目的:评价早期经口饮水在体外循环心脏外科手术后气管插管拔除病人中的安全性及可行性。方法:采用便利抽样法,选取山东省青岛市某三级甲等医院心血管外科重症监护室于2022年3月1日—5月31日行体外循环下心脏外科手术的病人123例作为对照组(常规拔管后4 h经口饮水),选取于2022年6月1日—9月30日行体外循环下心脏外科手术的病人120例作为观察组(实施拔除气管插管后早期经口饮水干预方案)。记录两组病人口渴程度、口腔黏膜湿润程度,呛咳、恶心呕吐、误吸、吸入性肺炎发生率以及病人对护理工作的满意度,同时记录两组的平均饮水时间。结果:观察组病人的口渴程度得分和口唇黏膜湿润度评分均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组病人饮水呛咳、恶心呕吐、误吸、吸入性肺炎发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组病人对护理工作满意度评分为(93.01±6.17)分,明显高于对照组(90.29±7.32)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组平均饮水时间为(18.75±14.92)min,明显短于对照组(245.06±17.56)min,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:经过安全评估,体外循环心脏手术后气管插管拔除病人立即评估并早期经口饮水有利于缓解术后口渴程度,增加口腔黏膜湿润程度,减轻口咽部不适感,改善病人舒适度,提高病人对护理工作满意度,且未增加相关临床并发症的发生率,临床实践安全可行。

我国城市水源水库水质风险成因及对策

我国城市水源中约40%为湖泊或水库,且大部分为水库,因此水源水库的水质状况对我国城市安全极其关键。本文综述了我国水源水库水质问题研究进展,分析了22个代表性水源水库的周年水质状况。结果发现,当前我国城市水源水库水质风险类型主要是异味问题、藻类水华、铁锰超标、有机质偏高、营养盐超标等。引发水源水库水质问题的主要原因包括流域开发强度过大、库底淤积及内源释放、生态系统结构失衡、气候与水文异常变化等。针对上述主要问题,提出了构建在线水质监测预警体系、控制流域土地开发强度、构建面源拦截及流域净化系统、疏浚底泥、优化生态系统结构、实施应急曝气与控藻工程、完善流域生态保护法律法规等多种水源水库水质安全保障技术措施。鉴于水源水库水质及水生态对暴雨、高温热浪等极端气象响应敏感而复杂,在当前极端天气事件频发、强度不断增加的气候背景下,还应加强水库生态学基础研究,以深入理解水源水库水质对气候变化的响应机制,提高水库水安全保障科技支撑能力,满足我国城市高质量发展的水资源需求。

周代酒精神的演变脉络——以《诗经》为中心的考察

从以抵抗酒的礼乐精神立国,到不断无礼饮酒而致使礼崩乐坏,周王朝的命运始终与酒捆绑在一起。从《颂》《雅》到《风》,《诗经》清晰地反映了西周以来对酒态度的变化,周文化随着饮酒精神的变化而呈现同步演变。周公制定《酒诰》,确立了周人饮酒的精神基调。从《周颂》《大雅》中祭祀饮酒、孝亲饮酒,到《小雅》《风》中私人宴饮,从以礼饮酒到以酒解忧、以酒和乐,饮酒由公共事务逐渐变为个体行为,酒的功能也逐渐由口腹享受转变为调理身心。为悦友或解忧等私人性饮酒、醉酒逐渐增多,既远离《酒诰》精神,也不断冲击着礼乐制度。特别是随着宴饮频繁举行,人们对醉酒的态度由规避到接受,甚至饮酒不醉反被耻笑,对醉酒的态度完全被颠覆。酒逸出礼乐之外,标志着周朝的制度与精神双重解体。如何安顿张扬欲望而充满反叛性的酒,成为春秋以降的时代课题。

硫酸根、氯离子和碱度对管网金属释放的影响

针对给水管网水质变化引发的重金属释放、管网水变色以及潜在的健康风险等问题,利用静态模拟实验系统,研究了硫酸根(SO_(4)^(2-))、氯离子(Cl^(-))和碱度含量变化对给水管网铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、砷(As)和铜(Cu)释放的影响.结果表明.随着SO_(4)^(2-)和Cl^(-)浓度的增加,钢管和铸铁管中的溶解氧(DO)含量不断降低,浊度不断升高;而随着碱度的增大,两种管道中的DO含量和浊度均逐渐降低.SO_(4)^(2-)和Cl^(-)浓度的增加能够促进Fe、Mn、As和Cu的释放.当SO_(4)^(2-)浓度为100mg/L时,钢管四种金属最大浓度分别为2.20mg/L,45.15,0.74和5.41μg/L;铸铁管内最大浓度分别为1.06mg/L,9.31,0.76和5.43μg/L.同样的.当Cl^(-)浓度达到100mg/L时.Fe、Mn、As和Cu的浓度达到最大值.而碱度的增加则对金属释放起抑制作用.静置48h后.碱度从70mg/LCaCO_(3)提高到200mg/LCaCO_(3)时.钢管内四种金属释放量分别减少了0.38mg/L,7.60,0.09和2.30μg/L;同样条件下,铸铁管分别减少了0.44mg/L,3.73,0.12和1.29μg/L.Fe和Mn释放受管材差异影响较大.而As和Cu的释放在钢管和铸铁管中差异较小.本研究可为给水管网水质二次污染控制提供理论基础和技术支持.

汉末“豪杰之酒”的遗响——论曹操对酒文化的贡献

通过分析曹操酒诗创作、饮酒、献酒和禁酒等行为,探讨曹操对酒文化发展的贡献。曹操的酒诗呈现出刚健有力的诗酒精神。曹操因节粮需要和因酒亡国的古训而推行酒禁政策,但同时也通过功利性饮酒行为来实现其政治目的。曹操遵循与贯彻传统酒礼,这对当今酒文化的传承具有启发意义。

我国典型地区水厂纳滤净化系统产生浓水的水质特征及处理需求分析

近年,纳滤净化技术在我国城镇水厂得到一定规模的推广应用,普遍取得了较好的净化效果,但在净化过程中生成了一定量的浓水,其净化处理和资源化回用受到人们关注,并制约了纳滤净化工艺的推广应用。论文基于国内纳滤净化工艺应用目标的调研结果,分析了纳滤浓水的产生、影响因素及其典型水质特征,论述了浓水排放和处理处置方面的典型研究进展,探讨了纳滤浓水处理处置的优化策略。论文可为纳滤净化系统在国内的推广应用提供一定的指导和借鉴。

皖南农村地区需水量特征分析及预测模型研究

需水量的准确预测对于提高农村地区水资源利用率、优化农饮水厂日常调度有着重要作用,然而现有预测算法面临农村部分地区可用历史数据少、质量差等问题,同时部分预测算法的计算负荷较高,无法有效适应农饮水厂运维环境。选取2021-2022年安徽省南部不同地区3处农饮水厂日供水量数据作为研究对象。经过特征分析发现,皖南农村地区日需水量存在季节性变化趋势明显而短期内波动较大的特点。针对该数据特点及实际计算需求,选取了使用网格搜索法优化后的ARIMA模型进行预测,并与SVR、LSTM、RF等模型进行对比分析。研究结果表明,使用网格搜索法的ARIMA模型可以更好地适应农饮水厂运维环境,利用其对于周期性、季节性数据较强的学习能力,对农饮水厂供水量变化趋势和规律进行准确预测,具有一定的普适性,且计算负荷明显优于其他方法。模型对比分析显示,ARIMA模型的预测精度最高,在3处农饮水厂测试集数据上的平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)分别为1.827、1.454、2.714。

2018-2023年保山市农村饮用水水质卫生监测结果分析

目的:了解保山市农村饮用水水质卫生状况,为保障农村水资源质量安全提供科学依据。方法:根据云南省城乡饮用水水质监测工作方案的要求,对2018-2023年保山市农村饮用水水质监测数据进行统计学分析。结果:2018-2023年共监测3790个样本,合格率为63.85%,不同年份之间合格率有显著性差异(P<0.05)。监测指标中有16个项目超标,超标率大于10%的项目均属于微生物指标。丰水期和枯水期的合格率无显著性差异(P>0.05),出厂水和末梢水的合格率有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论:保山市农村饮用水的水质合格率较低,微生物污染是主要因素,水质有待进一步改善提升。

饮水系统中抗生素抗性基因赋存特征及健康风险评估

近几年抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)作为一种新型污染物在世界各地的水体、土壤中被频繁检出,其在环境中大量扩散和增殖十分容易导致微生物获得抗生素抗性,对人体健康产生潜在威胁。结合国内外文献报道数据,介绍了ARGs在城市饮水系统中污染现状,描述了其赋存特征,发现在国内外城市饮水系统中ARGs的数量不容小觑,数量最高可达1.38×105 copies·ml-1。其次对城市饮水系统中常用工艺对ARGs的赋存与传播影响因素进行了总结,发现城市常用水处理工艺对ARGs的灭杀效果差,甚至对其富集和繁殖往往起着促进作用;在不同的环境影响因素中,微生物群落结构是影响ARGs的主要驱动力,其次是重金属。最后提出ARGs对人体可能造成的健康威胁以及现有健康风险评估方法的局限性,并对未来ARGs的研究进行了展望。