Co-pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge with Distillation Residue: Kinetics Analysis via Iso-conversional Methods

This study explored the synergistic interaction of sewage sludge(SS)and distillation residue(DR)during co-pyrolysis for the optimized treatment of sewage sludge in cement kiln systems,utilizing thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and thermogravimetric analysis with mass spectrometry(TGA-MS).The results reveal the coexisting synergistic and antagonistic effects in the co-pyrolysis of SS/DR.The synergistic effect arises from hydrogen free radicals in SS and catalytic components in ash fractions,while the antagonistic effect is mainly due to the melting of DR on the surface of SS particles during pyrolysis and the reaction of SS ash with alkali metals to form inert substances.SS/DR co-pyrolysis reduces the yielding of coke and gas while increasing tar production.This study will promote the reduction,recycling,and harmless treatment of hazardous solid waste.

Separation of Benzoic Acid Residue by Flash-Vacuum Distillation-Melt Crystallization

A large amount of residue including benzoic acid, benzyl benzoate and fluorenone can form in the production of benzoic acid by oxidizing toluene. To recycle the resources and reduce secondary pollution, the treatment of benzoic acid residue was carried out to obtain the three purified materials by flash-vacuum distillation combination method, and the influence of the operating parameters, such as the top pressure, reflux ratio and top and bottom temperatures was investigated to obtain the best operating conditions. The experimental results show that the benzoic acid purity can reach 97% through distillation under the following conditions： the top pressure is 1 600 Pa, the bottom temperature is 190--200℃, the top temperature is 130--135℃, and reflux ratio is 5：1. The best operating conditions for benzyl benzoate distillation column are： the top pressure is 400 Pa, bottom temperature is 250-- 260 ℃, the top temperature is 150--160 , and reflux ratio is 5：1. The benzyl benzoate purity can reach 95%, and the fiuorenone purity can reach 92 %. When refined by melt crystallization, the benzoic acid purity can be improved up to 99.6%, and the purities of benzyl benzoate and fluorenone are both above 95%.

Site-directed mutagenesis identified the key active site residues of alcohol acyltransferase PpAAT1 responsible for aroma biosynthesis in peach fruits

The aroma of peach fruit is predominantly determined by the accumulation of γ-decalactone and ester compounds.A previous study showed that the biosynthesis of these aroma compounds in peach fruit is catalyzed by PpAAT1,an alcohol acyltransferase.In this work,we investigated the key active site residues responsible for γ-decalactone and ester biosynthesis.A total of 14 candidate amino acid residues possibly involved in internal esterification and 9 candidate amino acid residues possibly involved in esterification of PpAAT1 were assessed via site-directed mutagenesis.Analyses of the in vitro enzyme activities of PpAAT1 and its site-directed mutant proteins(PpAAT1-SMs)with different amino acid residue mutations as well as the contents of γ-decalactone in transgenic tobacco leaves and peach fruits transiently expressing PpAAT1 and PpAAT1-SMs revealed that site-directed mutation of H165 in the conserved HxxxD motif led to lost enzymatic activity of PpAAT1 in both internal esterification and its reactions,whereas mutation of the key amino acid residue D376 led to the total loss ofγ-decalactone biosynthesis activity of PpAAT1.Mutations of 9 and 7 other amino acid residues also dramatically affected the enzymatic activity of PpAAT1 in the internal esterification and esterification reactions,respectively.Our findings provide a biochemical foundation for the mechanical biosynthesis ofγ-decalactone and ester compounds catalyzed by PpAAT1 in peach fruits,which could be used to guide the molecular breeding of new peach species with more favorable aromas for consumers.

Fluidized bed combustion of high water content alcohol extracted herb residue and the impacts of blending wasted activated coke

Combustion of herb residues(HRs)for heat recovery is a good way for their utilization,but there exists such a problem as high concentration NOx emission in flue gas.The alcohol extracted herb residue(AEHR),one special type of HRs,was chosen as the object and was subjected to immediate combustion in a fluidized bed reactor to investigate the characteristics of its resulting NOx emission.The results showed that,most of the NOx in the flue gas was produced from the char nitrogen(C-N);as the fuel water content increased,the NOx emission concentration exhibited a trend of first decreasing and then increasing;and a properly low combustion temperature inhibited the NOx emission upon the premise of ensuring full combustion.Air staging combustion was adopted to effectively control NOx:the NOx emission concentration in the flue gas was reduced to 296 mg⋅m􀀀3 and the NOx emission reduction rate reached 46.51%compared to conventional combustion.Co-combustion by blending wasted activated coke(WAC)into the AEHR helped both stabilize the combustion state and reduce further the NOx emission.When the blending ratio of WAC fell within a proper range of 20-30%,the NOx emission concentration in the flue gas was as low as 231.4 mg⋅m􀀀3.In addition to the dilution effect of the combustion flue gas of the blended WAC,the local reducing atmosphere caused by its incomplete combustion as well as its strong absorbability and catalytical effect was accountable for the further decrease of the NOx emission concentration.

Separation process of butanol-butyl acetate-methyl isobutyl ketone system by the analysis to residual curve and the double effect pressure-swing distillation

The separation of ternary mixture of butanol, butyl acetate, and methyl isobutyl ketone(MIBK) was initially analyzed by the residual curve. In this process, MIBK was chosen as the azeotropic agent during the first step of separation. The optimum mass ratio of extra MIBK was 1.6 in the modified feed stream according to the residual curve. Thus on this condition the top product was butanol-MIBK azeotrope while the bottom product was butyl acetate in the preliminary separation of the mixture. Then the butanol and MIBK azeotrope was separated by the double effect pressureswing distillation with the low pressure column performing at 30 kPa and the atmospheric pressure column at 101 kPa. The optimal operating conditions were then obtained by using Aspen Plus to simulate and optimize the process. The results showed that the mass purities of butanol, butyl acetate, and MIBK were all more than 99% and reached the design requirements. Additionally, compared with the traditional distillation with outside heating, the double effect pressure swing distillation saved the reboiler duty by 48.6% and the condenser duty by 44.6%.

Kinetic-Thermodynamic Analysis of the Reactive Distillation Process of the Cyclohexene Hydration Using the Zeolite Catalyst

Reactive distillation could be utilized to produce cyclohexanol through the cyclohexene hydration. By means of highly active zeolite catalyst HZSM-5, the kinetic-thermodynamic analysis of this reactive distillation has been carried out to get the characteristics of the reactive distillation. Results from kinetic and thermodynamic analysis indicate that the optimal pressure of this reactive distillation process should be set to higher pressure such as 0.3 or 0.4 MPa. To avoid the recovery of cyclohexanol at the top of the column, an unreactive section should be allocated at the upper column. In addition, the inert component benzene is more unfavorable to the reactive distillation process in comparison with the inert cyclohexane.

Development on the Technique of Total Recovery of Benzoic Acid Residue

Benzoic acid residue is solid waste produced from the production of benzoic acid by oxidizing toluene.Because it contained important chemical raw materials such as benzoic acid,benzyl benzoate and fluorenone,it is necessary to recover them from the residue.In this work the technique featured with high efficiency evaporation and vacuum distillation was developed to obtain total recovery and utilization of the benzoic acid residue.By controlling the operation temperature at 260℃ and the pressure of 16kPa in the rising and falling film evaporators,heavy components separated efficiently from the residue can be polymerized and the light components consisting of 63% of the residue entered into a benzoic acid vacuum distillation column.Keeping the temperature of polymerization at(280±10)℃,coumarone resin was produced after adjusting the softening point according to the market requirements.Vacuum distillation was operated under the following conditions:top temperature at 186℃,top pressure of 16kPa,bottom temperature at 240-250℃,reflux ratio being 3︰1.Benzoic acid of 98% purity was distilled out from the column as a side stream and the bottom product was crude benzyl benzoate.By the developed technique,the benzoic acid residue was splitted into three products,benzoic acid,crude benzyl benzoate and coumarone resin without any surplus waste.

Fractionation of Palm Kernel Oil by Short Path Distillation

Fractionation of palm kernel oil （PKO） by short path distillation （SPD） at two feed flow rates （135 g/h and 195 g/h） and six distillation temperatures, TD,s （200, 210, 220, 230, 240 and 250 ℃） was investigated. Other distillation parameters, such as vacuum pressure （0.001 mbar）, blade rotation speed （400 rpm） and temperature of the feed material （60 ℃） were kept constant. The fractionated products, known as residue and distillate, were analysed for physico-chemical properties including fatty acid composition （FAC）, triacylglycerol （TAG） composition, slip melting point （SMP）, thermal analysis by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and solid fat content （SFC）. Product yield was measured as well. Crystallisation behaviour of PKO and the fractionated products were studied by measurement of isothermal crystallisation, Tc,. at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ℃. The distillates, collected at all fractionation temperatures, were enriched with caprylic, capric and lauric acids. These fractions were also concentrated with low molecular weight and C36 TAGs. Distillates obtained at higher TDis （230-250 ℃） exhibited higher in SMP and SFC. On the other hand, the residual oils collected at all fractionation temperatures contained higher amount of long-chain fatty acid and palmitic acid. These fractions were enriched with high molecular weight TAGs. Residues obtained at lower Tois （200-220 ℃） were low in SMP and comparable SFC with PKO. Changes in fatty acid and TAG composition resulted in different crystallisation behaviour of the fractions. Distillates collected at all fractionation temperatures crystallised in a sharper peak while residues obtained at higher T Dis （230-250 ℃） showed broader crystallisation peaks, as shown by the DSC thermograms.

Research on fault recognition method combining 3D Res-UNet and knowledge distillation

Deep learning technologies are increasingly used in the fi eld of geophysics,and a variety of algorithms based on shallow convolutional neural networks are more widely used in fault recognition,but these methods are usually not able to accurately identify complex faults.In this study,using the advantage of deep residual networks to capture strong learning features,we introduce residual blocks to replace all convolutional layers of the three-dimensional(3D)UNet to build a new 3D Res-UNet and select appropriate parameters through experiments to train a large amount of synthesized seismic data.After the training is completed,we introduce the mechanism of knowledge distillation.First,we treat the 3D Res-UNet as a teacher network and then train the 3D Res-UNet as a student network;in this process,the teacher network is in evaluation mode.Finally,we calculate the mixed loss function by combining the teacher model and student network to learn more fault information,improve the performance of the network,and optimize the fault recognition eff ect.The quantitative evaluation result of the synthetic model test proves that the 3D Res-UNet can considerably improve the accuracy of fault recognition from 0.956 to 0.993 after knowledge distillation,and the eff ectiveness and feasibility of our method can be verifi ed based on the application of actual seismic data.

DEARSENICATION FROM COBALT-ARSENIC CONCENTRATE BY VACUUM DISTILLATION

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Industrialization Process of Pesticide Residue Grade n-Hexane

This project is funded by the China government to develop the industrialization process of pesticide residue grade n-hexane, in which the industrial n-Hexane is used as crude purified by decoloration, distillation and filtration process. The products are validated by National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement (CNEAC), National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine (CAIQ), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and other government originations for polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticide or chiral pesticides analysis and further confirmed that it’s competitive to all others imported n-Hexane currently occupied in China. This patented technique will meet pesticide residue grade n-Hexane market in China and seek for cooperation globally.

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol blended materials used as solid carbon source for tertiary denitrification of secondary efuent

Starch/polyvinyl alcohol （PVA） blended materials for using as a solid carbon source （SCS） were prepared by blending PVA and gelatinized starch in an aqueous solution system, in which PVA served as framework material and starch as carbon source. The optimization of starch content and temperature effects were investigated. It was indicated that higher denitrification efficiency could be achieved with more starch in the materials. The average specific denitrification rates were 0.93, 0.66, 0.37 and 0.36 mg/（g·day） corresponding to starch content of 70%, 60%, 40% and 30% respectively at 37℃. The denitrification rates increased when operating temperature was raised from 23℃ to 30℃ and then 37℃. The mechanism of carbon release was analyzed incorporating the experimental results of abiotic release in deionized water. The organic carbon was mainly hydrolyzed by microbes, and the biological release efficiencies were at the range of 89.2% to 96.0%. A long-term experiment with a continuous flow reactor with SCS material containing 70% starch was conducted to gain some experience for practical application. When the influent nitrate concentration was in the range of 35.2 to 39.1 mg/L, hydraulic retention time of 4 hr, and operating temperature of 30℃, a nitrogen removal efficiency up to 94.6% and denitrification rate of 0.217 kg/（m3.day） was achieved. The starch-based materials developed in this study can be used as a solid carbon source for tertiary nitrogen removal from secondary effluent.

蒸汽蒸馏法对葡萄酒酒精度的快速测定及应用

为改善水浴加热蒸馏法的不足,提高葡萄酒酒精度检测效率,借助凯氏定氮仪,基于蒸汽蒸馏法测定葡萄酒酒精度,并进行精密度、回收率试验以及蒸汽蒸馏法和水浴蒸馏法的对比试验,并作测定方法不确定度分析和教学实验应用验证。结果表明,蒸汽蒸馏法对葡萄酒样品酒精度测试值的变异系数均小于水浴蒸馏法;蒸汽蒸馏法可在4 min之内结束蒸馏过程、检测时间缩短一半左右,标准品的乙醇浓度与酒精度测定结果在≤40%体积分数范围内线性关系良好,加标样品酒精度测试标准差0.13~0.45、加标回收率98.55%、RSD均值1.45%,操作简便高效,测试结果准确度高,可推广应用于生产检验或科研教学,并据此结果对葡萄酒酒精度快速测定自动蒸馏仪进行了初步设计与改进。

基于Aspen酯交换法异丙醇生产工艺过程模拟与节能分析

基于NRTL-RK热力学方法,采用甲醇钠固体催化剂,使用Aspen Plus对酯交换法异丙醇生产工艺进行模拟及节能优化设计。以年产五万吨异丙醇项目为基础,综合考虑反应平衡、后续分离难度以及原料成本等因素,使用反应精馏塔作为异丙醇合成反应器,塔釜出料为99.99 wt%异丙醇。基于反应精馏塔塔顶流出物的热力学特点设计变压精馏系统,实现回收副产品醋酸甲酯与原料甲醇的目标。使用热泵精馏技术与双效精馏技术分别对反应精馏系统与变压精馏系统进行节能改造,装置分别节能为60.2%与43.9%,对换热网络能量进一步集成,最终能耗下降59.2%。

Synthesis of γ-Al2O3 with High Surface Area and Large Pore Volume by Reverse Precipitation- azeotropic Distillation Method

γ-Al2O3 with high surface area and large pore volume combined with high thermal stability was synthe- sized by a reverse precipitation-azeotropic distillation method. The effects of azeotropic distillation on the characte- ristics of γ-Al2O3 were studied by means of X-ray diffraction（XRD）, Fourier transform infrared（FTIR） spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy（TEM） and N2 adsorption-desorption. The results show that γ-Al2O3 dried by azeo- tropic distillation has excellent structure characteristics with a high surface area of 426 m2/g and a large pore volume of 2.56 cm3/g. After calcination at 1100 ℃, the surface area of γ-Al2O3 was still 92 mE/g with a large pore volume of 1.00 cma/g, indicating the potential application in catalyst and petroleum industry.

在线流动-蒸馏法分析药食同源食品中二氧化硫残留量

采用在线流动-蒸馏法测定分析百合、芡实药食同源食品中二氧化硫残留量,采用碱性溶液震荡提取,流动注射法分析了多批次百合、芡实药食同源的二氧化硫残留量,在0.5~10.0 mg/L浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数R2=0.9991,平均回收率97.3%,RSD为2.1%~4.6%,检出限为1.0 mg/kg,定量限为3.0 mg/kg。实验结果与传统蒸馏滴定法比较,两种方法结果没有显著性差异。该方法提取方式简单、耗时短、准确度高,适用于大批量药食同源食品分析检测。

Coupled Pervaporation-Reaction Distillation Process for the Production of n-Bromopropane

The reaction of n-C_3H_7OH+HBr=n-C_3H_7Br+H_2O was used to experimentally study a coupled pervaporation (PV)-reaction distillation (RD) process. The results show that polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is a suitable membrane material for water removal. The typical separation properties of PVA polyacrylonitrile (PAN) composite membranes are a highest flux of 780 g/(m 2·h) and a separation factor of 840 for the C_3H_7OH concentration in the original feed of 95% at 90℃ and below 3300 Pa(abs). Reaction distillation produced the n-bromopropane from the distillation column as a ternary azeotropic liquid mixture of C_3H_7OH, H_2O and C_3H_7Br, with a product concentration of about 92%. The coupled PV-RD membrane reactor experiment shows that the BrPr yield can reach 92%, much higher than that for reaction-distillation without pervaporation.

大豆油脱臭馏分重相组分中甾醇酯的柱层析法分离提取

为减少甾醇酯的生产工序,提高大豆油脱臭馏分重相组分中总甾醇得率,采用柱层析法直接分离提取甾醇酯,通过单因素试验考察吸附剂种类、上样量、洗脱剂比例和柱长直比(填料高度与直径比)对甾醇酯产品纯度和得率的影响,确定最佳工艺条件,并对最佳工艺条件下分离提取的甾醇酯产品进行傅里叶红外光谱表征,以及甾醇组成和脂肪酸组成测定。结果表明,柱层析法分离提取甾醇酯的最佳工艺条件为吸附剂为硅胶(粒径50~75μm),上样量0.5 g,洗脱剂比例为正己烷、乙醚、冰乙酸体积比95∶5∶1,柱长直比16∶1。在最佳工艺条件下,甾醇酯产品纯度为(89.90±0.94)%,得率为(96.15±1.49)%;傅里叶红外光谱分析证实提取的产品中含甾醇酯,甾醇酯上的甾醇组成主要为β-谷甾醇、豆甾醇、菜油甾醇,脂肪酸组成主要为亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和亚麻酸。综上,柱层析法无需复杂工序,即可实现大豆油脱臭馏分重相组分中甾醇酯的有效回收。

基于组−信息蒸馏残差网络的轻量级图像超分辨率重建

目前,基于深度学习的超分辨算法已经取得了很好性能,但这些方法通常具有较大内存消耗和较高计算复杂度,很难应用到低算力或便携式设备上.为了解决这个问题,设计一种轻量级的组−信息蒸馏残差网络(Group-information distillation residual network,G-IDRN)用于快速且精确的单图像超分辨率任务.具体地,提出一个更加有效的组−信息蒸馏模块(Group-information distillation block,G-IDB)作为网络特征提取基本块.同时,引入密集快捷连接,对多个基本块进行组合,构建组−信息蒸馏残差组(Group-information distillation residual group,G-IDRG),捕获多层级信息和有效重利用特征.另外,还提出一个轻量的非对称残差Non-local模块,对长距离依赖关系进行建模,进一步提升超分性能.最后,设计一个高频损失函数,去解决像素损失带来图像细节平滑的问题.大量实验结果表明,该算法相较于其他先进方法,可以在图像超分辨率性能和模型复杂度之间取得更好平衡,其在公开测试数据集B100上,4倍超分速率达到56 FPS,比残差注意力网络快15倍.

氯乙烯精馏残液中1,1-二氯乙烷提纯技术应用

分析了电石法氯乙烯合成精馏残液的组分,阐述了从残液中回收提纯氯乙烯和1,1-二氯乙烷的技术原理和工艺流程,并对装置应用效果进行了分析。结果表明:从精馏残液中回收的氯乙烯质量分数达到99.0%以上,1,1-二氯乙烷质量分数达到95.0%以上,实现了精馏残液由危险废物向副产品的转变,节省了危废处置费用。