Investigation of Color Change of Different Restoration Thickness, Background Color and Resin Cement Shade on CAD/CAM Glass Ceramic Materials

The aim of this study is to investigate the color change of different restoration thicknesses, backgrounds and resin cement colors on lithium disilicate and zirconium reinforced lithium silicate materials in vitro. In this study, IPS emax CAD (LT C14) and Celtra Duo (LT C14) are used as full ceramic materials, and Variolink Esthetic LC (warm, neutral) used as resin cement and Tokuyama Estelite Sigma Quick (A3, A2) is used as composite materials. A total of 160 samples in the form of 40 pieces of 5 × 5 0.4 mm thick 40 pieces of 5 × 5 0.6 mm thick square discs from each of the all-ceramic materials in block form were obtained using a water jet device (DWJ1525-FA;Dardi International Corporation, Nanjing, China). Glass ceramic samples produced in 2 different thicknesses were cemented on 2 different backgrounds with 2 different resin types of cement. Color measurements of the samples before and after cementation were performed on a grey background with spectrophotometer Vita EasyShade V (Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Sackingen, Germany) and color parameters (L*, a*, b*, ΔE) were calculated according to the CIE Lab (Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage) system. Average values for each group (ΔE) were not affected by ceramic type, material thickness, background color, resin cement color, and the interaction of these four variables (p > 0.05). When the triple interactions between the groups were examined, there were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). In the evaluation of pairwise interactions between two groups (material type-material thickness, material type-background color, and thickness of material-background interactions) statistically significant differences (p Implications: The material type, thickness, background and cement color used did not cause any statistically significant color change in lithium disilicate and zirconium-reinforced lithium silicate glass ceramic materials (p > 0.05).

Effect of Self-adhesive Resin Cement and Tribochemical Treatment on Bond Strength to Zirconia

Aim To evaluate the interactive effects of different self- adhesive resin cements and tribochemical treatment on bond strength to zirconia. Methodology The following self-adhesive resin cements for bonding two zirconia blocks were evaluated： Maxcem （MA）, Smartcem （SM）, Rely X Unicem Aplicap （UN）, Breeze （BR）, Biscem （BI）, Set （SE）, and Clearfil SA luting （CL）. The specimens were grouped according to conditioning as follows： Group 1, polishing with 600 grit polishing paper; Group 2, silica coating with 110 μm Al2O3 particles which modified with silica; and, Group 3, tribochemical treatment - silica coating ＋ silanization. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37℃ for 24 hours before testing shear bond strength. Results Silica coating and tribochemical treatment significantly increased the bond strength of the MA, UN, BR, B1, SE and CL to zirconia compared to #600 polishing. For both #600 polished and silica coating treatments, MDP- containing self-adhesive resin cement CL had the highest bond strengths to zirconia. Conclusion Applying silica coating and tribochemical treatment improved the bond strength of self-adhesive resin cement to zirconia, especially for CL.

Immediate and delayed micro-tensile bond strength of different luting resin cements to different regional dentin

We sought to evaluate immediate and delayed micro-tensile bond strength of Panavia F2.0 and Multilink Sprint resin cement to superficial, deep and cervical dentin. Thirty-six freshly extracted non-carious human molars were sectioned in the mesiodistal direction to expose three different dentin regions including superficial dentin （1 mm below the dentine-enamel junction）, deep dentin （1 mm above the highest pulp horn） and cervical dentin （0.5 mm above the cemento-enamel junction and 0.5 mm below the dentine-enamel junction）. Resin cements were applied on dentin surfaces and composite blocks were luted under constant seating pressure. Each group was divided into three subgroups according to time intervals. Specimens were sectioned to obtain sticks of 1 mm2 in diameter and subjected to microtensile bond strength testing at a cross head speed of 1 mrn/min. Both resin cements showed higher micro-tensile bond strength to superficial dentin than that to deep or cervical dentin （P 〈 0.001）. Micro-ten- sile bond strengths of Panavia F2.0 were higher than those of Multilink Sprint at different dentin regions （P 〈 0.001）. Immediate ＂micro-tensile bond strengths were higher than those of delayed micro-tensile bond strengths for both resin cements （P 〈 0.001）. It was concluded that resin cements with different chemical formulations and applications yield significantly different micro-tensile bond strengths to different dentin regions.

The Influence of Ceramic Surface Treatments on the Microtensile Bond Strength of Resin Cements to Y-TZP Ceramic

The effects of surface conditioning methods on the microtensile bond strength of Y-TZP ceramic were studied based on airborne particle abrasion and resin cements.Eight square-shaped（φ12 mm×5 mm high） Y-TZP ceramic were studied blocks（LAVATM,3M ESPE,USA） and flat occlusal dentin blocks were fabricated,pre-treated（airborne abrasion with 125μm Al2O3 particles,tribochemical silica coating with 110 μm Al2O3 particles modified by silica oxide）,and bonded to each other using resin cements（Panavia F 2.0,RelyX Unicem）.Thereafter the trilayer specimens were cut into microbar specimens with a bonding area of approximately 1.0±0.1 mm2 and then microtensile bond strength tests were performed.The Y-TZP ceramic following airborne particle abrasion with 125μm Al2O3 and silicoating,the surface roughness of Y-TZP and its surface silica content were confirmed to increase.Overall,the Y-TZP ceramic surface treatment with a tribochemical silica coating showed the highest microtensile bond strength of the phosphate monomer-based resin cement to Y-TZP ceramic（mean MPa=18.11±0.27（Panavia F 2.0）,17.45±0.39（Rely X Unicem）.In cases in which a silica coating was applied,there was no significant difference in the bonding strength depending on resin cements（P0.05）.

Embrace WetBond Resin Cement树脂水门汀保存修复折裂牙的临床应用及疗效

目的:通过研究Embrace Wet Bond Resi n Cement树脂水门汀用于粘结折裂牙的临床疗效,旨在为保存修复折裂牙建立一套实用而简便的治疗模式以提高患牙的保存率。方法:选择35例(36颗)折裂牙作为研究对象,先打开患牙的近远中接触点,预成带坏固定后降合,在裂隙俩侧制备双鸠尾洞型,将Embrace Wet Bond Resi n Cement树脂水门汀注入折裂面并及时复位、光照、充填,观察2周后去带环行全冠修复。结果:经6～12月复查:3例折裂牙因反复出现牙周脓肿拔除,2例咀嚼略有不适感,成功率91%。结论:用Embrace Wet Bond Resi n Cement树脂水门丁保存修复折裂牙,弥补了传统粘结法的缺陷,使患牙得以保存,也简便了临床医生的操作。

Priming the tooth surface with chlorhexidine and antibacterial activity of resin cement

AIM: To evaluate the effect of priming the tooth surface with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate on antibacteria activity of resin cement. METHODS: Ten patients in whom a single missing tooth was present on both the right and left side in the upper or lower arch were selected. Two fixed partia dentures(FPDs) in each patient on the right and left side were planned. Each FPD was assigned either to the control or test group. In the control group, FPD was luted with resin cement and in the test group, the tooth surface was primed with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate before luting with resin cement. Bacteriological samples were collected at base line level, as the patient came to the outpatient department before the start of any treatment, 5 wk prior to cementation of FPD and at 13 wk(8wk after final cementation). Microbiological processing of all samples was done and the results were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In the test group, a predominance of aerobic/facultative gram positive cocci rod was seen which indicates a healthy periodontal site, whereas in thecontrol group, a predominance of anaerobic gram negative rods was present which indicates an unhealthy periodontal condition. This is evident by the fact that the anaerobic bacteria percentage in the control sample is 57% and 15% in the test sample after 13 wk, whereas the aerobic/facultative bacteria percentage is 43% in the control sample and 85% in the test sample after 13 wk. The percentage of gram negative bacteria in the control sample is 61% and in the test sample is 20% after 13 wk, whereas the percentage of gram positive bacteria in the control sample is 39% and in the test sample is 80% after 13 wk. The shift from anaerobic gram negative bacteria to aerobic gram positive bacteria is clearly seen from the control to test sample after 13 wk. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that priming the tooth surface with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate may enhance antibacterial activity of the resin cement.

Hardness of resin cement cured under different thickness of lithium disilicate-based ceramic

Background The lithium disilicate-based ceramic is a newly developed all-ceramic material, which is lithium disilicate-based and could be used for fabricating almost all kinds of restorations. The extent of light attenuation by ceramic material was material-dependent. Ceramic materials with different crystal composition or crystalline content would exhibit distinct light-absorbing characteristics. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of ceramic thickness and light-curing time on the polymerization of a dual-curing resin luting material with a lithium disilicate-based ceramic. Methods A lithium disilicate-based ceramic was used in this study. The light attenuation caused by ceramic with different thickness was determined using a spectral radiometer. The commercial dual-cured resin cement was light-cured directly or through ceramic discs with different thickness （1, 2 and 3 mm, respectively） for different times （10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 seconds, respectively）. The polymerization efficiency of resin cement was expressed in terms as Vickers hardness （VHN） measured after 24 hours storage. Two-way analysis of variance （ANOVA） and Tukey＇s HSD tests were used to determine differences. Results Intensity of polymerizing light transmitted through ceramic discs was reduced from 584 mW/cm2 to about 216 mW/cm2, 80 mW/cm2 and 52 mW/cm2 at thicknesses of 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm, respectively. Resin cement specimens self-cured alone showed significantly lower hardness values. When resin cement was light-cured through ceramic discs with a thickness of 1 mm, 2 mm and 3 mm, no further increasing in hardness values was observed when light-curing time was more than 30 seconds, 40 seconds and 60 seconds, respectively. Conclusions Within the limitation of the present study, ceramic thickness and light-curing time had remarkable influence on the polymerization of dual-cured resin cement. When resin cement is light-cured beneath a lithium disilicate ceramic with different thickness, prolonging light-curing time accordingly may still be necessary to insure complete polymerization.

Application of mixture design to optimize cementation of simu-lated spent radioactive ion exchange resins

The aim of this study was to assess the usefulness of a mixture design for spent resin immobilization in cement as well as to examine the cement-slag-ash system for spent resin solidification. Eighteen distinct combina- tions,consisting of Portland cement,blast furnace slag,fly ash,organic ion exchange resins and water,were selected by a mixture design computer procedure to compose representative experiment points. The measured properties of solidified forms resulting from the combinations included 28-day compressive strength,42-day immersion strength,42-day immersion weight and slump. These data were fit to a mathematic model with the aid of Scheffé quadratic polynomial,and the effects of each ingredient on the measured properties were identified through an analysis of the response trace plots and contour plots. Utilization of an optimality function singled out an optimal combination com- prising water=0.16(wt/wt),slag=0.21,ash=0.10,cement=0.27 and resin=0.26 from which the resulting response was 11MPa for the 28-day strength,110mm for the slump and 5.4% for the 42-day increase in strength.

基于高岭土增韧环氧树脂水泥基材料的多强度组合指标配比优化法

煅烧高岭土能有效改善环氧树脂水泥基材料的力学性能,实验表明:煅烧高岭土可大大提高环氧树脂水泥基材料的3 d早期抗折、抗压强度,当高岭土掺量为30%时,改性环氧树脂水泥基材料的抗折及抗压强度分别提高了134.28%、106.25%;当高岭土掺量小于30%时,改性环氧树脂水泥基材料具有二次抗折强度,且抗折强度残余率大于50%。根据不同高岭土掺量对改性环氧树脂水泥基材料抗压强度、抗折强度、二次抗折强度的影响规律,提出了适用于不同结构工程受力特点的多强度组合指标配比优化法,获得了考虑二次抗拉强度影响的不同最大拉应力和最大压应力组合条件下最优的高岭土配比,为实际不同结构体不同部位不同受力特征的高岭土改性环氧树脂水泥基材料制备提供了理论依据。

二硅酸锂基玻璃陶瓷单端树脂粘接桥修复个别前牙缺失的临床应用

目的探讨二硅酸锂基玻璃陶瓷单端树脂粘接桥修复个别前牙缺失的临床效果,为个别前牙缺失修复方式的选择提供参考。方法本研究已通过单位伦理委员会审查批准,并获得患者知情同意。选取42例单颌前牙缺失数量在两颗内的患者,采用二硅酸锂基玻璃陶瓷单端树脂粘接桥修复,修复后6个月、1年、2年、3年进行随访,评价美学、功能修复效果及牙周健康状况,并采用视觉模拟评分量表(VAS)调查患者的满意度。结果观察期间,42例二硅酸锂基玻璃陶瓷单端树脂粘接桥修复的患者中有1例3个月内连接体发生断裂,1例2年内发生脱粘;美学修复效果的等级均评定为A级;修复后牙周健康状况良好,基牙及桥体下的软硬组织无临床吸收现象,评价指标均为A级;患者总满意率为100%。结论对于个别前牙缺失,二硅酸锂基玻璃陶瓷单端树脂粘接桥可达到微创、固位牢靠、美观舒适和生物相容性好的修复效果,患者满意度高,在临床中可以考虑作为一种理想的修复方式。

一种耐酸耐碱高强树脂的合成及性能

小套管二次固井是一种新型的固井工艺,针对目前由于水泥自身脆性大易气窜和水窜且为碱性固化体、易受压产生裂缝、易受酸性介质破坏的问题,以D-33二元醇和顺丁烯二酸为原料,苯乙烯作为活性稀释剂合成了一种不饱和型聚酯树脂。在树脂体系中引入填料,提高产品韧性及抗压强度。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对树脂进行表征;通过万能试验机对树脂体系进行性能评价。结果表明,目标产物包含羰基、碳碳双键和苯环对位取代结构的特征峰,固化体系为过氧化二苯甲酰/N,N-二甲基苯胺,其在50℃、60℃和70℃条件下的添加量分别为0.2%/0.02%、0.1%/0.02%、0.1%/0.01%,万能试验机测试结果显示,在50℃、60℃和70℃下养护24h后的抗压强度分别约为50MPa、70MPa、90MPa。实验获得了一种聚合时间可调、黏度小、抗压强度高且耐酸耐碱的固井材料,有望在水平井重复压裂改造中大规模使用。

不同界面剂对湿接缝混凝土黏结性能影响

为研究界面剂对湿接缝黏结性能的影响,首先通过力学性能试验,确定硅灰水泥净浆界面剂中硅灰的最佳掺量,再通过劈裂抗拉强度试验、三点弯曲试验和抗剪强度试验,探究普通水泥净浆、硅灰最佳掺量下的水泥净浆、环氧树脂作为界面剂时,对湿接缝黏结性能的影响效果。结果表明:硅灰最佳掺量为8%时水泥净浆力学性能最优,从抗拉角度和抗剪角度进行分析,不同界面剂对湿接缝黏结性能的影响,由大到小排序均为:环氧树脂界面剂>掺8%硅灰水泥净浆界面剂>普通水泥净浆界面剂>无界面剂。可见,普通水泥净浆界面剂对湿接缝黏结性能提升较小,而环氧树脂界面剂和掺8%硅灰水泥净浆界面剂对湿接缝黏结性能提升效果较为明显。

氯化十六烷基吡啶对复合树脂修复后粘接强度及抑菌性的影响

目的探讨氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)对复合树脂修复后粘接强度及抑菌性的影响。方法选取2023年1月至5月新疆医科大学第一附属医院因下牙合阻生智齿行拔除治疗而新鲜拔除的60颗第三恒磨牙作为研究对象,按要求制备符合试验要求的牙合面龋。40颗离体牙用于树脂修复后粘接强度实验,20颗离体牙用于抑菌性实验。将40颗离体牙随机分为A_(1)、B_(1)、C_(1)、D_(1)四组,每组10颗,A_(1)组蒸馏水冲洗牙本质、涂布通用型粘接剂(SBU)后复合树脂堆填;B_(1)组2%复方氯己定(CHX)冲洗牙本质、涂布SBU后复合树脂堆填;C_(1)组2%CPC冲洗牙本质、涂布SBU后复合树脂堆填;D_(1)组蒸馏水冲洗牙本质、涂布2%CPC与SBU混合物后复合树脂堆填,切割检测后计算各组微拉伸强度。将20颗离体牙随机分为A_(2)、B_(2)、C_(2)、D_(2)四组,每组5颗。A_(2)、B_(2)、C_(2)、D_(2)组分别按上述步骤制备样本,紫外灯照射2 h灭菌,20μl浓度1×10^(6)CFU s/m变形链球菌UA159菌液涂抹于BH1琼脂板,培养24 h后测量抑菌环大小。结果C_(1)组和D_(1)组在水中静置24 h及水浴老化条件下的粘接强度均高于A_(1)组和B_(1)组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),C_(1)组和D_(1)组在水中静置24 h及水浴老化条件下的粘接强度比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。A_(2)组抑菌环直径为0 mm,B_(2)组、C_(2)组、D_(2)组的抑菌环直径比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论CPC可增强复合树脂修复龋病的粘接强度,延缓老化,防止继发龋坏。

树脂聚合物防腐水泥浆体系研究

含酸性气体油气井对固井水泥浆性能要求高,常规的固井水泥浆防腐蚀性能差,需要提高其抗腐蚀能力。为了研究适用于含酸性气体的防腐固井水泥浆体系,研究了树脂对水泥浆性能的影响,并研究了降失水剂、分散剂和缓凝剂,构建了树脂防腐水泥浆体系,并对水泥浆体系性能进行评价。实验结果表明,研究的树脂聚合物可以作为防腐剂提高固井水泥浆的抗二氧化碳腐蚀能力。降失水剂SAF可以明显降低水泥浆的失水量,分散剂FFS能调节水泥浆流变性,缓凝剂HAT可以调节水泥浆的稠化时间。使用研究的关键添加剂构建的树脂聚合物防腐水泥浆体系流变性好,失水量低,稠化时间满足施工要求,力学性能优异,且防腐蚀性能好。

改性环氧树脂在抗腐蚀水泥浆中的应用

在CCUS井中,水泥石抗腐蚀能力和力学性能是确保水泥环密封完整性的关键。抗腐蚀水泥浆体系最常用的是胶乳等成膜堵孔类聚合物材料通过提高水泥石致密性,降低水泥石渗透率,进而降低提高CO_(2)的侵入阻力。但胶乳等材料会导致水泥石抗压强度较低的问题,不利于CCUS井前期压裂、后期的反复注采中保持水泥环长期完整性。本研究采用可固化树脂代替胶乳,起到降低扩散速率作用的同时,提高水泥石力学性能。利用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚对环氧树脂改性,优选2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑为固化剂,形成的树脂与固化剂体系可直接混入配浆水中,现场作业简便,且树脂的固化反应与水泥浆的稠化反应相互独立,树脂水泥浆复合体系的耐温能力强,130℃条件下流动性好、稠化时间可调,7d抗压强度最高达51.1MPa,杨氏模量低至4.97GPa。树脂固化体可有效提高水泥石致密性,降低水泥石渗透率,进而降低提高CO_(2)的侵入阻力,形成的树脂水泥浆复合体系具有良好的抗腐蚀性能。

树脂水泥浆在修井封堵中的研究与应用

油气井井筒完整性遭到破坏,常以修井封堵方式进行井筒治理。这要求水泥浆能抵抗井下载荷作用破坏,提高层间封固能力,防止地层流体层间窜流、井口带压现象。针对常规修井封堵技术缺点,利用树脂对常规水泥浆进行改性,以满足水泥浆高强度、低杨氏模量、强胶结能力的要求。优选出一种四官能团缩水甘油胺类环氧树脂,粘度高,与水泥浆不相容,通过稀释剂改性,解决了环氧树脂与水泥浆相容困难及现场清洗工艺复杂的难题。室内将酸酐固化剂与胺类固化剂复配组合应用,确定了组合的最佳比例以及树脂与固化剂的比例,稠化时间可调,解决了环氧树脂高温条件下稠化时间难以控制的难题。探究了该树脂体系对固井水泥浆性能的影响规律,继而获得一种“耐温高强”树脂水泥浆。室内评价测试结果表明:该树脂水泥浆树脂混合液掺量为30%,耐温可达130℃,有效改善固化后水泥石力学性能,水泥石5 d抗压强度73.2 MPa, 48 h胶结强度高达15.6 MPa, 7 d杨氏模量低达4.3GPa,满足深井修井封堵作业技术要求。该环氧树脂水泥浆在现场成功试验,施工工艺简单、作业成功率高、封堵效果显著,对深井高温修井封堵作业具有明显的优势。

高渗透性注浆材料渗透能力对比试验分析

为探究不同高渗透性注浆材料渗透能力的大小,以超细水泥、脲醛树脂、硅溶胶3种材料为研究对象,设计了室内无压河砂介质及有压黏土介质注浆试验,根据注浆后两种介质中的固结体几何形状及裂隙发育程度,分析3种材料的孔内渗透能力强弱及扩散机制。结果表明,3种材料中,硅溶胶孔内渗透能力最强,脲醛树脂次之,超细水泥最小,且随着介质渗透性降低,其扩散方式由孔内渗流向劈裂裂隙管道流转变,浆液渗透能力越弱,这一过程转变的越快。