Hydraulic Resistance and Capacitance in the Soil-Plant System

In this paper, the hydraulic resistances and capacitances were evaluated. based on the development of non-(?) model of water flow in the soil-plant system and the simulating experiment work.The results show that the mean hydraulic resistance in the soil-plant system is 6.79×109 MPa·S·m-3; the mean hydraulic capacitance in the system is 5.2×107m3·MPa-1. In the components of hydraulic capacitance in the system, the capacitance in soil (81.8×10-6m3·MPa ) is the biggest and its variability with suii water potential is extremely strong, the capacitance in plant (5.3×10-7m3·MPa-1) is much smaller than that in soil, and the capacitance in shoots (15.5×10-7m3·2MPa-1) is bigger than that in roots (8.4×10-7m3·2MPa-1). An interesting result is that the capacitance in plant is almost equivalent to that in the soil-plant system.

On the uncertainty of interwell connectivity estimations from the capacitance-resistance model

The capacitance-resistance model （CRM） is an alternative to conventional reservoir simulation. CRM, a simplification of complex numerical models, uses production and injection rates to infer a reservoir description. There is no prior geologic model. The principal output of CRM fitting is the fraction of injected fluid （usually water） that is produced at a producer at steady-state. These fractions are interwell connectivities. Interwell connectivities are fundamental information needed to manage waterfloods in oil reservoirs. The data-driven CRM is a fast tool to estimate these parameters in mature fields and allows one to make full use of the dynamic data available. This paper considers the problem of setting an upper bound on the uncertainty of interwell connectivities for linear-constrained models. Using analytical bounds and numerical simulations, we derive a consistent upper limit on the uncertainty of interwell connections that can be used to quantify the information content of a given dataset.

Input signal design to estimate interwell connectivities in mature fields from the capacitance-resistance model

Interwell connectivities are fundamental parameters required to manage waterfloods in oil reservoirs. Data-driven models, such as the capacitance-resistance model （CRM）, are fast tools to estimate these parameters from time-correlations of input （injection rates） and output （production rates） signals. Noise and structure of the input time-series impose limits on the information that can be extracted from a given data-set. This work uses the CRM to study general prescriptions for the design of input signals that enhance the information content of injection/production data in the estimation of well-to-well interactions. Numerical schemes and general features of the optimal input signal strategy are derived for this problem.

Effect of displacement on resistance and capacitance of polyaniline film

This paper investigates the properties of displacement sensors based on polyaniline （PANI） films. About 1 wt% of PANI micropowder is mixed and stirred in a solution of 90 wt% water and 10 wt% alcohol at room temperature. The films of PANI axe deposited from solution by drop-casting on Ag electrodes, which are preliminary deposited on glass substrates. The thicknesses of the PANI films are in the range of 20 μm-80 μm. A displacement sensor with polyaniline film as an active material is designed and fabricated. The investigations showed that, on average, the AC resistance of the sensor decreases by 2 times and the capacitance accordingly increases by 1.6 times as the displacement changes in the range of 0 mm-0.5 mm. The polyaniline is the only active material of the displacement sensor. The resistance and capacitance of the PANI changes under the pressure of spring and elastic rubber, and this pressure is created by the downward movement of the micrometer.

In-situ Synthesis and Oxidation Resistance of Sialon/SiC Composite Ceramics Applied as Solar Absorber

Sialon/SiC composites were synthesized in situ from SiC,α-Si_(3)N_(4),AlN,calcined bauxite,quartz and Y_(2)O_(3) via layered buried sintering at different temperatures (1 540-1 640 ℃).The results showed that the O’-sialon/SiC sample with 60 wt% silicon carbide sintered at 1 600 ℃ exhibited excellent mechanical properties,with apparent porosity of 16.01%,bulk density of 2.06 g·cm^(-3),bending strength of 52.63 MPa,and thermal expansion coefficient of 5.83×10-6 ℃^(-1).The oxide film formed on the surface was linked closely to O’-sialon,so the oxide film was not easily broken.After 100 h oxidization,the sample surface was smoother and denser,with oxidation weight gain rate 23.6 mg/cm^(2) and oxidation rate constant 2.0 mg^(2)·cm^(-4)·h^(-1).Therefore,the sample had the excellent high-temperature oxidation resistance.It was confirmed that the in-situ sialon/SiC composites could be a promising candidate for solar absorber owing to its high-temperature oxidation resistance.

An ultrathin wide-band planar metamaterial absorber based on a fractal frequency selective surface and resistive film

We propose an ultrathin wide-band metamaterial absorber （MA） based on a Minkowski （MIK） fractal frequency selective surface and resistive film. This absorber consists of a periodic arrangement of dielectric substrates sandwiched with an MIK fractal loop structure electric resonator and a resistive film. The finite element method is used to simulate and analyze the absorption of the MA. Compared with the MA-backed copper film, the designed MA-backed resistive film exhibits an absorption of 90% at a frequency region of 2 GHz-20 GHz. The power loss density distribution of the MA is further illustrated to explain the mechanism of the proposed MA. Simulated absorptions at different incidence cases indicate that this absorber is polarization-insensitive and wide-angled. Finally, further simulated results indicate that the surface resistance of the resistive film and the dielectric constant of the substrate can affect the absorbing property of the MA. This absorber may be used in many military fields.

Broadband,polarization-insensitive,and wide-angle microwave absorber based on resistive film

A simple design of broadband metamaterial absorber（MA） based on resistive film is numerically presented in this paper.The unit cell of this absorber is composed of crossed rectangular rings-shaped resistive film,dielectric substrate,and continuous metal film.The simulated results indicate that the absorber obtains a 12.82-GHz-wide absorption from about 4.75 GHz to 17.57 GHz with absorptivity over 90% at normal incidence.Distribution of surface power loss density is illustrated to understand the intrinsic absorption mechanism of the structure.The proposed structure can work at wide polarization angles and wide angles of incidence for both transverse electric（TE） and transverse magnetic（TM） waves.Finally,the multi-reflection interference theory is involved to analyze and explain the broadband absorption mechanism at both normal and oblique incidence.Moreover,the polarization-insensitive feature is also investigated by using the interference model.It is seen that the simulated and calculated absorption rates agree fairly well with each other for the absorber.

Thermal Analysis of Vehicular Twin-Tube Hydraulic Gas-Precharged Shock Absorbers

In this study of temperature rising in vehicular twin-tube hydraulic gas-precharged shock absorbers,thermodynamic analyses were conducted via simulations.Equations on heat conduction,heat convection as well as radiation were derived by applying certain laws governing heat transfer;an equivalent thermal resistance network model of a shock absorber undergoing heat transfer was established innovatively;moreover,the shock absorber’s thermodynamic model of control volume system was built by using the first law of thermodynamics;and finally,time required for shock absorber to reach thermal equilibrium and corresponding value of steady temperature were calculated by programming.In this way,a lower thermal equilibrium temperature will be achieved,hence help to improve reliability of shock absorbers in work by offering low ambient temperature,by reducing amplitudes and frequencies of external incentives exerted on them and by increasing flow rate of ambient air passing around them.

On the Absence of Carrier Drift in Two-Terminal Devices and the Origin of Their Lowest Resistance Per Carrier R_k=h/Q²

After a criticism on today’s model for electrical noise in resistors, we pass to use a Quantum-compliant model based on the discreteness of electrical charge in a complex Admittance. From this new model we show that carrier drift viewed as charged particle motion in response to an electric field is unlike to occur in bulk regions of Solid-State devices where carriers react as dipoles against this field. The absence of the shot noise that charges drifting in resistors should produce and the evolution of the Phase Noise with the active power existing in the resonators of L-C oscillators, are two effects added in proof for this conduction model without carrier drift where the resistance of any two-terminal device becomes discrete and has a minimum value per carrier that is the Quantum Hall resistance Rk=h/q2

PARAMETRIC MATCHING SELECTION OF MULTI-MEDIUM COUPLING SHOCK ABSORBER

To achieve the dual demand of resisting violent impact and attenuating vibration in vibration-impact-safety of protection for precision equipment such as MEMS packaging system, a theo- retical mathematical model of multi-medium coupling shock absorber is presented. The coupling of quadratic damping, linear damping, Coulomb damping and nonlinear spring are considered in the model. The approximate theoretical calculating formulae are deduced by introducing transformation-tactics. The contrasts between the analytical results and numerical integration results are developed. The resisting impact characteristics of the model are also analyzed in progress. In the meantime, the optimum model of the parameters matching selection for design of the shock absorber is built. The example design is illustrated to confirm the validity of the modeling method and the theoretical solution.

Possibility of a Novel Warm-Up Strategy Using Capacitive and Resistive Electric Transfer: A Pilot Study

[Purpose] Capacitive and resistive electric transfer (CRET) is becoming prevalent in sports settings. CRET is effective for improving pain and healing injured tissue;however, its influence on muscle function and morphology is still unclear. This study confirmed the immediate effects of CRET on the duration of muscular stiffness and range of motion (ROM). [Method] This study describes the protocol for a single-arm trial with the non-blinding of participants and researchers. Twenty-four healthy men participated in the study. They received CRET therapy for their low back areas. The muscular stiffness of the multifidus muscle (superficial and deep) and the ROM using the active straight leg raise (ASLR) test were measured pre-intervention, post-intervention (immediately), and 15 and 30 min post-intervention. We compared these parameters using a one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett’s test (multiple comparison tests for subtests). [Results] The muscular stiffness of the superficial and deep multifidus muscles was significantly decreased, and the ASLR test showed a significant increase compared with the test performed pre-intervention. In addition, these effects persisted for 30 min. [Conclusion] Warm-up is vital for improving muscular stiffness and increasing the ROM. CRET is a useful device for achieving these aims, particularly as a passive warm-up method in sports settings.

Effect of the Dynamic Resistance on the Maximum Output Power in Dynamic Modelling of Photovoltaic Solar Cells

Several studies on PV solar cells are found in the literature which use static models. Those models are mainly one-diode, two-diode or three-diode models. In the dynamic modelling, a variable parallel capacitance is incorporated. Unlike the previous studies which do not clearly establish a relationship between the capacitance and the voltage, in the present paper, the link between the capacitance and the voltage is investigated and established. In dynamic modelling investigated in this paper, the dynamic resistance is introduced in the modelling of the solar cell. It is introduced in the current-voltage characteristic. The value of the dynamic resistance is evaluated at the maximum power point and its effect on the maximum power is investigated. The study shows for the first time, that the dynamic resistance must be introduced in the current-voltage characteristic, because it has an influence on the PV cell output.

基于新型CD单元的两相交错并联高增益Boost变换器

为减少基于电容-二极管(CD)升压单元的两相交错并联高增益Boost变换器的CD单元数量,提升变换器电压增益,提出一种最后两级CD单元电容并联充电、串联供电的新型两相交错Boost变换器拓扑结构,进一步发挥CD单元的升压能力。分析新型3CD、4CD两相交错并联Boost变换器的拓扑演化过程,提出新型NCD两相交错并联Boost变换器的拓扑演化规律。以新型4CD两相交错并联Boost变换器为例,分析变换器工作原理,以及电感、电容寄生电阻对变换器电压增益的影响。最后在StarSim硬件在环实验平台搭建1 kW的新型4CD单元交错并联Boost变换器,验证该文所提拓扑的正确性。

基于遗传算法的宽带渐变电阻膜超材料吸波器设计

近年来,基于超材料的电磁吸波器件由于其宽带、易制备等优势而备受各国研究者的广泛关注.本文为实现宽带电磁低可探测,提出一种渐变电阻膜-介质复合结构的超材料吸波器.基于传输线理论和阻抗匹配原理,对强吸波条件进行了分析.在单元结构设计方面,采用遗传算法在多变量域内全局搜索最优解,快速地确定出能够兼顾低频与宽带吸波性能的超材料单元结构与电阻参数,并对器件吸波性能与吸波机理进行了深入的探讨.仿真结果表明,在垂直入射下,所设计的超材料吸波器对1.62—19.16 GHz(相对带宽168.8%)之间的入射波吸收率均大于90%,有效地向L和K波段拓展了吸收带宽.虽然在部分频段测试和仿真结果之间存在一定偏差,但两种类型的曲线随频率的变化趋势基本一致,这充分证明了所设计的超材料吸波器在低频宽带吸波领域具有潜在应用价值.

电气设备剩余电压测试仪校准方法

分析了电气设备剩余电压测试仪基本原理,提出一种基于标准阻容网络法对剩余电压测试仪剩余电压幅值和延迟时间参数进行校准的方法。结合交流标准电阻器和电容器等效模型,分析了标准电阻时间常数和标准电容损耗因数对校准结果的影响,推导了校准时剩余电压和延迟时间标准值的计算方法。采用1 MΩ交流标准电阻和1μF标准电容器组成的电路网络对剩余电压测试仪进行了校准,结果表明标准阻容网络法可满足该仪器的校准。对测量结果进行了不确定度分析,剩余电压幅值测量不确定度为1.1%,延迟时间测量不确定度为1.2%,主要不确定度分量为标准电容器损耗因数的影响。

季冻区纳米SiO_(2)改性SAP路面混凝土的耐磨性

为解决季冻区高吸水性树脂(SAP)路面混凝土耐磨性下降的问题,通过耐磨性试验探索了纳米SiO_(2)(NS)对季冻区SAP路面混凝土磨损量的影响;采用压汞仪(MIP)和扫描电镜(SEM)研究了冻融前后NS改性SAP路面混凝土孔结构和微观形貌的变化,从细微观角度阐述其耐磨性的提升机理;并对其微观结构与耐磨性进行相关性分析。研究结果表明,经150次冻融循环之后,掺有3%NS的改性SAP路面混凝土在200 N磨耗负荷下的磨损量较基准下降30.92%,20~50nm的孔占比上升,50~200nm的孔占比下降,总孔隙量和孔隙率减少,界面区裂缝数量和尺寸大幅降低,内部密实性程度显著提高,耐磨性明显增强。

无人航行器声隐身性能提升研究

针对小几何尺度的无人航行器(Unmanned Underwater Vehicle,UUV)中减振技术的应用问题,建立尺度较小的SUBOFF无人航行器有限元模型。分析其在典型激励下的声振特性,探讨阻振、吸振技术在UUV上的应用,并且基于声学黑洞结构设计UUV舱段,分析其减振效果。研究结果表明:无人航行器结构振动和辐射噪声的峰值频率与整体和局部结构的模态频率关系较大。在推进电机基座、推力轴承基座等结构上应用阻振质量和动力吸振器可有效减小艇体振动,吸振器质量增加可改善吸振效果。设计声学黑洞(Acoustic Black Hole,ABH)舱段并应用于艇体的中部均匀部分,可有效减小结构振动由激励源向船艏的传递,体现该方案的减振效果。

锂离子电池分数阶可变阻容建模与荷电状态估计

锂离子电池荷电状态(SOC)的估计对于保障新能源电动汽车稳定、安全地运行至关重要,而高精度的电池模型是SOC估计的基础,但常用的锂离子电池阻容(RC)模型中,存在高阶模型结构复杂、低阶模型近似程度低,以及电池状态突变导致SOC难以精确估计的问题。本文提出一种基于分数微积分理论的锂离子电池分数阶可变阻容(FVOM)模型,通过利用赤池信息量(AIC)准则识别不同SOC时分数阶阻容模型的最优阶数,构建适应不同SOC时的时变阻容电池模型;同时引入衰减因子构建强跟踪分数阶扩展卡尔曼滤波(STF-FEKF)算法,实现电池荷电状态估计,克服历史数据对当前估计值的影响。基于城市道路循环工况(UDDS)等三种不同工况对分数阶扩展卡尔曼滤波(FEKF)算法进行验证。结果表明,在脉冲放电工况下,模型的平均绝对误差(AAE)由0.0197 V降为0.0160 V,其电压误差均小于50 mV,预测精度相对提高了18.8%;同时,改进后的方法使AAE和均方根误差(RMSE)均有所减小,不仅验证了所提方法的有效性,也为提高锂离子电池SOC状态估计精度和计算效率提供了新的思路。

矿用单元式液压支架立柱“井”形防冲吸能构件特性分析

为了解决目前煤矿井下巷道支护设备和支护材料在冲击地压作用下发生损坏破坏和失效的问题,设计研发了一种新型多肋板吸能构件。首先,根据防冲支架吸能构件的作用原理,明确了吸能构件的设计要求,提出了一种多肋板型吸能构件,对吸能构件的构型和截面形状展开了结构设计,给出了多肋板型吸能构件尺寸图与三维模型图;基于简化的超折叠单元理论剖析了“井”形管的能量耗散途径,推导出了“井”形管的平均支反力预测公式;其次,采用数值模拟方法对多肋板型吸能构件吸能特性展开了仿真研究,并探究了肋板厚度和不同材料对多肋板型吸能构件的吸能性能的影响,得出了肋板厚度和材料显著影响吸能性能的结论。最后,利用MATLAB的遗传算法进行了优化,利用参数优化结果,重新设计了多肋板型吸能构件,并进行了仿真试验,将仿真试验与压溃试验的结果进行对比分析。分析表明,遗传算法迭代的多肋板型吸能构件具有较好的能量吸收参数,在平台阶段支撑反力的波动较小,能量吸收过程相对稳定,能有效达到能量吸收的效果。

电路参数对RLC串联谐振电路特性影响的实验研究

由于谐振电路具有良好的选择性,在通信与电子技术中得到了广泛的应用,串联谐振时电感电压或电容电压大于激励电压的现象在无线电通信技术领域获得了有效的应用。本文采用实验方法,通过保持电阻、电感不变,改变电容;保持电阻、电容不变,改变电感;保持电感、电容不变,改变电阻三种方式,研究了电容、电感、电阻等电路参数对RLC串联谐振电路特性的影响,得到电路谐振时谐振频率、通频带宽度、电感线圈等效电阻、品质因数随电感、电容、电阻变化的规律及不同元件参数对品质因数影响的不同机理。