Cellular models of stress resistance may pave ways to fight neurodegenerative diseases

Alzheimer's disease(AD),the most common form of neurodegeneration,is characterized by selective neuronal vulnerability and brain regionselective neuron demise.The entorhinal cortex and hippoc,ampal CA1 projection neurons are at greater risk in AD whereas other regions display resistance to neurodegeneration.Interestingly,the cerebellum,a phylogenetically very old region,is affected only very late in the disease progression.

Understanding the link between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease:role of brain insulin resistance

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease are chronic diseases linked to a growing pandemic that affects older adults and causes significant socio-economic burden.Epidemiological data supporting a close relationship between these two aging-related diseases have resulted in the investigation of shared pathophysiological molecular mechanisms.Impaired insulin signaling in the brain has gained increasing attention during the last decade and has been suggested to contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease through the dysregulation of several pathological processes.The contribution of type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease,with emphasis on brain insulin resistance,is extensively discussed in this article and new therapeutic strategies targeting this pathological link are presented and reviewed.

Genetic Inheritance and Molecular Marker of Clubroot Resistance Genes in Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis

Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the genetic inheritance of clubroot resistance in Chinese non-heading cabbage （Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis）. [Method] The clubroot resistance gene was introduced from a Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis cultivar to non-heading Chinese cabbage, and the inheri-tance and molecular markers of clubroot resistance gene in parental lines, F1, F2 and BC1 of non-heading Chinese cabbage were studied through pathogen inoculation at seedling stage and ISSR-PCR. [Result] Clubroot resistance in non-heading Chi-nese cabbage was control ed by a single dominant gene. ISSR molecular markers with Bulk segregant analysis （BSA） found that primer-873 was linked to resistance gene, named CR-873, and the genetic distance between the marker and the resis-tance gene was 9.72 cM. [Conclusion] The results provide references for the molecular marker assisted breeding of non-heading Chinese cabbage.

Inheritance Pattern of Two-line Hybrid Rice Resistance to False Smut

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the inheritance pattern of the resistance of two-line hybrid rice to false smut. [Method] A moderate susceptible TGMS line 33S as the female parent, was crossed with 30 susceptible restorer lines and 23 resistant restorer lines. Then false smut resistance of the hybrid F1 and parents were identified. [Result] All F1 of 33S crossed with 30 susceptible re- storer lines were susceptible to rice false smut. The F1 of 33S crossed with 23 re- sistant restorer lines showed dominant, incompletely dominant or recessive inheri- tance. Dominant and incompletely dominant inheritance accounted for 87.0%. The diseased panicle rate, disease index, average diseased grains per panicle, and the highest diseased grains per panicle of F1 shared highly significant positive correla- tions with corresponding indicators of restorer lines. [Conclusion] This study provides references for genetic improvement of two-line hybrid rice.

Inheritance of Powdery Mildew Resistance in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and Development of an AFLP Marker for Resistance Detection

Cucumber powdery mildew is one of the most destructive diseases of cucumber throughout the world. In the present study, inheritance of powdery mildew resistance in three crosses, and linkage of resistance with amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to powdery mildew. The joint analysis of multiple generations and AFLP technique has been applied in this study. The best model is the one with two major genes, additive, dominant, and epistatic effects, plus polygenes with additive, dominant, and epistatic effects （E-l-0 model）. The heritabilities of the major genes varied from 64.26% to 97.82%, and susceptibility was incompletely dominant for the two major genes in the three crosses studied. The additive effects of the two major genes and the dominant effect of the second major gene were high, and the epistatic effect of the additive-dominant between the two major genes was the highest in cross I . In cross II, the absolute value of the additive effect, dominant effect, and potential ratio of the first major gene were far higher than those of the second major gene, and the epistatic effect of the additive-additive was the highest. The genetic parameters of the two major genes in cross III were similar to those in cross II. Correlation and regression analyses showed that marker E25/M63-103 was linked to a susceptible gene controlling powdery mildew resistance. The marker could account for 19.98% of the phenotypic variation. When the marker was tested on a diverse set of 29 cucumber lines, the correlation between phenotype and genotype was not significant, which suggested cultivar specialty of gene expression or different methods of resistance to powdery mildew. The target DNA fragment was 103 bp in length, and only a small part was found to be homologous to DNA in the other species evaluated, which indicated that it was unique to the cucumber genome.

Inheritance of Resistance to SMV3 and Identification of RAPD Marker Linked to the Resistant Gene in Soybean

One SMV resistant soybean line (95-5383) was crossed with four susceptible soybean varieties/ line (HB1, Tiefeng21, Amsoy, Williams) and one resistant introduced line PI486355. Their F, and F2 individuals were identified for SMV resistance by inoculation with SMV3. The results showed that in the four crosses of resistant X susceptible, F1 were susceptible and the ratio of F2 populations was 1 resistant : 3 susceptible (mosaic and necrosis), indicating that 95-5383 carries one recessive gene that confer resistance to SMV3. There is segregation of susceptibility in F2 progenies from the cross of 95-5383 X PI486355, indicating that the SMV3 resistant gene in 95-5383 is located at different locus from PI486355. By bulked segregating analysis (BSA) in F2 populations of 95-5383 X HB1, one codominant RAPD marker OPN11980/1070 closely linked to SMV3 resistance gene amplified with RAPD primer OPN11 was identified. The DNA fragment OPNll980 was amplified in resistant parent 95-5383 and resistant bulk, and OPN111070 was amplified in susceptible parent HB1 and susceptible bulk. OPNll980/1070 was amplified in F,. Identification of the markers in F2 plants showed that the codominant marker OPNll980/1070 is closely linked to the SMV resistance locus in 95-5383, with genetic distance of 2.1cM.

Inheritance and Molecular Marker of Resistance to Bot Canker in Malus domestica

Apple bot canker [Botryosphaeria dothidea（Moug.） Ces.et de Not.] is distributed worldwide,resulting in a serious crop loss every year in apple（Malus domestica Borkh.） production.The resistance of each seedling derived from a hybrid population（Jonathan×Golden Delicious） was evaluated by disease index either from natural infection in the field or from inoculation with five isolates of B.dothidea,Ls1,Lw023,Lw048,Mx1,and Zz26.The inheritance of the resistance to bot canker was analyzed via frequency distribution analysis,and microsatellite and AFLP markers linked to the resistance loci were screened.From the binary frequency distribution patterns,it was found that the segregation ratio of resistant/susceptible genotypes infected by pathogen isolates Lw023 and Ls1 was 1：15;and that by Zz26 and Mx1 was 15：1.The variation of resistance was involved in the segregation of two to four alleles of major genes,the resistance was recessive when infected by Lw023 and Ls1,but was dominant when infected with Mx1 and Zz26.A microsatellite maker,CH02a04-450,and two AFLP markers,E-AG/M-GAC-280 and E-AGG/M-CTT-110,were identified,and their map distances to the resistance loci were 5.1,5.1 and 6.2 cM,respectively.The three markers are located in different linkage groups,while CH02a04-450 is on linkage group 2 or 7.E-AG/M-GAC-280 was successfully converted into SCAR159.Finally,CH02a04-450 and SCAR159 were re-examined in inoculated segregation population and presented a good reliability on predicting phenotypes of resistance.

Inheritance and molecular characterization of resistance to AHAS- inhibiting herbicides in rapeseed

Rapeseed is a very important oil crop in China; however, its production is challenging due to the absence of effective weed management strategies. This is predominantly because of a shortage of herbicide resistance genes. Acetohydroxyacid synthase （AHAS） herbicides inhibit AHAS, a key enzyme involved in branched-chain amino acid synthesis that is required for plant growth. A rapeseed line designated M342 with AHAS herbicide resistance was developed through seed muta- genesis and was studied to assess the level and mode of inheritance of the resistance and to identify the molecular basis of resistance. M342 possessed a high level of cross-resistance to sulfonylureas （SUs） and imidazolinones （IMIs）. This resistance was due to AHAS insensitivity to these herbicides and was inherited as a dominant trait conferred by a single nuclear-encoded gene. Molecular analysis revealed the presence of a Trp574Leu mutation in M342, and an allele-specific cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence （AS-CAPS） marker was developed and cosegregated with herbicide resistance in the F2, BC1, and BC2 populations. This mutation altered the transcript levels of BnAHAS1 and BnAHAS3 in M342 compared with those in the wild type, but it did not affect the agronomic or quality traits. The simple genetic inheritance of this mutation and the availability of the cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence （CAPS） marker and herbicide resistance gene should facilitate the development of herbicide-resistant rapeseed cultivars for effective weed control in China.

Blast-Resistance Inheritance of Space-Induced Rice Lines and Their Genomic Polymorphism by Microsatellite Markers

To understand the resistance inheritance basis of space-induced rice lines to blast, and to probe mutants＇ genomic DNA polymorphism compared with ground control by microsatellite markers, three space-induced lines were crossed with a highly susceptible variety LTH, and their F1 and F2 populations were inoculated by two representative blast isolates with broad pathogenicity to analyze their resistance inheritance basis. Meanwhile three mutant lines and the ground control were analyzed by 225 rice SSR （simple sequence repeat） primer pairs selected throughout the 12 chromosomes of whole rice genome, to scan the mutagenesis in genome of the mutant lines. The results indicated the blast-resistant genes harbored in these mutant lines were dominant. It was demonstrated that the resistance of mutant H1 to isolate GD0193 and GD3286 was controlled by a single gene, respectively; while mutants H2 and H3 were controlled by two pairs of major genes against isolate GD3286 and H2 showed complicated genetic mechanism to isolate GD0193. H3＇s resistance to isolate GD0193 was verified to be controlled by a single gene. According to the results of SSR analysis, three mutant lines showed different mutant rates as compared with the ground control, and the mutant rates also varied. Resistance genes can be induced from rice by space mutation, and different genomic variations were detected in blast-resistant lines.

The Resistance of Chinese Wild Vitis to Uncinula necator and its Inheritance in F_1 Generation

By natural field identification, the resistance of Chinese wild Vitis to Uncinula necator and its inheritance in F1 generation were studied with 35 clones of 9 Chinese wild Vitis species, 171 F1 individuals of 4 inter-species cross between Chinese wild Vitis and Vitis vinifera cultivars, and 16 individuals of self-pollinated Chinese wild Vitis. Results showed that the phenotypes of resistance to Uncinula necator in Chinese wild Vitis and its F1 generation were rich and diverse. Based on the segregation of resisitance to Uncinula necator in the progenies resulted from both interspecific hybridization and self-pollination, of Chinese native wild Vitis species and clones were controlled by poly genes showing dominant independent heredity. Minor resistant genes were also exist in Chinese wild susceptible Vitis species and clones.

Inheritance and Molecular Mapping of Stripe Rust Resistance Gene Yr88375 in Chinese Wheat Line Zhongliang 88375

Stripe rust is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. Inheritance of stripe rust resistance and mapping of resistance gene with simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers are studied to formulate efficient strategies for breeding cultivars resistant to stripe rust. Zhongliang 88375, a common wheat line, is highly resistant to all three rusts of wheat in China. The gene conferring rust disease was deduced originating from Elytrigia intermedium. Genetic analysis of Zhongliang 88375 indicated that the resistance to PST race CYR31 was controlled by a single dominant gene, temporarily designated as Yr88375. To molecular map Yr88375, a F2 segregating population consisting of 163 individuals was constructed on the basis of the hybridization between Zhongliang 88375 and a susceptible wheat line Mingxian 169; 320 SSR primer pairs were used for analyzing the genetic linkage relation. Six SSR markers, Xgwm335, Xwmc289, Xwmc810, Xgdmll6, Xbarc59, and Xwmc783, are linked to Yr88375 as they were all located on chromosome 5BL Yr88375 was also located on that chromosome arm, closely linked to Xgdmll6 and Xwmc810 with genetic distances of 3.1 and 3.9 cM, respectively. The furthest marker Xwmc783 was 13.5 cM to Yr88375. Hence, pedigree analysis of Zhongliang 88375 combined with SSR markers supports the conclusion that the highly resistance gene Yr88375 derived from Elytrigia intermedium is a novel gene for resistance to stripe rust in wheat. It could play an important role in wheat breeding programs for stripe rust resistance.

Study on Cerospora sojina Hara Toxin Resistance and It's Inheritance in Soybean

Cerospora sojina Hara. toxin produced by mycelia of the pathogen can harm soybean plants. In this paper, 50 varieties and one resistant-susceptible combination were used to study the toxin resistance and it's inheritance. Comparing the results from the field under different inoculation conditions, the average coincidence rate of the toxin test is 62.37%. The inheritance of resistance to the toxin of Race 7 of Cerospora sojina Hara was proved to be controlled by a pair of single dominant genes. The toxin appraisal method can be used for many purposes owing to it's convenience.

Lack of fitness cost and inheritance of resistance to abamectin based on the establishment of a near-isogenic strain of Tetranychus urticae

Many populations of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, have developed high levels of resistance to the pesticide abamectin in China and other countries. This study developed a near-isogenic line to understand better the inheritance, cross-resistance, and fitness costs associated with abamectin resistance in the field population of T. urticae in China. We introduced the trait that confers extremely high abamectin resistance in a field-collected population of T. urticae into a susceptible laboratory strain(IPP-SS) to generate an abamectin-resistant near-isogenic line(NIL-Aba).This process was carried out through multiple backcrossing to IPP-SS and via parthenogenesis and abamectin screening. Compared with IPP-SS, the NIL-Aba strain had a 25 147-fold resistance to abamectin and a high level of cross-resistance to bifenthrin(288.17-fold), an intermediate level to emamectin benzoate(42.57-fold), and low levels to bifenazate, chlorfenapyr, cyflumetofen, cyenopyrafen, and cyetpyrafen with resistance ranging from 3.18-to 9.31-fold.But it had no cross-resistance to profenofos. The resistance to abamectin in NIL-Aba was autosomal, incompletely dominant, and polygenic. Based on two sex life table parameters, no fitness cost was found in NIL-Aba. Establishing the NIL-Aba strain provides a reliable basis for an in-depth study of abamectin resistance in T. urticae. New information on toxicological characteristics and fitness cost should facilitate the management of abamectin resistance in field populations of T. urticae.

Germplasm Evaluation,Inheritance, Molecular Marker and Mechanism of Resistance to Frog eye Leaf Spot

Soybean frog eye leaf spot(FLS) has been a major disease and production constralnt in the Northeast of China.The paper reported methods for identifying and evaluating resistant germplasm to the disease,at sometime listed several resistant cultivars or lines which were resistant to both dominant races (1,7 race)and the mixture of over 8 races. It indicated that the resistance to race 1 or 7 were due to two different single dominant genes,respectively.And in the fied,there were more races,the resistance showed quantitative character.It was proposed the LTP,which was made according to the sizeand number of lesions could be used as an important index in selecting. Using bulked segregants analysis (BSA),the genetic distance between OPSO3 620 and resistant gene to race 7 were identified 8.7cm.The results showed that the resistant cultivars had less number of stoma,closer arrangement of polisade tissue and high cotent of wax.

Inheritance of Resistance to Mungbean Yellow Mosaic Virus (MYMV) in Inter and Intra Specific Crosses of Mungbean (<i>Vigna radiata</i>)

The objective of this research was to study the mode of inheritance of resistance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) in inter TNAU RED × VRM (Gg) 1 and intra KMG 189 × VBN (Gg) 2 specific crosses of mungbean. An infector row technique was used for evaluating parents, F1, F2 and F3 plants for MYMV resistance. No insecticide was sprayed in order to maintain the natural whitefly population in experimental field. In the field condition, only after 80% of plants showed MYMV incidence, and the scoring of the test materials was done by MYMV disease rating scale. According to the mean disease score, the mungbean genotypes were categorized into five groups resistant (R), moderately resistant (MR), moderately susceptible (MS), susceptible (S) and highly susceptible (HS). 3 (Susceptible): 1 (Resistance) was observed in all two crosses of all F2 population and it showed that the dominance of susceptibility over the resistance and the results of the F3 segregation (1:2:1) confirm the segregation pattern of the F2 segregation. Collectively all the two crosses F2 and F3 generations results suggested that a single recessive gene is involved in resistance against the MYMV disease.

The influence of resistance exercise training prescription variables on skeletal muscle mass,strength,and physical function in healthy adults:An umbrella review

Purpose:The aim of this umbrella review was to determine the impact of resistance training(RT)and individual RT prescription variables on muscle mass,strength,and physical function in healthy adults.Methods:Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses(PRISMA)guidelines,we systematically searched and screened eligible systematic reviews reporting the effects of differing RT prescription variables on muscle mass(or its proxies),strength,and/or physical function in healthy adults aged>18 years.Results:We identified 44 systematic reviews that met our inclusion criteria.The methodological quality of these reviews was assessed using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews;standardized effectiveness statements were generated.We found that RT was consistently a potent stimulus for increasing skeletal muscle mass(4/4 reviews provide some or sufficient evidence),strength(4/6 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),and physical function(1/1 review provided some evidence).RT load(6/8 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),weekly frequency(2/4 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),volume(3/7 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence),and exercise order(1/1 review provided some evidence)impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength.We discovered that 2/3 reviews provided some or sufficient evidence that RT volume and contraction velocity influenced skeletal muscle mass,while 4/7 reviews provided insufficient evidence in favor of RT load impacting skeletal muscle mass.There was insufficient evidence to conclude that time of day,periodization,inter-set rest,set configuration,set end point,contraction velocity/time under tension,or exercise order(only pertaining to hypertrophy)influenced skeletal muscle adaptations.A paucity of data limited insights into the impact of RT prescription variables on physical function.Conclusion:Overall,RT increased muscle mass,strength,and physical function compared to no exercise.RT intensity(load)and weekly frequency impacted RT-induced increases in muscular strength but not muscle hypertrophy.RT volume(number of sets)influenced muscular strength and hypertrophy.

Inheritance of fire blight resistance in Asian <i>Pyrus</i>species

Since several Asian pear species are considered to be potential source of fire blight resistance, we crossed “Doyenné du Comice”, the susceptible European cultivar, with four Asian pear species. The aim of the study was to establish the level of resistance of each genotype and the mode of transmission of fire blight resistance to each F1 full-sib progeny. The best sources of resistance were P. ussuriensis 18 and P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea 8 ranked to resistant and highly resistant, respectively. Although pear resistance to fire blight is suggested to be polygenic, distribution of phenotypes in “Doyenné du Comice” × P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea 8 hybrid family suggests the possibility of monogenic inheritance with the dominance of resistance derived from P. ussuriensis var. ovoidea 8. Polygenic inheritance of pear resistance to fire blight was identified in cross combinations of “Doyenné du Comice” with P. pyrifolia 6, and contributed by the major gene, with P. ussuriensis 18 and P. calleryana 12. Transgressive segregation was observed within the progenies of susceptible, moderately susceptible and resistant parents.

Analyses of gene effects and inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight in rice

We analyzed the resistant inheritance of ajaponica variety,Jia23,to two bacterial blightpathogen strains,KS-6-6 and Zhe 173,rep-resenting respectively the two predominantpathogenic types(Ⅱ and Ⅳ)in the rice crop-ping area along the Yangtze River Valley.Jia23 was crossed with susceptible vari-eties,Ewan8 and 7416.Fplants were back-

Inheritance of Angular Leaf Spot [Phaeoisariopsis griseola （Sacc.） Ferr] Resistance in Common Bean （Phaseolus vulgaris L,） Population Developed from Kablanketi x Mexico 54

The genetic resistance to angular leaf spot （ALS） caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola in the common bean cultivar Mexico 54 was investigated on disease reactions in parental, F1, F2 and backcross generations derived from crosses between a resistant cultivar Mexico 54 and a susceptible cultivar Kablanketi under screen house conditions. The heritability （h2） estimate was as high as 0.719 indicating a successful transfer of ALS resistance among progenies and thus selection can be performed in early generation. High heritability coupled with high expected genetic advance of 39.5% is considered to be more useful in predicting the outcome of selecting the best individuals. Chi-square values were computed to determine whether the observed ratios for disease reactions deviated from expected Mendelian ratios for a single, dominant gene controlling resistance to angular leaf spot in common bean. Based on the resistance of the F2, and the backcross generation to the resistant parent, a 3 resistant： 1 susceptible segregation ratio in the F2 and a 1 resistant： 1 susceptible segregation ratio in the backcross generation to the susceptible parent was obtained implying that resistance to the isolate ofPhaeoisariopsis griseola is governed by a single, dominant gene.

Inheritance study on the stable herbicide resistance of transgenic rice

The transgene technology showed a potentiali-ty in crop improvement such as disease and in-sect resistance,anti-adversity,and grain qual-ity.The inheritance of bar gene for herbicideBASTA resistance in stable transformed ricelines was studied for an understanding of theforeign gene inheritance pattern. BASTA resistant transgenic rice plantletswere regenerated from the embryos of rice va-rieties JY119 bombarded with bar gene.A sta-ble BASTA resistant TRline was consecutiv-