Effects of Cinnamon Acid on Respiratory Rate and Its Related Enzymes Activity in Roots of Seedlings of Malus hupehensis Rehd.

This paper studied the effects of cinnamon acid treatments on the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity in the seedling roots of Malus hupehensis Rehd.It would provide information for understanding the mechanisms of inhibition damage caused by continuous cultivation of apple tree.20 mL of solution containing different concentrations of cinnamon acid was added into container with the tested seedlings.After treatment,the samples were taken periodically and the respiratory rates were measured by OXY-LAB oxygen electrodes under 25°C stable temperature and then the activities of related enzymes were measured.The rates of total respiration and other 2 pathways [tricarboxylic acid cycle （TCA） and pentose phosphate pathway （PPP）] appeared initially an increasing treads and late （on the 3rd d） began to decline.However,they again appeared an increase trend at the end period,on the contrast,the respiratory rate of embden-meyer- hot-parnas （EMP） pathway appeared a stead decline tread but it had a recover on the last day.The respiratory rate of total and 3 pathways were decreased under 125 mg kg-1 （soil）.The dynamic trends of the enzymes activities of pyrophosphate-dependent phosphofructokinase （PFK）,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase （G-6-PDH） and malate dehydrogenase （MDH） showed similarly.In conclusion,treatments of certain concentration of cinnamon acid would inhibit the respiratory rate and related enzymes activity of roots of M.hupehensis Rehd.And the inhibition degrees were positively related with concentration of cinnamon acid treatments.

Effect of Photoperiod Treatments on Dormancy Induction and Changes in Correlated Respiratory Rate of Nectarine Peach Bud

The responses of dormancy induction to illumination and the characteristics of respiratory rate were studied with the nectarine peach bud in this article. The trial was conducted with nectarine （Prunus persica var. nectariana cv. Shuguang） and involved three treatments： a short day treatment （8 h）, a long day treatment （16 h）, and the normal condition as the control. The dormancy status was determined with the growth of shoot and the sprouting ability, and the respiratory rate was mensurated with oxygen electrode. Short day treatment could induce the growth stopping of peach shoots ahead, promote the development of dormancy, and induce buds into dormancy with 21 d previous to control. Long day treatment postponed the growth stopping and the induction and development of dormancy. The respiratory rate decreased according to the development of dormancy induction. The minimum respiratory rate appeared about 7 days after the start of dormancy induction. Bud respiratory rate increased during this period and then declined and remained at low level during dormancy period. Long day reduced buds respiratory rate slightly. Short day could induce dormancy obviously, and long day postponed dormancy induction. The changes of respiratory rate were correlated with the development of dormancy induction, and the bud respiratory rate was also affected by photoperiod.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Treatments on Caryopsis Filling and Respiratory Rate of Rice

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen （N） rate and application time on grain filling and respiratory trait of caryopsis in two rice varieties, IR36 and Dali. The treatments were consisted of no N application topdressing at both tillering and booting stages （CK）, 6 g/pot of N topdressing at the tillering stage and 2 g/pot of N topdressing at the booting stage, 2 g/pot of N topdressing at the tillering stage and 6 g/pot of N topdressing at the booting stage. The results showed that the proper utilization of N fertilizer can be helpful to maintain the higher water content, higher respiratory rate and higher dehydrogenase activity of rice caryopsis in late filling phase, and prolong the course for filling and maintaining higher respiratory rate and dehydrogenase activity of rice caryopsis. More N application at booting was more effective compared to more N application at tillering.

Effects of GA3 and ABA on the respiratory pathways during the secondary bud burst in black currants

The effects of exogenous gibberellic acid (GA(3)) and abscisic acid (ABA) on the total respiratory rate, percentages of total respiratory rate contributed by respiratory pathways [Embden-Meyerhof- Parnas Pathway (EMP), Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP), and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA)], and conversion of starch to soluble sugars in the buds of black currants during secondary bud burst were investigated to determine the relationship between respiratory rates and secondary bud burst. 'Adelinia', a black currant cultivar that is prone to secondary bud burst after the first harvest, was used in this study. Mature bushes of Adelinia were sprayed with 30 mg/L GA(3) and 50 mg/L ABA to manipulate bud burst. The results showed that exogenous applications of GA(3) and ABA had opposite effects on bud respiratory rate. Generally, GA(3) treatment increased the total respiratory rate and respiratory rate of the TCA and PPP, and the respiratory rates after GA(3) treatment were higher than those of control. While ABA treatment mostly decreased the total respiratory rate and the respiratory rate of TCA and PPP in buds in comparison to control. In terms of the percentage of the three respiratory rates in comparison to the total respiratory rate, GA(3) treatment significantly increased the percentage of TCA and PPP respiratory rate in comparison to the control (P < 0.01), whereas ABA decreased the rates. GA(3) significantly increased the content of soluble sugars and decreased the starch content, while the starch content in buds after ABA treatment was significantly higher than that of the control. All results showed that PPP is a critical process for the second bud burst in black currants. While the EMP-TCA pathway is still dominant in bud respiration, provides a series of basic materials and energy (ATP). The conversion of starch to soluble sugars is essential for bud burst. Thus, we conclude that an energy shortage is a main contributor in ABA inhibition of the secondary bud burst of black currants.

NO_3^-/NH_4^+ ratios affect plant growth, chlorophyll content,respiration rate, and morphological structure in Malus hupehensis seedlings

Malus hupehensis （Pamp.） Rehd. is a widely cultivated rootstock in China. We studied the effect of three NO3-/NH4＋ ratios （100/0, 50/50, and 0/100, molar basis） at total nitrogen （N） concentration of 8 mmoL L-1 in a nutrient solution on M. hupehensis seedlings. Plant biomass, NO3- and NH4＋concentrafion, chlorophyll con- tent, respiratory rate, and cellular structure were investi- gated. M. hupehensis seedlings at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 50/50 had the highest level of fresh weight, dry weight, shoot length, and chlorophyll （a, b, and a ＋ b） content, but the lowest respiration rate in the leavesand roots. In addition, thickness and numbers of palisade and spongy tissue cells of the leaves were greater with this treatment than with other treatments. At the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 100/0, the leaves and roots had higher NO3- concentration and lower NH4＋ concentration. However, the opposite trend occurred at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 0/100. Chloro- phyll （a, b, and a ＋ b） content was lowest at the NO3-/NH4＋ ratio of 100/0 than at the other ratios. At the NO3-/ NH4＋ ratio of 0/100, oxygen （02） consumption increased in the leaves and roots, and irregular epidermis and cortex cells were observed in the root apical meristematic and mature region. Our results indicated that the NO3-INH4＋ ratio at 50/50 was suitable for growth of M. hupehensis seedling to achieve the highest biomass production and efficiency.

Effects of Potassium Permanganate on Respiratory Movement in Carassius auratus under Different Conditions

[ Objective] To observe the effects of potassium permanganate on respiratory rate and cough frequency of Carassius auratus in different conditions. [Method] According to the simple factor design of experiment, the respiratory rate and cough frequency of Carassius auratus were recorded. The factors included concentration of potassium permanganate, temperature, duration time and pH values. [ Result] The respiratory rate and cough frequency of Carassius auratus were increased and then decreased with the increasing concentrations of potassium permanganate, rising temperature, and duration of medicated bath. The Carassius auratus had the best respiratory function at pH 7.0. The strong acid and strong alkali caused lesions and inhibited the respiratory function of Carassius auratus. [ Conclusion ] The potassium permanganate at different concentrations may have an impact on the cough frequency and respiratory rate of Carassius auratus.

Measurement of Some Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of the Antisense Fragment of CYP86MF Gene Transgenic Male Sterile Plantlets in Chinese Cabbage-Pak-Choi

In order to study the mechanism of the transgenic male sterility induced by the antisense fragment of gene CYP86MF, some physiological and biochemical indexes were compared between the transgenic plantlets of Chinese cabbage-pak-choi(Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino)and their controls. Results showed that there was significant difference between content of the endogenous hormones in leaves and floral buds. GA3 contents in leaves of the transgenic plantlets of B. campestris L. ssp. chinensis Makino cv. Shanghai-qing and cv. Youqing were reduced by 31. 72 and 46. 88% respectively as compared with those of their controls, and GA3 contents in floral buds of them were reduced by 62. 92 and 80. 57 % respectively. In addition, ZT contents in leaves of cv. Shanghai-qing and cv. Youqing were reduced by 11. 81 and 181. 20% respectively as compared with those of their controls and those in floral buds were reduced by 105. 94 and 128.75 % respectively. But, ABA content in transgenic plantlets was significantly higher than that in non-transgenic plantlets. However, differences among respiratory rate and cyanide-resistant respiratory rate, the photosynthesic rate and the content of total flavones in floral buds were not significant. In this study, the results indicated that the gene CYP86MF might be one of the key functional genes to control fertility of Chinese cabbage.

Effect of Exogenous Rare Earths on Microbial Characteristics in Paddy Soil

An incubation study was performed to elucidate exogenous rare earth elements (RE) influencing on microbial biomass, microbial ecophysiological parameters c_(mic)/c_(org), metabolic quotient q_(CO_2) and respiratory rate in relation to temporal availability in paddy soil. Six samples were added different concentrations between 0 and 2000 mg·kg^(-1) REEs in soil. Results show that exogenous RE have slight stimulative effects on microbial indices in paddy soil at low concentration in the early stage after adding RE, while having inhibitory effects at high concentration. The inhibition is strengthened with increasing RE concentration and is weakened with increasing incubation time. Principal component analysis of the BIOLOG data indicates that microbial community structures have changed, carbon sources consumption of microorganisms in paddy soil becomes much more rapid after 8 weeks, and under RE stress, the change of microbial community structures is a long-term effect.

Modification of the activated sludge model for chemical dosage

Full-scale experiments have been carried out to adapt the activated sludge model ASM2d to include the influence of metal dosage （Fe^3＋ and Al^3＋） for phosphorus removal. Phosphorus removal rates, nitrification rates, as well as pH and sludge settling performance, were evaluated as functions of the metal dosages. Furthermore, models relating certain parameters to the dosage of chemicals have been derived. Corresponding parameters in the ASM2d and the secondary settler models, included in the Benchmark Simulation Model No 1 （BSM1）, have been modified to take the metal influence into consideration. Based on the effluent limits and penalty policy of China, an equivalent evaluation method was derived for the total cost assessment. A large number of 300-day steady-state and 14-day open-loop dynamic simulations were performed to demonstrate the difference in behavior between the original and the modified BSM1. The results show that 1） both in low and high mole concentrations, Fe^3＋ addition results in a higher phosphorus removal rate than Al^3＋; 2） the sludge settling velocity will increase due to the metal addition; 3） the respiration rate of the activated sludge is decreased more by the dosage of Al^3＋ than Fe^3＋; 4） the inhibition of Al^3＋ on the nitrification rate is stronger than that of Fe^3＋; 5） the total operating cost will reach the minimum point for smaller dosages of Fe^3＋, but always increase with Al^3＋ addition.