The standard ordered response model (SORM) is a common disaggregate approach with ordered outcomes in which the effects of various exogenous attributes are assumed constant across ordinal choices. In this study, an in...The standard ordered response model (SORM) is a common disaggregate approach with ordered outcomes in which the effects of various exogenous attributes are assumed constant across ordinal choices. In this study, an innovative latent class based generalized ordered response model (LC-GORM) is formulated and used to assess the effects of various factors on respondents’ choice behavior with respect to congestion charge proposal for Jakarta, Indonesia. The proposed model probabilistically assigns respondents into selfish and altruistic class memberships (latently) based on their knowledge of the proposed scheme and their specific attributes. Aiming to capture observable preference heterogeneity across ordinal choices and allow the thresholds to be varied across observations, we parameterize the thresholds as a linear function of the exogenous variables for each ordinal preference. Using stated preference data collected in Jakarta in December 2013, we incorporate the influence of a comprehensive set of explanatory variables into four categories: charges, latent variables related to respondent’s psychological motivations, mobility attributes and socio-demographic characteristics. Empirical results obviously verify the existence of preference heterogeneity across outcomes. The findings confirm that the altruistic class are more sensitive with respect to acceptance of the scheme, while the selfish class are more sensitive with respect to rejection. The key factors influencing public acceptability include the charge level and respondent variables such as car dependency, awareness of the problem of cars in society, frequency of visits to the city center and frequency of private mode usage.展开更多
AIM: To study the effect of S-21007, a 5-HT_3partial agonist in different animal models of anxiety inmice. METHODS: S-21007 effects were evaluatedin the behavior tests after intraperitioneal and oral acutetreatment or...AIM: To study the effect of S-21007, a 5-HT_3partial agonist in different animal models of anxiety inmice. METHODS: S-21007 effects were evaluatedin the behavior tests after intraperitioneal and oral acutetreatment or in the light/dark test after both acute andchronic treatments. RESULTS: S-21007 presentedanxiolytic-like properties after acute administration inthe light/dark box test, the mirrored chamber test, andthe elevated plus-maze at be doses 10 ng·kg^(-1)-100μg·kg^(-1), 1-100 μg·kg^(-1) and 10-100 μg·kg^(-1),respectively. In the light/dark box test, S-21007 wasactive orally after acute treatment at 100 ng·kg^(-1)-10mg·kg^(-1) and after chronic treatment (14 d) at 1-10μg·kg^(-1). S-21007 was devoid of sedative or stimula-展开更多
文摘The standard ordered response model (SORM) is a common disaggregate approach with ordered outcomes in which the effects of various exogenous attributes are assumed constant across ordinal choices. In this study, an innovative latent class based generalized ordered response model (LC-GORM) is formulated and used to assess the effects of various factors on respondents’ choice behavior with respect to congestion charge proposal for Jakarta, Indonesia. The proposed model probabilistically assigns respondents into selfish and altruistic class memberships (latently) based on their knowledge of the proposed scheme and their specific attributes. Aiming to capture observable preference heterogeneity across ordinal choices and allow the thresholds to be varied across observations, we parameterize the thresholds as a linear function of the exogenous variables for each ordinal preference. Using stated preference data collected in Jakarta in December 2013, we incorporate the influence of a comprehensive set of explanatory variables into four categories: charges, latent variables related to respondent’s psychological motivations, mobility attributes and socio-demographic characteristics. Empirical results obviously verify the existence of preference heterogeneity across outcomes. The findings confirm that the altruistic class are more sensitive with respect to acceptance of the scheme, while the selfish class are more sensitive with respect to rejection. The key factors influencing public acceptability include the charge level and respondent variables such as car dependency, awareness of the problem of cars in society, frequency of visits to the city center and frequency of private mode usage.
文摘AIM: To study the effect of S-21007, a 5-HT_3partial agonist in different animal models of anxiety inmice. METHODS: S-21007 effects were evaluatedin the behavior tests after intraperitioneal and oral acutetreatment or in the light/dark test after both acute andchronic treatments. RESULTS: S-21007 presentedanxiolytic-like properties after acute administration inthe light/dark box test, the mirrored chamber test, andthe elevated plus-maze at be doses 10 ng·kg^(-1)-100μg·kg^(-1), 1-100 μg·kg^(-1) and 10-100 μg·kg^(-1),respectively. In the light/dark box test, S-21007 wasactive orally after acute treatment at 100 ng·kg^(-1)-10mg·kg^(-1) and after chronic treatment (14 d) at 1-10μg·kg^(-1). S-21007 was devoid of sedative or stimula-
