On the Rule of Law Path for Inclusive Education to Empower Education Assistance for Persons with Disabilities

Inclusive education is the mainstream of developing education for persons with disabilities worldwide.It advocates the recognition and protection of the right of persons with disabilities to receive inclusive education in mainstream schools.From the perspective of inclusive education,the educational assistance system for persons with disabilities represents a theoretical innovation in traditional educational support methods,playing a crucial role in integrating persons with disabilities into society,reversing their disadvantaged status,and maintaining educational equity.At present,China's legal system for inclusive education assistance for persons with disabilities needs improvement,and faces several obstacles,including conceptual“limited capacity”,“monotonous”subjects,“crowding-out”obstacles and supervision“absence”obstacles.It is urgent to begin with the transformation of the rule of law concept,clarify the legal positioning of multiple responsibility subjects,achieve mutual reinforcement of education law and education aid legislation,establish a supervision system for inclusive education assistance,and improve the legal framework for educational assistance for persons with disabilities.This will ensure that persons with disabilities can successfully realize their right to education,share in the benefits of social development,and ultimately contribute to achieving common prosperity.

Practice and Outlook of China's Regulation on the Extraterritorial Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations

As China’s overseas investment and business operations continue to expand,the issue of human rights risks faced by Chinese transnational corporations abroad has attracted sustained attention from society.In recent years,China has enacted a series of laws,regulations,and policies to better regulate the overseas business conduct of transnational corporations,urging them to respect the human rights of the people in host countries and fulfill their social responsibilities to achieve sustainable development.Meanwhile,China has actively participated in the formulation of the Legally Binding Instrument on Activities of Transnational Corporations and Other Business Enterprises in International Human Rights Law,providing a Chinese solution to promote global governance of transnational corporations.However,in practice,the lack of institutional mechanisms,systems,and industry rules to supervise and guide transnational enterprises in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities,as well as the limited awareness of human rights risks among these enterprises,have resulted in ongoing human rights risks in their overseas business operations,particularly regarding labor rights and environmental rights.In response,China should take its national conditions into consideration and focus on the development trends of human rights issues in the business sector at the international level.Drawing on the experiences of other countries,China should explore and establish institutional and practical measures to regulate the human rights responsibilities of transnational enterprises through legislation,administration,and judiciary actions,in order to address the risks and challenges faced by Chinese enterprises in foreign investments and contribute to the sustainable development of the world and global human rights governance.

The Shareholders' Responsibility for Contribution of Balance of the Equity Assignee

2005年修订的《公司法》第31条规定:"有限责任公司成立后,作为发现设立公司出资的非货币财产的实际价额显著低于公司章程所定价额的应当由交付该出资的股东补足其差额;公司设立时的其他股东承担连带责任。"从该条规定可知,差额补缴责任的主体为公司成立后发现的特定的瑕疵出资人。

Thoughts on the Protection of the Right to Health of Elderly Women from the Perspective of Human Rights

The right to health is an important right in the human rights system.The full realization of the right to health is particularly important for ensuring the dignity and senior years of older women.In the process of China’s economic and social development,the protection of the right to health of older women faces certain dilemma.China has the duty and responsibility to respect,protect and realize the right to health of older women.The country should actively fulfill its obligations and make continuous efforts to improve the protection of the right to health of older women through various practical channels and effective methods.

Extraterritorial Application of International Human Rights Conventions——From the Perspective of States Regulating the Extraterritorial Human Rights Obligations of Transnational Corporations

The extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions is the legal basis for states to regulate the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations.In recent years,it has been increasingly challenged by the new trend of the United Nations governing the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.A study of existing international rules and practices shows that the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions depends on the extraterritorial jurisdiction of the States Parties,which mainly includes the actual control over extraterritorial territories and individuals as well as the execution of authority outside the territories.In view of the above,if human rights violations by individuals or transnational corporations occur in areas outside their home territories or are authorized and orchestrated by the home state,the home state shall bear the corresponding human rights responsibilities.Given the restrictive scope of the abovementioned extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions,the international cooperation obligation and the"do no harm"principle may become a new legal basis for states to fulfill their extraterritorial human rights obligations in the future,thereby expanding the basis for the extraterritorial application of international human rights conventions to deal with more serious issues of human rights violations by transnational corporations.However,on the whole,the current identification and codification of states regulating the extraterritorial human rights obligations of transnational corporations should respect the existing rules of international human rights law and should not add any new human rights obligations on states.

How Load Aggregators Avoid Risks in Spot Electricity Market:In the Framework of Power Consumption Right Option Contracts

There is uncertainty in the electricity price of spot electricity market,which makes load aggregators undertake price risks for their agent users.In order to allow load aggregators to reduce the spot market price risk,scholars have proposed many solutions,such as improving the declaration decision-making model,signing power mutual insurance contracts,and adding energy storage and mobilizing demand-side resources to respond.In terms of demand side,calling flexible demand-side resources can be considered as a key solution.The user’s power consumption rights(PCRs)are core contents of the demand-side resources.However,there have been few studies on the pricing of PCR contracts and transaction decisions to solve the problem of price forecast deviation and to manage the uncertainty of spot market prices.In addition,in traditional PCR contracts,PCRs are mostly priced using a single price mechanism,that is,the power user is compensated for part of the electricity that was interrupted or reduced in power supply.However,some power users might engage in speculative behaviours under this mechanism.Further,for load aggregators,their price risk avoidance ability has not substantially improved.As a financial derivative,options can solve the above problems.In this article,firstly,the option method is used to build an option pricing optimization model for power consumption right contracts that can calculate the optimal option premium and strike price of option contracts of power consumption rights.Secondly,from the perspective of power users and load aggregators,a simulation model of power consumption right transaction decision-making is constructed.The results of calculation examples show that(1)Under the model in this article,the pricing of option contracts for power consumption rights with better risk aversion capabilities than traditional compensation contracts can be obtained.(2)The decision to sell or purchase the power consumption rights will converge at respective highvalue periods,and option contracts will expedite the process.(3)Option contracts can significantly reduce the loss caused by the uncertainty of spot electricity prices for load aggregators without reducing users’willingness to sell power consumption rights.

On the Pluralistic Nature of the Right to Development

The right to development is pluralistic with respect to the subjects of rights,type and parties bearing relevant responsibilities.The diverse claims made by the subjects of the pluralistic nature of the right to development need to be deeply safeguarded in Chinese socioeconomic development.The right to development integrates the rights of both the collective and the individual,combines economic,political,cultural,social and environmental rights,and fuses the needs of right to development in varying degrees.The right to development is core to the system of human rights discourse in China.The right to development requires that the concept of"human development"be fully incorporated into the development process,and that the responsibilities for safeguarding rights be shouldered by multiple entities through various ways.

New Developments and Challenges in the UN Norms on Human Rights Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations

With the adoption of the"Legally Binding Instrument to Regulate,in International Human Rights Law,the Activities of Transnational Corporations and other Business Enterprises"and its revised draft,the codification of the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations has entered a new era The instrument aims to supplement the shortcomings of transnational corporations in fulfilling their human rights responsibilities by strengthening the obligations of states and to improve the host country’s inadequate remedies for human rights violations by establishing extraterritorial human rights jurisdiction of home countries But the instrument has encountered various challenges because the human rights obligations and legal responsibilities of states go beyond the current domestic human rights systems and impact the existing theories and practices of international human rights law In order to resolve the differences among countries,the future codification of the instrument should be based on existing domestic and international legal systems and practices striking a balance between the interests of developing and developed countries,taking into account the objectives of both the fair treatment of transnational corporations and human rights protection,to promote the regulatory effect of the human rights responsibilities of transnational corporations.

Human Rights Protection and Global Action under the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic——Overview of“2021·China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights”

The COVID-19 pandemic is the largest ever infectious disease facing mankind.It challenges national governance capabilities and international patterns.On June 8,2021,the“2021 China-Europe Seminar on Human Rights”was held in Chongqing,China.Its theme was“COVID-19 Pandemic and the Protection of the Right to Life and Health,”which focused on five topics:the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the protection of the rights to life and health,the response of countries against the pandemic,the protection of the right to life and health of specific groups during the pandemic response,the national responsibility for the protection of the right to life and health in the public health crisis,and global cooperation in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 pandemic.The conference reached two consensuses:First,in the face of the pandemic,countries must take responsibility for the people and protect the people’s right to life and health;second,an effective international mechanism for fighting the COVID-19 pandemic must be established as soon as possible.

Research on Light Response Curve Fitting Model of Four Chamaenerion Plants on the Serzilla Mountains

In order to study the applicability of different light response models to the photoresponse curves of four species of Chamaenerion, four species of Chamaenerion collected from Serzilla were used as test materials. Four common photosynthetic models were used to fit the photosynthetic response curve of the leaves. The results show that: 1) The effect of different photosynthetic response models on photosynthetic response curve of the genus chromasia was different. The fitted value of the correction model of right angled hyperbola was closest to the measured value, the R2 was 0.998, and RE was 0.216. 2) In terms of fitting the photosynthetic parameters, the initial quantum efficiency, light compensation point and dark respiration rate were suitable for fitting with non-right angle hyperbolic model. In terms of fitting the photosynthetic parameters, the initial quantum efficiency, light compensation point and dark respiration rate were suitable for fitting with non-right angle hyperbolic model. 3) The photosynthetic characteristics of C. angustifolium subsp. circumvagum reflect the negative response to high altitude radiation. Under strong radiation, the photosynthetic rate, apparent quantum efficiency, and light saturation point are low. On the other hand, C. conspersum has a positive response to high altitude radiation. C. angustifolium and C. latifolium has a higher light compensation point and higher light saturation point, but it is also positive for high altitude radiation. The response is only a choice of light intensity at different elevations, which also explains the distribution of C. angustifolium and C. latifolium in the salmonella with a single elevation, habitat, and slope.

Unit Environmental Property Rights: Efficiency, Responsibility and System

The inexplicit efficiency of environmental property rights lies in its fuzziness. Based on the character of environmental property rights discussed, unit environment shows intra relationship between efficiency and duty of environmental property rights, and constructs a symmetrical system arrangement. Through analyzing the possibility and feasibility of unit environmental property rights, the significance of symmetrical system arrangement to avoid the inexplicit efficiency of environmental property rights is discussed in this dissertation from the aspect of the validity of offering and implementing system.

Responsibilities and Working Mechanism of National Human Rights Education and Training Bases

On July 22, 2014, the second group of national human rights education and train- ing bases was announced,increasing the number of national bases from the previous three to a total of eight, which reflects the advancement of human rights education and ~aining in China and has far-reaching significance.

数据主权主体论

数字经济飞速发展催生数据主权,深刻影响国家数据安全和全球数据治理实践。出于管辖、隐私和商业利益等因素考量,现有研究分别提出了国家、个人和企业三类数据主权归属主体,模糊了国家作为唯一主权者的权威身份。通过追溯历史、分析现状可以发现,个人与企业不可能成为数据主权的行使主体,个人和企业的利益诉求可用个人信息权利、企业数据权利等制度安排以蔽之,无论从性质上还是内容上讲,都不属于数据主权的范畴。对于个人而言,其主权主张滥觞于信息自决权,且个人缺乏对海量数据的掌控能力,个人作为数据的产生者并非理所当然是数据的所有者和主权者;对于企业而言,其因数据分析和处理能力获取的数据权力使之仅处于支配地位而非法律地位,更不能将其提升至主权地位,企业依旧是被监管者。事实上,自博丹以来的主权学说和国家间主权实践确立了国家不可动摇的主权者地位,在虚拟空间维护国家安全和人民利益的主权责任只有国家能够承担,受新一轮产业技术革命赋能的多元主体作用的提升并未侵蚀主权,相反,国家数据主权在应对新问题、新挑战的过程中获得了增强。

数字金融的算法风险及其法律规制

算法与金融的深度融合是金融产业数字化转型的关键驱动力,但同时也引发了算法歧视、算法权力、算法共谋、算法趋同等一系列新型风险。这些风险具有隐蔽性、系统性和根源多样性的特征,导致传统金融法制在法律主体、调整对象、算法权利、算法责任等方面表现出局限性。究其根源,在于算法黑箱削弱了金融消费者和监管者的风险识别和防范能力,并导致算法责任追究困难。因此,对数字金融算法风险的法律规制应以算法黑箱为切入点,以促进算法发展和防范算法风险统筹为目标,以算法透明性为基本原则,确保透明是合理的、有意义的且具有层次差异。在法律主体方面,应加强监管部门的专业性和协调机制,引入多方主体协同共治;在调整对象方面,应对算法本体和参与主体进行双维规制;在算法权利方面,应加强金融消费者数据保护与算法规制的衔接;在算法责任方面,应构建以算法设计与应用监管并重的双层监管结构,以确保数字金融算法安全可信的实现。

公司意思标准下有限责任公司股权代持的体系重构

股权代持对股权归属的约定牵扯到公司股东认定的问题,并因此带来公司治理与权利公示上的混乱。有限责任公司股权代持应区分为合同法与公司法两个层面的问题,实际出资人和名义股东之间依据代持协议的债权债务关系处理,股权归属应当回归《公司法》关于股东身份的认定标准上。股东认定应采用公司意思标准,考察公司是否接纳实际出资人作为股东参与公司,公司意思可以通过明示或者默示方式作出。完全隐名与不完全隐名的区分应以是否获得公司认可为标准。同时,为保障其他股东对公司人合性的控制,应引入优先购买权制度作为事后救济,优先购买权的行使产生撤销股权变动的效力。商事外观主义原则应当通过登记对抗效力实现,名义股东的一般债权人原则上不受外观主义保护。

平台经营者管理权的滥用与规范进路

数字时代平台经营者的角色定位已然由市场工具人向组织化的管理者转变,具有自律管理的法定职能。然而,平台经营者营利主体与管理主体的身份复合造成其在缔约与履约的过程中暗藏难以被有效识别且规制有限的权利滥用。主要原因在于:平台经营者的私主体面相与行为公共性的冲突、管理规则的私法自治与缔约商谈环境缺失的冲突和管理行为受原则性规范引导与包容审慎监管。为维护良善的平台商业生态,平台经营者应肩负起角色责任,根据《中华人民共和国公司法》第十九、二十条的规定,细化企业社会责任。在程序层面上,构造平台服务的选择渠道,强化平台用户话语权。在实体层面上,管理行为需要接受司法审查,行权措施应当符合禁止权利滥用规范。

论网络平台的混合式监管

伴随网络平台在网络交易秩序管控中的地位提升,行政立法不断强化网络平台对网络交易秩序的管理责任,片面依靠强化网络平台管理责任来保障网络交易安全的立法思路,混淆了企业与政府在网络交易监管中的责任边界,难以有效实现对网络交易安全与市场秩序的管控,甚至间接推动了平台垄断的形成。随着平台反垄断的深入,在日益复杂的网络交易关系之下,网络交易秩序的治理问题应当置于更广、更开放的社会系统中考虑,对此,应当创新网络监管职权履行模式,引入分布式的平等交互机制,构建科技驱动式监管模式,提高监管效率;同时,拓展网络职权履行的主体,发展协作式的混合管理机制,结合合作监管与自律监管,优化监管效果,从而实现平台与政府在互联网经济模式下对网络交易秩序的合作治理。

代建工程项目管理冲突及化解对策研究——以高校实验楼代建项目为例

长期以来代建制在实验楼等复杂个性项目上施行时,存在“冲突频发并需政府干预”的突出问题,代建制要求和现有流程之间的矛盾,使得项目建设中的工作冲突容易演变为利益冲突,妨碍了代建项目有效推进。文章在解析管理冲突及其原因的基础上,尝试对相关工作流程进行合理修正,从而摆脱“冲突解决依赖政府干预”的境况,以期为代建制的深入推广提供参考。

人工智能著作权主体资格的法律构造

人工智能著作权主体资格与民事权利主体资格是两个不同的问题,现有的理论研究常常将其等同观之,法律拟制的途径也聚焦权利主体拟制,忽视了著作权主体资格的特殊法律构造。人工智能著作权主体资格法律构造的特殊性在于创作主体和权利主体的二分架构,并且将责任主体适格性纳入考量。人工智能视为创作主体,人工智能创作物满足作品要件时获得著作权保护。权利主体根据政策考量可以与创作主体分离,由使用者和研发者约定,在未约定时由使用者享有人工智能作品的著作权。这不仅符合人工智能创作过程的拟制逻辑,契合权利配置中的政策选择原理,而且有助于根据现有技术达致的控制能力确立妥适的责任分配规则,推动人工智能技术的进步,促进文化传播和产业发展。

未届期股东出资责任执行的构造解析

股东出资加速到期规则的实质是公司、债权人与股东利益博弈后的立法选择。债权人得对未届出资期限股东强制执行的法理基础并非执行力主观范围扩张,程序正当的逻辑起点在于股东认缴出资之公司责任财产属性。不应扩大解释《变更追加规定》等司法解释的涵摄范围,未届期股东仅在公司不能清偿债务的前提下,承担未出资本金范围内的出资责任。未经程序确权,债权人变更追加未届期股东为被执行人之穿透式执行力扩张有悖程序法理。加速到期之诉虽可填补执行名义缺位的纰漏,实现程序勾连,但其程序法价值主要在于补足债权执行的程序要件。对未届期股东出资责任的执行应当回归债权执行的基本定位,在债权执行构造内,实现对债权人的个别清偿,以体现程序殊相。未来亟待出台司法解释或指导案例,明晰出资加速到期规则与执行程序的衔接适用细则,厘清对未届期股东出资责任执行的程序脉络,提供程序保障规范,实现公司、股东与债权人利益关系的妥适处理。