Analysis of Retorted Water Produced from Partial Combustion of Sultani Oil Shale

Oil shale samples from Sultani oil shale mine, south of Jordan, were pyrolyzed by a partial combustion to generate shale oil. The produced water was sent for analysis. The different samples were analyzed for carbon content, and results showed that the TOC was 2010 mg per liter of retorted water. Phenol and arsenic contents were measured and found to be 64 mg and 0.18 mg per liter respectively. Phosphate and sulfate were also determined and found to be 35.7 and 5022 mg per liter. On the other hand, ammonium was also found to be 2831 mg per liter. Several elements were traced and reported in the present work, in which arsenic, chrome and nickel are the most important, and the retorted water was found to contain 0.18, 0.7 and 0.5 mg per liter.

Effect of long reaction distance on gas composition from organic-rich shale pyrolysis under high-temperature steam environment

When high-temperature steam is used as a medium to pyrolyze organic-rich shale,water steam not only acts as heat transfer but also participates in the chemical reaction of organic matter pyrolysis,thus affecting the generation law and release characteristics of gas products.In this study,based on a long-distance reaction system of organic-rich shale pyrolysis via steam injection,the effects of steam temperature and reaction distance on gas product composition are analyzed in depth and compared with other pyrolysis processes.The advantages of organic-rich shale pyrolysis via steam injection are then evaluated.The volume concentration of hydrogen in the gas product obtained via the steam injection pyrolysis of organic-rich shale is the highest,which is more than 60%.The hydrogen content increases as the reaction distance is extended;however,the rate of increase changes gradually.Increasing the reaction distance from 800 to 4000 mm increases the hydrogen content from 34.91%to 69.68%and from 63.13%to 78.61%when the steam temperature is 500℃ and 555℃,respectively.However,the higher the heat injection temperature,the smaller the reaction distance required to form a high concentration hydrogen pyrolysis environment(hydrogen concentration>60%).When the steam pyrolysis temperature is increased from 500℃ to 555℃,the reaction distance required to form a high concentration of hydrogen is reduced from 3800 to 800 mm.Compared with the direct retorting process,the volume concentration of hydrogen obtained from high-temperature steam pyrolysis of organic-rich shale is 8.82 and 10.72 times that of the commonly used Fushun and Kivite furnaces,respectively.The pyrolysis of organic-rich shale via steam injection is a pyrolysis process in a hydrogen-rich environment.

Pyrolysis characteristics of a North Korean oil shale

Pyrolysis characteristics of a North Korean oil shale and its pyrolysates were investigated in this paper. The pyrolysis experiments were conducted below 600 ℃ at a heating rate of 10, 15, 20 and 25 ℃/min, respectively. The kinetics data were calculated using both integral and differential methods with the assumption of first order kinetics. The results show that the averaged oil content of the North Korean oil shale is about 12.1 wt% and its heat value is 13,400 kJ/kg. The oil yields at different retorting temperatures show that the higher the retorting temperature the greater the oil and retorting gas yields. The optimal retorting temperature for the North Korean oil shale is about 500 ℃. The properties of the North Korean shale oil including density, viscosity, flash point and freezing point are found to be relatively low compared with those of shale oil from FuShun, China. The gasoline fraction, diesel fraction and heavy oil fraction account for 11.5 wt%, 41.5 wt% and 47 wt%, respectively. The major pyrolysis gases are ca4 （the most abundant）, H2, CO2, H2S, CO, and C2-C5 hydrocarbons. The heat value of retorting gas is more than 900 kJ/mol, and the retorting gas has high sulfur content.

Reaction mechanism and kinetics of pressurized pyrolysis of Chinese oil shale in the presence of water

A study of reaction mechanisms and chemical kinetics of pressurized pyrolysis of Chinese Liushuhe oil shale in the presence of water were conducted using an autoclave for simulating and modeling in-situ underground thermal degradation.It was found that the oil shale was first pyrolyzed to form pyrobitumen,shale oil,shale gas and residue,then the pyrobitumen was further pyrolyzed to form more shale oil,shale gas,and residue.It means that there are two consecutive and parallel reactions.With increasing temperature,the pyrobitumen yield,as intermediate,first reached a maximum,then decreased to approximately zero.The kinetics results show that both these reactions are first order.The activation energy of pyrobitumen formation from oil shale is lower than that of shale oil formation from pyrobitumen.

Research, development and application of compound-vertical-retort technology for magnesium production

This paper comprehensively introduces a new magnesium production technology the compound-vertical-retort technology, involving in the related fundamental researches, core equipment development, working flow, and technical characteristics. Scale-up test and an annual1200-ton-magnesium demonstration-level test was conducted to confirm the rationality, reliability, and advancement of the equipment, system and process design. It is indicated that the new technology solved a series of problems of traditional silicothermic process including adhesion and glaze, short life of retort, low efficiency, high impurity of crystallized magnesium, large heat losses, and poor working environment,making a great technological breakthrough in this field. Representatively, the new well-designed ceramic-lined steel retort serves 2~3 times in life than the normal retorts. The magnesium yield per retort is improved 4~5 times, with purity of >99.8%. The energy consumption in reduction stage is reduced by more than 20%. The mechanical production is fully realized and operating environment is significantly improved.

Evaluation and Analysis of Oil Shale in Quseir-Safaga and Abu-Tartur Western Desert, Egypt

Seeking ways to diminish Egypt’s dependency on foreign oil imports, we had to look for the obvious resources to exploit. Oil shale is one of Egypt’s resources that are left abandoned and not used. This project is aiming at introducing both experimental analysis for oil shale in Egypt and the best production technique for it. This study is about experimentally analyzing different samples of potential oil shale fields in Egypt. Samples that are analyzed in this project are from two locations in Egypt: Quseir-Safaga and Abu-Tartur Western Desert, and they are compared to one of the best oil shale fields in the world, which is from Green River Formation Colorado. The experiments were done using AUC lab retort to experimentally determine the critical temperature that will lead to the maximum production using sudden and gradual change in temperatures, which turned out to be sudden change at 500°C. Thereafter, the degree of API gravity was calculated for each run. Then the oil samples were determined for impurities and liquid chromatography results in the Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute. Part two of the study plan has been included to determine the ultimate ways of producing efficiently, ecologically and economically.

Technical and economic analysis of an oil shale comprehensive utilization process with solid heat carrier technology

To relieve the shortage of oil,exploration of oil shale attracts increasingly attention from different countries,especially in China.Facing with the disadvantages of conventional oil shale retorting technology,more and more attention has been paid to the comprehensive utilization of oil shale for utilizing oil shale efficiently and in an environment-friendly manner.However,there are few systematic studies on comprehensive utilization of oil shale.Thus,this paper is focused on establishing the complete mathematical model of an oil shale comprehensive utilization process with solid heat carrier technology(OSCU-SHC).Moreover,its techno-economic performance is analyzed and compared to a conventional oil shale retorting process with solid heat carrier(OSRSHC).Several key parameters are investigated and optimized during the simulation process.For example,the optimal retorting temperature is set to 500℃.The comparison results show that the OSCU-SHC process has better techno-economic performance since it increases the exergy efficiency by 9.26%,total income by 29.02%,and return on investment by 4.85%.

Application of direct steam injection system to minimize browning of white radish(Raphanus sativus)broth during sterilization

Direct steam injection(DSI)was applied to minimize the quality changes of white radish(Raphanus sativus)broth during sterilization.This study compared the degree of browning of white radish broth from a retort sterilization system and a DSI system.The quality changes after thermal treatments,such as retorting and DSI,were evaluated by Lab color values,the browning index(BI)and sensory evaluation.As the volume of the retort pouch increased,the thermal processing time increased.Significant increases of a and b values,color difference and BI were observed.Unlike the retort sterilization,the DSI treatment showed no significant differences in color properties of the radish broth with a wide range of sterilization temperature.The highest sensory score among the DSI treated samples was observed at the lowest sterilization temperature(125℃).The results demonstrated that the DSI treatment showed a higher stability in the quality associated with the browning reaction,such as the color indices and BI because the DSI process rapidly increased the temperature of the radish broth by transferring the latent heat of steam to the fluid.