On Differentiation Among Pilot Signals of Multiple Mobile Targets in Retro-Reflective Beamforming for Wireless Power Transmission

An experimental study is conducted on several retro-reflective beamforming schemes for wireless power transmission to multiple wireless power receivers(referred to herein as“targets”).The experimental results demonstrate that,when multiple targets broadcast continuous-wave pilot signals at respective frequencies,a retro-reflective wireless power transmitter is capable of generating multiple wireless power beams aiming at the respective targets as long as the multiple pilot signals are explicitly separated from one another by the wireless power transmitter.However,various practical complications are identified when the pilot signals of multiple targets are not appropriately differentiated from each other by the wireless power transmitter.Specifically,when multiple pilot signals are considered to be carried by the same frequency,the wireless power transmission performance becomes heavily dependent on the interaction among the pilot signals,which is highly undesirable in practice.In conclusion,it is essential for a retro-reflective wireless power transmitter to explicitly discriminate multiple targets’pilot signals among each other.

Degradation of Retro-Reflectivity of Thermoplastic Pavement Markings: A Review

For an effective thermoplastic pavement marking replacement strategy, the rate at which the marking’s retro-reflectivity deteriorates in service must be well established in order to avoid re-stripping that is too soon or too late. Against this background, this paper undertook a review of models that deal with degradation of thermoplastic pavement markings under different traffic and environmental conditions in order to establish service life and the terminal retro-reflectivity levels that have informed re-striping. Service life in the context of this paper is the time taken for a newly-installed marking to degrade to some minimum retro-reflectivity level below which motorists would find it difficult to navigate on the carriageway under night-time and poor visibility conditions. It was established that the minimum retro-reflectivity requiring re-stripping intervention reported varied, although commonly-adopted values tended to range from 50 mcd/m2/lx to 150 mcd/m2/lx. A number of empirical models, based on site specific conditions, have been developed by researchers using field data, to estimate marking retro-reflectivity at any time since placement. Whereas some of the models used time as the only independent variable, others used a combination of time, traffic level and a few other parameters to estimate retro-reflectivity. Even though degradation of marking retro-reflectivity is a reflection, among other things of material degeneration impacted by environmental and service conditions, almost all the models reviewed failed to consider environmental factors. Additionally, for some of the models, non-inclusion of the initial retro-reflectivity level and their generally low coefficient of determination statistic erode the confidence in their reliability.

Planar Retro-Reflector for Grazing Incident Beam of High-Energy X-Ray Photons

The grazing-incidence hard X-ray retro-reflector (GIRR) is a novel optical element, which completely suppresses the conventional mirror beam in the retro-reflection mode, and, at the same time, totally reflects the primary grazing incident X-radiation backwards to its source in strictly anti-parallel direction with minimal scattering. The GIRR is a good alternative to hard X-ray normal-incidence Bragg mirror, and has a high potential for applications in various X-ray optical devices and techniques, such as, hard X-ray optical noise (or background) filters, high-quality hard X-ray waveguides, low-gain hard X-ray free electron laser resonators (XFELRs), X-ray holography, coherent X-ray diffraction imaging, phase-contrast imaging, as well as in hard X-ray optical data storage devices and deep space hard X-ray communications. The proposed optical element consists of single-crystal wafer covered by a thin, non-diffracting layer of low-absorbing material.

PRELIMINARY STUDY ON RETRO-REFLECTIVE COATED PAPER BASED ON MICROGLASS BEADS

High-reflectivity micro-glass bead, as a kind of retro-reflective material, is widely used in reflective fabric or film and other reflective coatings. But it is rarely used in coated paper. The retro-reflective theory of micro-bead is described. Also the effect of size of micro-bead, dosage of binder and different color layers on reflective properties of coated paper are discussed in this article. The results show that its retro-reflective efficiency is good, equally to reflective fabric or film when the micro-glass bead is used in coated paper.

汗液老化对玻璃微珠反光材料性能的影响

反光材料具有良好的夜间可视性,在夜间及视线较差的环境下给人们提供有效可靠的安全保障,被广泛应用于特殊作业服装等领域。为了科学评估反光布的安全防护作用,探讨汗液对玻璃微珠反光材料性能的影响,对反光材料分别进行1、5、10、20、25、30、40、50次酸碱汗液老化实验,对试样外观特征、色差、微观结构、逆反射系数进行实验与分析。结果表明:老化后试样有不同程度的玻璃微珠脱落、铝层溶出、表面盐结晶析出等现象,导致反光材料性能下降;试样的反光性能随酸碱汗液老化次数的增加先提升后下降,汗液老化次数大于5次,逆反射系数呈下降趋势,其中酸性汗液相比于碱性汗液对反光材料性能的影响更显著;经过酸性汗液老化50次,试样的逆反射系数下降了2.97%~12.86%。

Calculation of distribution of effective reflection area for space-borne laser retro-reflector array

The effective area of space-borne laser retro-reflector directly influences the intensity of the return signals for satellite laser ranging. The configuration of the retro-reflector array determines the effective area. The formula for the effective area of the space-borne retro-reflector array with different inclination angles at arbitrary celestial zone was deduced in this paper. As an example, the calculation result about effective area for the retro-reflector array of the Shenzhou-IV orbital module was given.

Numerical Model for the Characterization of Retro-reflective Materials Behavior in an Urban Street Canyon

In this work, a preliminary numerical model of the behavior of retro-reflective materials used as envelope coatings on street canyon buildings facades has been tested. Retro-reflective materials have a surface finish that allows to reflect the solar radiation back in the same direction of the incident radiation. In the last years this kind of materials has been studied as buildings envelope coating for their potentials in the reduction of the UHI effect. As a matter of fact, the angular dependence of their optical-radiative response would help to mitigate the phenomenon of radiative entrapment due to the urban fabric environment. For this reason, an urban canyon was selected as the most common urban architecture to perform the analysis. A virtual retroreflective material has been simulated considering its response as almost diffusive but in the same direction of the incident radiation. The assessment of the energy advantages of the adoption of a virtual retro-reflective material as envelope coating is investigated by means of a numerical model developed in MATLAB and based on the Gebhart factors theory. The final purpose of the numerical model is the evaluation of the surfaces solar loads by a comparison between perfectly diffusive materials and RR materials used as fa？ades coating.

道路标线视认性提升技术研究进展

文中就近年来国内外关于提升道路标线视认性的研究进行了回顾和总结,梳理了目前常用的两类道路标线材料,介绍了不同标线材料产生视认性的原理,综合评价了不同标线材料的实际性能及其优缺点.从原材料与施工工艺的角度阐述了影响道路标线视认性的主要因素及相关的改进措施,通过总结道路标线材料的发展趋势,指出发展环保型高性能冷塑性标线材料、自发光LED标线材料和以铕、镝掺杂铝酸锶(SrAl_(2)O_(4):Eu^(2+),Dy^(3+))为代表的新型蓄能自发光型材料将是未来的发展方向.

RRT对工业摄影测量基准尺精度影响研究

针对工业摄影测量基准尺在实际工程中实测值与标定值互差较大、比例缩放不准确等问题,以RRT为研究对象,推导出了基准长度误差模型。从RRT圆度、中心定位稳健性、基准尺长度标定一致性以及标准长度测量等方面进行了试验研究。通过研究发现,模切覆膜型RRT圆度和中心定位稳健性远高于其它类型的RRT。模切覆膜型RRT基准尺长度标定间的重复性为1μm,优于印刷型RRT基准尺长度标定的重复性。采用模切覆膜型RRT基准尺对标准长度的测量误差较印刷型RRT基准尺小约33%。选择模切覆膜型RRT作为基准尺的基准靶点对于提高工业摄影测量系统的测量精度具有重要参考意义。

面向空间太阳能电站应用的超大规模天线阵列模块尺寸与姿态偏差效应分析

空间太阳能电站微波能量传输需要具备超大规模的相控阵列波束形成和超高精度的波束指向控制能力。采用大尺寸的基本相控电单元能够缩减天线阵列规模和微波发射通道数目,从而显著降低微波能量发射系统的构造和组装成本。然而,相控单元的尺寸越大,对天线模块的结构刚性和姿态控制精度要求越高。基于天线阵列的结构化构型设计,提出超大规模回复反射阵列的结构模块和相控电单元的尺寸分析模型,推导得到结构模块姿态偏差、电单元尺寸要求和能量传输效率的近似关系及其解析表达式,可供作为空间太阳能电站微波传能天线阵列及其波束控制方案设计的参考依据。

Theoretical and experimental studies of retro-reflective antenna array for microwave power transmission from space solar power satellite to earth

The development of space solar power satellites aims to harvest solar power by artificial satellites over the earth’s geostationary orbit and then deliver the harvested power to the earth wirelessly.The retro-reflective antenna array technique is believed to be a close-to-optimal technical approach to achieve efficient wireless power transmission from a geostationary satellite to the earth,as it is capable of generating a microwave power beam aiming at a ground station on the earth via analyzing a pilot signal broadcasted by the ground station.In this paper,some of our preliminary research outcomes on retro-reflective antenna array for space solar power applications are reported.In the theoretical part of this paper,closed-form formulations with precision better than the classic theory of phased array are derived to analyze the performance of retro-reflective antenna array when the far zone condition is not satisfied between the space solar power satellite and the ground station.In the experimental part of this paper,a bench-scale retro-reflective antenna array with physical dimensions of about 0.6 m by 0.6 m is fabricated and tested.The theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the microwave beam generated by a satellite-borne retro-reflective antenna array could be adjusted in real time to aim at the location from which the pilot signal stems.Based on the theoretical and experimental studies of this paper,systematic research endeavors are being conducted on the retro-reflective antenna array for space solar power applications.

光源光谱对标志逆反射系数的影响

以光源发射光谱和逆反射材料光谱反射率曲线为基础,通过数据拟合的方式研究了多种光源照射条件下材料逆反射系数的相对关系及其变化趋势。在已有标准A光源测试系统基础上,分别测试氙灯、卤素灯、不同色温白光LED光源发射光谱和红、黄、白、绿、蓝五种逆反射材料的光谱反射率曲线,并通过拟合计算得到同一材料在不同光源照射条件下的相对逆反射系数修正因子。分析结果表明,在可见光范围内具有连续光谱反射率曲线分布的白色材料逆反射系数数值受入射光源光谱变化较小,而单色材料逆反射系数受入射光源光谱差异影响较大,且呈现不同的变化趋势:以卤素光源入射条件下材料逆反射系数测试结果为基础值,不同色温的白光LED、氙灯光源对红色和黄色材料逆反射系数具有正增益效果,且随着光源色温的升高,红色和黄色材料逆反射系数呈下降趋势,降幅最高分别达到47.7%和4.9%;绿色和蓝色材料逆反射系数呈上升趋势,涨幅最高达到16.5%和28.9%。

光电系统离焦量对其猫眼效应回波功率的影响规律及原因分析

离焦量是决定光电系统猫眼效应回波功率强弱的关键因素。为了分析不同离焦情况对猫眼效应回波功率的影响规律及原因,通过对光电系统猫眼效应几何光学传输模型的分析,推导了包含离焦量的猫眼效应回波功率和等效回波波束球心的表达式,分析了不同离焦情况对回波功率的影响机理,并进行了实验验证。研究结果表明:在离焦情况下,猫眼效应回波波束可以等效为从目标处发出的一束锥状球面波,随着离焦量的增大,该球面波的球心距接收点的距离逐渐增大,因此回波功率逐渐衰减;正离焦时,该等效球面波的球心与接收点位于目标的同侧,负离焦时,球面波的球心与接收点位于目标的异侧,因此,在相同离焦量条件下,负离焦所导致的回波功率衰减程度比正离焦时更大;实验结果验证了这个结论。

隧道路段逆反射轮廓标设置技术研究

隧道是高速公路事故多发路段,为了提高隧道路段行车安全性,需为驾驶员提供与一般路段相近的视觉环境,以有效减少由隧道行车环境变化引起的驾驶员判断和操作失误,逆反射技术在提高隧道路段驾驶员视觉舒适性方面具有潜力。为了确定隧道路段轮廓标设计方案,利用Smart-Eye Pro 5.7型眼动仪,对隧道路段逆反射轮廓标设置技术进行试验,获得了不同逆反射轮廓标组合方案的驾驶员视觉数据。结果表明,小型车和大型车驾驶员对逆反射轮廓标设置高度的视觉差异性明显,设置高度约为0.4 m的逆反射轮廓标对小型车驾驶员的视觉环境改善效果最佳,相应地,大型车约为1.0 m。从控制隧道内明暗变化的闪频出发,轮廓标间距以15 m左右为宜。为满足驾驶员视觉舒适性要求,应将驾驶员瞳孔直径变化率控制在0.396~1.302 mm/s,据此确定小型车适用的轮廓标反光膜为超强级,大型车为工程级。研究成果在G65高速公路木冲隧道的应用使驾驶员瞳孔直径变化率控制在1.302 mm/s以内,并使同期事故减少了51.8%。

回归反射材料光度测试探讨

本文根据回归反射材料所特有的反光性能,对其三种测试方法及可能出现的影响测试结果的因素进行了分析讨论,为测试系统的设计、测试方法和仪器的选择及测试结果的不确定度评估提供参考。

微棱镜阵列型定向反射器特性

介绍了微棱镜阵列型定向反射器的材料折射率对入射孔径角的限制，定向反射率随入射角的变化关系，特别是提出了单元有效反射面积的计算方法，并进行了计算机模拟和实验。

激光成珠大小镶嵌高效率逆反射列阵膜

用激光制成的微珠 ,并用大小珠镶嵌成逆反射列阵膜 ;从原理上和实验效果上均优于目前具有代表性的中国椒江公司 90 1膜和美国 3M公司 8910膜 .它对交通标志的更新换代和国防应用具有产业化前景 .

公路隧道反光沥青路面

为了提高隧道沥青路面亮度,利用玻璃珠的回复反光特性,在开级配沥青磨耗层（OGFC）中掺加高强度玻璃珠 分析了不同掺加比例及不同粒径玻璃珠的5种组合方案对OGFC混合料路用性能的影响,并给出了最佳的掺加方案。结果表明：在OGFC中掺入玻璃珠会使马歇尔稳定度略有下降,沥青混合料的抗车辙能力、抗滑、降噪和反光性能与玻璃珠在沥青混合料表面的覆盖率有关 在OGFC-13混合料面层中掺加10%~15%、粒径为2~3 mm的玻璃珠可以满足路用性能各项技术指标的要求。

切削微角锥棱镜型超高定向反射膜的分析与测试

采用几何光学法对切削微角锥棱镜薄膜结构单元的反射特性进行理论分析,采用光学仿真软件对该结构单元的反光性能进行模拟验证,并与传统微角锥棱镜薄膜结构单元进行对照.结果表明,理论中,当平行光垂直于结构底面入射并忽略吸收时,该切削结构薄膜单元可实现完全定向反射,而相同条件下,传统微角锥棱镜结构薄膜单元定向反射率为66.7%.模拟仿真的定向反射率分别是92.3%和62.4%.建立了薄膜定向反射率测量方法,对具有上述两种结构单元的薄膜样品的定向反射率进行测试,测试结果分别为67.8%和39.5%.

大尺寸全视场目标点的自动定位方法

提出了一种目标点全视场自动定位方法,该方法利用回光反射标志点的强反射特性和目标点特征,采用粗精两级定位自动获取目标点中心.实际操作中只需预先设定相关的阈值参量,可快速获取图像中的所有目标点的图像坐标,极大地提高了视觉测量的效率和自动化程度.对于3008×2000pixel大小、包含约140个目标点的RGB图像,利用该方法定位所有目标点的用时为14.9″,定位准确度为1/10pixel.