Quality-adjusted life years and surgical waiting list:Systematic review of the literature

BACKGROUND The quality-adjusted life year(QALY)is a metric that is increasingly used today in the field of health economics to evaluate the value of different medical treatments and procedures.Surgical waiting lists(SWLs)represent a pressing problem in public healthcare.The QALY measure has rarely been used in the context of surgery.It would be interesting to know how many QALYs are lost by patients on SWLs.AIM To investigate the relationship between QALYs and SWLs in a systematic review of the scientific literature.METHODS The study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement.An unlimited search was carried out in PubMed,updated on January 19,2024.Data on the following variables were investigated and analyzed:Specialty,country of study,procedure under study,scale used to measure QALYs,the use of a theoretical or real-life model,objectives of the study and items measured,the economic value assigned to the QALY in the country in question,and the results and conclusions published.RESULTS Forty-eight articles were selected for the study.No data were found regarding QALYs lost on SWLs.The specialties in which QALYs were studied the most in relation to the waiting list were urology and general surgery,with 15 articles each.The country in which the most studies of QALYs were carried out was the United States(n=21),followed by the United Kingdom(n=9)and Canada(n=7).The most studied procedure was organ transplantation(n=39),including 15 kidney,14 liver,5 heart,4 lung,and 1 intestinal.Arthroplasty(n=4),cataract surgery(n=2),bariatric surgery(n=1),mosaicplasty(n=1),and septoplasty(n=1)completed the surgical interventions included.Thirty-nine of the models used were theoretical(the most frequently applied being the Markov model,n=34),and nine were real-life.The survey used to measure quality of life in 11 articles was the European Quality of Life-5 dimensions,but in 32 articles the survey was not specified.The willingness-to-pay per QALY gained ranged from$100000 in the United States to€20000 in Spain.CONCLUSION The relationship between QALYs and SWLs has only rarely been studied in the literature.The rate of QALYs lost on SWLs has not been determined.Future research is warranted to address this issue.

Review of Marxist Political Party Theory Innovation Over the 70 Years Since the Establishment of PRC

since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China,the central leader-groups from generation to generation have been continuously exploring and innovating Marxist political party theory in terms of its value target,ideological construction,working style,and organization developments.This process can be categorized into five stages:the founding stage in Mao Zedong’s era,the development stage in Deng Xiaoping’s ear,the promotion stage in Jiang Zemin’s times,the deepening stage under Hu Jintao’s leadership,and the stage of further innovation by Xi Jinping in the new era,with the characteristics of inheritance,development as well as scientificity and valuation.

A Review of Academic Divisions'Work over the Past Two Years

In line with the overall Objectives set out in the"Outline Scheme for the Academic Divisions of theChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) during theNinth Five-year Plan (1996-2000)," CAS has donea good job of the supplementary election of CASmembers and the development of the virtues ofscience and fine style of research. In addihon, con-sultation and appraisal, academic exchanges, andthe popularization of science have progressivelybeen focuses of the academic divisions, and manyaccomplishments have been achieved in these areas.

A New finding pushes back the history of flying mammals by 70 million years

Teaming up with their US coworkers, CAS paleontologists have discovered, in Ningcheng of northern China’s

A Review of Development of Environmental Protection Information during the 12^(th) Five-Year Plan Period and Its Outlook

During the 12^(th)Five-Year Plan period,the environmental protection information work made remarkable achievements,and the construction of nationwide air quality monitoring network was completed; the trinitarian monitoring system was established,and environmental emergency command ability enhanced significantly. However,the issues of " information island" and " application silo" are still outstanding,and the application and promotion of new technologies make slow progress; the capacity of information system to support environmental protection business is insufficient,and there is no capacity for decision analysis. In the 13^(th)Five-Year Plan period,it is needed to strengthen the application and promotion of new technologies such as cloud computing,big data,Internet of Things,and spatial information,mainly construct and improve " Cloud Computing Based Environmental Protection( CCBEP) ", " big data platform of ecological environment",and then realize the core objective of improving environmental quality.

70 Years of China’s Finance:History,Contributions and Prospects

Over the past 70 years since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,great changes have been seen in the financial industry in terms of its nature,function,scale,structure and other features.It has experienced six stages of development,namely,inception and consolidation,arduous growth,exploration and restructuring,segmentation,fictitious economy orientation,and real economy promotion and risk prevention.The tremendous success and useful experience made during this period have largely bolstered the prosperity and stability of the Chinese economy,improved Chinese people’s living standards,and exerted a profound impact on China’s economy and society.Based on its development pattern,the Chinese financial sector will expect further openingup at home and abroad and a growing capacity in serving the real economy,while new business forms and models will emerge rapidly and stronger preventive measures against financial risks will be needed.In response to the financial development in the new era,proactive and pragmatic measures need to be in place to safeguard the stable and sound development of the financial industry.

The Particularity of the Development of Labor Relationship in the 70-Year History of the People’s Republic of China

The past seven decades witnesses a stage marked by"ossification-consolidation-emptiness"as regards domestic labor relationship.It is highly probable that China is to be inaugurated by the stage of"falsification"in forthcoming days.A major cause is rooted in that labor relationship is the output of economic development that would request that labor relationship chime with it.The development course of labor relationship since the founding of PRC explicitly evinces that"flexibility"might be incurred in case labor relationship fails to align with economic development and with demands of marketing competitiveness.It might even propel main bodies of labor relationship to circumvent labor laws,as is verified by prevalence of large-scaled labor dispatching,and of"labor dispatching under the disguise of outsourcing".Lawmakers thus need to further ruminate over degree of tolerance on labor legislation.

热休克蛋白70与肺部疾病的相关性的研究进展

热休克蛋白70(HSP70)是应激状态或高温下能抑制细胞蛋白质变性或展开的蛋白质,在炎症因子表达、抑制细胞凋亡、抑制蛋白质聚集等方面发挥关键作用。该文阐述了国内外研究HSP70与肺癌、肺炎、肺结核、哮喘等肺部疾病发病机制的密切关系,为肺部疾病的快速诊断提供了新思路。

Risk factors of morbidity after pulmonary resection for lung cancer in patients older than 70 years

Objective This study is to analyse the clinical feature and risk factors of morbidity after pulmonary resection for lung cancer in patients older than 70 years. Methods The clinical records of 222 patients older than 70 years who had undergone pulmonary resection for their lung cancer were reviewed. The patients were divided into 3 groups,group I including the patients who had

Review of Chinese atmospheric science research over the past 70 years: Synoptic meteorology

Synoptic meteorology is a branch of meteorology that uses synoptic weather observations and charts for the diagnosis,study,and forecasting of weather.Weather refers to the specific state of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface during a short period of time.The spatial distribution of meteorological elements in the atmosphere can be represented by a variety of transient weather phenomena,which are caused by weather systems of different spatial and temporal scales.Weather is closely related to people’s life,and its development and evolution have always been the focus of atmospheric scientific research and operation.The development of synoptic meteorology is closely related to the development of observation systems,dynamical theories and numerical models.In China,observation networks have been built since the early 1950 s.Up to now,a comprehensive meteorological observation systembased on ground,air and space has been established.In particular,the development of a new generation of dense radar networks,the development of the Fengyun satellite series and the implementation of a series of large field experiments have brought our understanding of weather from large-scale environment to thermal dynamics,cloud microphysical structure and evolution characteristics of meso and micro-scale weather systems.The development of observation has also promoted the development of theory,numerical model and simulation.In the early days,China mainly used foreign numerical models.Lately,China has developed numerical model systems with independent intellectual property rights.Based on the results of high-resolution numerical simulations,in-depth understanding of the initiation and evolution mechanism and predictability of weather at different scales has been obtained.Synoptic meteorology has gradually changed from an initially independent development to a multidisciplinary approach,and the interaction between weather and the change of climate and environment has become a hot and frontier topic in atmospheric science.This paper reviews the important scientific and technological achievements made in China over the past 70 years in the fields of synoptic meteorology based on the literatures in China and abroad,from six aspects respectively including atmospheric dynamics,synoptic-scale weather,typhoon and tropical weather,severe convective weather,numerical weather prediction and data assimilation,weather and climate,atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment.

30-Year Reform and Opening up-Export Review(1978-2008)(Continued)

The year of 1994 was a milestone on a historical road of the textile trade development worldwide. The Final Act concluding the Uruguay Round and officially establishing the WTO regime was signed during ministerial meeting at Marrakesh, Morroco on the 15th of April, 1994, and hence is known as the Marrakesh Agreement. That marked a beginning of quota phase out. China has been on a resolute stance to trade restrictions and protectionism all through quota phase out and post-quota period and will continue to do so when safeguard deal terminates…

30-Year Reform and Opening up——Export Review(1978-2008)

This year marks 30th year commemoration of China's" reform and opening up" policy, the strategic decision made at the 3rd plenarysession of the national party congress' 11th central committee of Communist Party of China (CPC) in Dec. 1978. History made its way to the end of 1978. In December of that particular year, CPC leaders tapped on the table to decide to open up and reform this long-encapsulated country in a milestone conclusion. Thirty years elapsed. Like many other industrial sectors that benefited from this monumental decision, Chinese textile industry has undeniably been growing at a fantastic speed, and its export is on an unrivalled growth in phase...

Review and Outlook of China's Oil Market in 2015

Growth rate of oil demand rose again in China in the first half of 2015. Demand for oil products went on differentiating, and the demand growth of most products sped up. Growth rate of oil production rose again, oil imports increased rapidly, and external dependence of crude oil and oil broke through 60% separately. The State adjusted the prices of gasoline and diesel timely and frequently, based on pricing mechanism. Price hike was higher than reduction. Oil market got weak, yet more stable. China increased the pace of reforms in marketization. In the second half, oil demand will increase continuously but with lower growth rate, oil production will rise more slowly, imports of crude oil and oil will keep on rising rapidly, gasoline and kerosene as well as diesel will witness a net import, and the market of gasoline, kerosene and diesel will be more stable.

服务国家战略 聚焦办学能力——南京理工大学70年国际化发展之路

新中国成立以后,国家大力发展高等教育,经过几十年发展逐步建成了高等教育大国并迈向高等教育强国。在高等教育发展的各个时期,中国高校国际交流呈现出不同的形式与特点,并在高等教育发展中占据越来越重要的位置。以南京理工大学为例,简要回顾了学校自成立以来国际化事业的发展历程,分析了学校70年国际化发展的特点和经验,以期为学校今后的国际化发展决策提供参考。

History of the PRC’s Participation in International Human Rights Affairs and Its Contribution to the Cause of International Human Rights

The history of the participation of People’s republic of china in international human rights affairs can be mainly divided into two phases since its founding 70 years ago,and it can be further divided into four stages with typical events after the launch of reform and opening-up.Since the adoption and implementation of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970 s china has witnessed the active participation and fruitful achievements of china in bilateral and multilateral human rights cooperation and communication,as well as making important contributions to the international human rights cause.

新中国果树科学研究70年——桃

我国是桃及其多个近缘种的起源中心。新中国成立70年来,经过科技工作者广泛的资源考察,收集了国内外大量种质资源,培育了623个桃品种。依托有关单位建成了郑州、南京、北京3个国家桃种质资源圃。科研人员在栽培模式、整形修剪、科学施肥、花果管理、设施栽培、病虫害综合防控、采后贮藏加工等方面开展研究,取得了显著成果,为延长鲜果供应期、丰富果实类型、提升桃果品质提供了保障,支撑了我国桃产业的发展。今后的工作重点将围绕关键基因的挖掘定位、育种技术的创新、以及抗性、低需冷量、省工省力、适应机械操作品种等方面展开。通过优质、安全、高效的现代栽培技术以及采后技术的研发,为桃产业的可持续发展提供技术支撑。

新中国果树科学研究70年——葡萄

葡萄(Vitis spp.)是起源最古老的植物之一,我国葡萄栽培历史悠久,葡萄酒文化源远流长,尤其是新中国成立70年来,科学研究的进步为我国葡萄产业的发展壮大提供了强有力的科技支撑。笔者综述了新中国成立70年来我国葡萄资源评价利用与育种、葡萄栽培与土肥管理、葡萄病虫害防控、鲜食葡萄贮运保鲜、葡萄酒酿造以及葡萄园机械化管理等方面的科技研发历程与进展,以期为未来葡萄科学研究与生产应用提供指导。

新中国果树科学研究70年——梨

新中国成立70年来,我国梨树科学研究成果丰硕,在有些领域取得了重大突破,为梨产业的可持续发展作出了重要贡献。本文系统总结了新中国成立以来,我国梨在种质资源、遗传育种、栽培模式与技术、病虫害防控、采后贮藏与加工、果园机械等方面的研究进展,以及不同发展阶段的重要成果,展望了未来的发展方向。

新中国果树科学研究70年——荔枝

荔枝是典型亚热带果树,我国有悠久的栽培历史,2018年荔枝面积为551 746 hm^2,新中国成立70年以来增长了82.7倍,产量约3 028 100 t,增长了175.4倍,且产期从4月下旬到9月底共达5个月。几代科技人员为之作出了巨大努力。已建立国家(广州)荔枝果树种质资源圃,收集保存荔枝种质400多份,培育新品种38个,优异品种通过区域性试验得到推广应用。近十年来创制了杂交苗数十万株。1980年代研发了螺旋环剥控梢、促花和保果技术,初步克服了荔枝适龄树不开花结果问题;近年则在主要性状分子鉴定、成花与坐果生物学、土壤与植物营养、病虫害、贮藏保鲜、加工和机械化等方面均取得重要研究进展,尤其是明确提出了荔枝花芽分化"阶段性划分"和具假种皮果实发育"球皮对球胆效应"的假说,为花果发育调控提供了坚实的理论支撑,基本解决"成花难和坐果难"问题。已明确,荔枝果皮中大量存在的漆酶,是一种定位于液泡的酚氧化酶,可催化果皮中的表儿茶素与其低聚物花色素苷等氧化聚合形成褐色产物,从而引起果皮褐变。荔枝被列入国家现代农业产业技术体系支持作物,目前有岗站专家29名,团队成员120多人,覆盖示范县55个,带动技术推广骨干165人。展望未来,要重点加快种业科技创新、优质丰产绿色高效生产技术创新和大数据与人工智能等新技术的研究与应用。