Active Ingredients and Mechanism of Action of Rhizoma Coptidis against Type 2 Diabetes Based on Network-Pharmacology and Bioinformatics

A pharmacological network of"component/target/pathway"for Rhizoma coptidis against type 2 diabetes(T2D)was established by network-pharmacology,and the active components of Rhizoma coptidis and its mechanism were explored.A literature-based and database study of the components of Rhizoma coptidis was carried out and screened by ADME paramcters.The targets of Rhizoma coptidis were predicted by the ligand similarity method.Related pathways were analyzed with databases,and software was used to construct a "component/target path" network.The mechanism was further confirmed by GEO database with R software.A total of 12 active components were screened from Rhizoma coptidis,involving 57 targets including MAPKI,STAT3,INSR,and 38 signaling pathways were associated with T2D.Related signaling pathways included essential pathways for T2D such as insulin resistance,and pathways that had indirect effect on T2D.It was suggested that Rhizoma coptidis may exert its effects against T2D through multi-component,multi-target,and multi-pathway forms.

Effects of Cinnamon Granules on Pharmacokinetics of Berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis Granules in Healthy Male Volunteers

The effects of Cinnamon granules on pharmacokinetics of berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis granules in healthy male volunteers,and the compatibility mechanism of Jiao-Tai-Wan（JTW） composed of Rhizoma Coptidis granules and Cinnamon granules were investigated.The concentration of berberine in plasma of healthy male volunteers was determined directly by high performance liquid chromatogra-phy（HPLC） after an oral administration of Rhizoma Coptidis granules alone or combined with Cinnamon granules（JTW）.The plasma concentration-time curves of berberine were plotted.The data were analyzed with Drug and Statistics（DAS） 2.0 pharmacokinetic program（Chinese Pharmacology Society） to obtain the main pharmacokinetic parameters.The results showed that the plasma concentration-time curve of berberine was described by a two-compartment model.The Cmax,Tmax,t1/2 and CLz/F of berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis granules were 360.883 μg/L,2.0 h,3.882 h,119.320 L.h-1.kg-1 respectively,and those of berberine in JTW were 396.124 μg/L,1.5 h,4.727 h,57.709 L.h-1.kg-1 respectively.It was suggested that Rhizoma Coptidis granules combined with Cinnamon granules could increase the plasma concentration of berberine,promote berberine absorption and lengthen the detention time of berberine in healthy male volunteers.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis for the Quality Control of Rhizoma Coptidis by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-ESI-MS

For quality control purpose, an approach of fingerprinting and simultaneous quantification of five major bioactive constituents of Rhizoma Coptidis was established via a high-performance liquid chromatograph coupled with a photodiode array UV detector（HPLC-DAD） and an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer（HPLC-ESI/MS） The compounds were identified on the basis of the comparison of their mass spectra with literature data and those of standard samples and quantified by the HPLC-DAD method. Baseline separation was achieved on an XTerra C18 column（5 μm, 250 mm×4.6 mm i. d.） with linear gradient elution of formate buffer（consisting of 0.5% formic acid, adjusted to pH=4.5 with ammonia） and acetonitrile（consisting of 0.2% formic acid and 0.2% triethylamine）. The me- thod was validated for linearity（r^2〉0.9995）, repeatability（RSD〈3.1%）, intra- and inter-day precision（RSD〈1.8%） with recovery（99.9%-105.1%）, limits of detection（0.15-0.35 μg/mL）, and limits of quantification（0.53-0.82 μg/mL）. The similarities of 32 batches of Rhizoma Coptidis and their classification according to their manufacturers were based on the retention time and peak areas of the characteristic compounds. The five compounds were selected for quality assessment ofRhizoma coptidis via partial least squares analysis（PLS）.

Network pharmacology-based analysis of effective components and mechanism of Rhizoma coptidis in treating diabetes

Objective:To identify the active ingredients,potential targets,and mechanism of Rhizoma coptidis by bioinformatics method,and to explore the hypoglycemic effect of Rhizoma coptidis by in vitro experiments.Methods:The chemical components of Rhizoma coptidis were collected through database search,and oral bioavailability and drug-likeness were used for preliminary screening.The targets of Rhizoma coptidis and diabetes-related targets were collected by database retrieval and reverse docking techniques,and the biological process of cross-set proteins was analyzed.The inhibitory effects of Rhizoma coptidis onα-glucosidase,α-amylase activity,and advanced glycation end products(AGEs)were determined via in vitro experiments.In addition,the effects of Rhizoma coptidis on preadipocyte differentiation,absorption of glucose by adipocytes,and the level of intracellular triglyceride were investigated using the adipocyte differentiation model.Results:There were 11 potentially active ingredients in Rhizoma coptidis.IL-6,caspase-3,epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR),MYC,and estrogen receptor 1 were considered as the key genes.The bioinformatics analysis showed that Rhizoma coptidis played an antidiabetic role mainly via biological processes and signaling pathways including hormone receptor activity,glutathione binding,steroid binding,etc.In vitro experiments showed that the extract of Rhizoma coptidis inhibited the activities ofα-glucosidase andα-amylase,and the generation of AGEs;meanwhile,the extract promoted the absorption of glucose by adipocytes.In addition,the extract of Rhizoma coptidis decreased triglyceride level.Conclusions:Our network pharmacology and in vitro experiments demonstrate the anti-diabetic effects and possible underlying mechanisms of Rhizoma coptidis extract.

Main alkaloids of Rhizoma Coptidis improved palmitic acidinduced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells via AMPK and MAPK signaling pathway

Rhizoma Coptidis,a traditional Chinese herbal medicine,has been used for treating diabetes for thousands of years.However,the molecular basis for this action has not been elucidated.In the present study,the effects of seven main alkaloids of Rhizoma Coptidis on glycometabolism were investigated and the related molecular mechanism of five active compounds on insulin resistant(IR)cell model was explored for the first time.Results showed that berberine,palmatine,epiberberine,columbamine and groenlandicine enhanced glucose consumption in the palmitic acid(PA)-induced IR-HepG2 cells,indicating that these compounds could improve IR.In addition,we found that among these active alkaloids,berberine,columbamine,epiberberine and groenlandicine could inhibit the activation of ERK and p38 pathway,while berberine,columbamine,palmatine and epiberberine could activate AMPK pathway.Moreover,palmatine and columbamine regulated the mRNA expression of GLUT2 to ameliorate IR via activating AMPK and inactivating p38 MAPK signal pathway.To sum up,berberine,columbamine,palmatine,epiberberine and groenlandicine might be the active reagents,which contribute to the glucose lowering effects of Rhizoma Coptidis.

A review on pharmacological effects of Rhizoma Coptidis(Huang lian)

Huang Lian(Rhizoma coptidis, RC), which has effects on clearing damp-heat, quenching fie, and counteracting poison, is a herb frequently used in many traditional formulas. At present, there are many researches on the pharmacological effects of RC. In this review, we summarize the research progress on pharmacological effects of RC from four main aspects, in order to guide clinical application and explore the prospects of the application of RC.

Summary of Professor Tong Xiaolin's clinical experience of applying Rhizoma Coptidis(Huang Lian)

With the advantages of less toxicity and side effects, traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is showing a bright future with a good clinical practice. Chinese herbal medicine, which usually contains various active ingredients, could provide multiple therapeutic effects. Professor Tong Xiaolin has accumulated abundant experience during many years of clinical practice and applies Rhizoma Coptidis(RC) well with the treatment of diabetes and its complications. Rhizoma coptidis is a classical natural herb which is used frequently by professor Tong Xiaolin. In this review, we summarize Tong Xiaolin's clinical experience of applying Rhizoma Coptidis(Huang Lian) in the treatment of disease from two aspects as well as introducing some traditional Chinese medical theory and clinical experience, with a prospect of guiding clinician to use RC more suitably and reasonably.

Experimental Study of Emilia Sonchifolia Combined with Coptidis Rhizoma for the Prevention and Treatment of Oral Ulcer

Objective: This paper aims to investigate the therapeutic effect of the combination of Emilia Sonchifolia and Coptidis Rhizoma on oral ulcer rats. Methods: 36 SD rats of half male and half female were kept for 7 days, and 6 rats among them were selected as normal group by random sampling method, and the rest rats were randomly divided into model group, positive control group, Emilia Sonchifolia group, Coptidis Rhizoma group and combined group after the establishment of oral ulcer model. The normal group and model group were given blank film, the positive control group was given Guilin Watermelon Frost, and the Emilia Sonchifolia group, Coptidis Rhizoma group and combined group were given the corresponding oral film, which was administered to the ulcer for 7 days continuously, 2 times per day. The healing of oral ulcer was assessed at the end of the last day of administration, and the ulcer area was calculated on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days after successful modeling, and the serum levels of IL-2 and TNF-α in rats were detected by Emilia Sonchifolia. Results: The grading of ulcer healing in the positive control group and the combined group was better than the other groups, and the difference was statistically significant when compared with the model group (p Coptidis Rhizoma group, Emilia Sonchifolia group, combined group and positive control group was smaller than that in the model group, and the difference was statistically significant (p Emilia Sonchifolia group, Coptidis Rhizoma group and combined group were all effective in reducing the area of oral ulcer, among which the combined group was more effective. The level of pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α was reduced and the level of anti-inflammatory factor IL-2 was increased in the Emilia Sonchifolia group, Coptidis Rhizoma group and combined group, and the difference was statistically significant (p Conclusion: The combination of Coptidis Rhizoma and Emilia Sonchifolia is effective in the treatment of oral ulcer in rats, and the effect of the combination is better than that of the drug alone.

Cytotoxicity effects of Rhizoma Coptidis on L929 murine fibroblast cells

Rhizoma Coptidis （RC）, a widely used traditional Chinese medicine, is commonly believed to be non-toxic. However, little is known about its cytotoxicity and relevant mechanisms at cellular and genetic levels. The present study aimed to explore the cytotoxicity of RC and its possible mechanisms related to cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and reactive oxygen species （ROS） level in L929 murine fibroblast cells. The cells were cultured in vitro and treated with different RC concentrations for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by CCK-8 method, morphological changes were observed with an inverted microscope, cell cycle and ROS level were examined by flow cytometry, and DNA damages were detected by comet assay. Our results showed that cell viability was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner when the RC concentration was higher than 1 mg/mL. ARC concentration above 1 mg/mL altered the morphology of L929 cells. Both cells at G2/M phase and the ROS level increased in the 2 mg/mL group. Each DNA damage indicator score increased in the groups with the RC concentration of above 0.05 mg/mL. Taken together, our study suggested that RC at a high dosage exhibited cytotoxicity on L929 cells, which was likely to be the consequences of cell cycle arrest, DNA damage and accumulation of intracellular ROS.

Dynamic monitoring of the cytotoxic effects of protoberberine alkaloids from Rhizoma Coptidis on HepG2 cells using the xCELLigence system

AIM: To investigate the cytotoxic effects of the six protoberberine alkaloids(PAs) from Rhizoma Coptidis on HepG2 cells. METHOD: A systematic screening was conducted to investigate the dynamic response of HepG2 cells to the PAs using the impedance-based xCELLigence system. Cisplatin was selected as the positive control. The real time, concentration-response curves and the 50% inhibitory concentrations(IC50) were acquired to evaluate the anticancer activity of the PAs. RESULTS: All of the six PAs inhibited cell growth and induce death in HepG2 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 values of cisplatin, berberine, columbamine, coptisine, epiberberine, jatrorrhizine, and palmatine were 5.13, 42.33, 226.54, 36.90, 302.72, 383.54, and 456.96 μg·mL-1, respectively. The results obtained using the xCELLigence system corresponded well with those of the conventional methods. CONCLUSION: The xCELLigence system is a reliable and efficient tool for real-time screening of the cytotoxic effect of compounds in cell-based in vitro assays. Coptisine and berberine, with methylenedioxy group at C2 and C3 on the phenyl ring showed stronger effect.than the other four PAs. However, compared with cisplatin, the six PAs didn't show obvious cytotoxic effect on HepG2 cells.These results provided some useful data for the evaluation of the anticancer compounds, and the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine.

Study of the anti-MRSA activity of Rhizoma coptidis by chemical fingerprinting and broth microdilution methods

AIM： Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） is a pathogenic bacterium that causes both hospital- and community-acquired infections, and for which single-drug treatments are becoming less efficient. Rhizoma coptidis has been used for more than two thousand years in China to treat diarrhea, fever, and jaundice. In this study, the anti-MRSA activity of Rhizoma coptidis is examined and its effective components sought. METHODS： The mecA and norA genes were determined by PCR amplification and sequencing. Drug susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC43300 was performed using the VITEK2 compact system. The chemical fingerprint of Rhizoma coptidis was investigated using HPLC and preparative liquid chromatography, and the anti-MRSA activity was determined using an improved broth microdilution method. RESULTS： The drug susceptibility test revealed that the penicillin-binding protein phenotype of the strain changed in comparison to penicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Ten batches of Rhizoma coptidis showed anti-MRSA activity on the norA-negative Staphylococcus aureus strain, as well as the strain that contained a norA gene. The spectrum-effect relationship revealed that the berberine alkaloids were the effective components, within which berberine, coptisine, palmatine, epiberberine,, and jatrorrhizine were the major components. CONCLUSION： This study lays a foundation for in vivo studies of Rhizoma eoptidis and for the development of multi-component drugs.

Full composition granules of Huanglian (Rhizoma Coptidis) decrease the serum monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and connective tissue growth factor levels and inhibit kidney nuclear factor-κB expression in rats with high-fat diet-induced diabetes

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of the full composition granules of Huanglian(Rhizoma Coptidis)(FGC) on the serum monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1) and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF) levels and kidney nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) expression in rats with high-fat diet-induced diabetes.METHODS: Diabetes was induced in rats by feeding a high-fat chow combined with intravenous streptozotocin injection. Forty diabetic SpragueDawley rats were randomly assigned to a normal group(NG), model group(MG), irbesartan group(IG), and low-, middle-, and high-dosage FGC groups(LFGC, MFGC, HFGC), with eight rats per group. The IG rats received 31.25 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1) irbesartan tablets, whereas those in the LFGC, MFGC,and HFGC were administered 52, 312.5, and 625 mg·kg^(-1)·d^(-1) FGC, respectively. After 12 weeks,bodyweight(BW), left kidney weight(KW), hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c), serum creatinine(Scre), blood urea nitrogen(BUN), and serum MCP-1 and CTGF levels were determined, pathological changes of the kidney were recorded, and kidney NF-κB p65(A) expression was measured.RESULTS: The 24-h urine albumin and levels of HbA1c, Scre, BUN, and serum MCP-1 and CTGF were significantly increased in in the MG compared with the NG, as was the kidney NF-κB(p65) expression(P < 0.05). Furthermore, clear pathological changes in kidney fibrosis were observed in the MG rats. Following irbesartan and FGC administration,the 24-h urine albumin and the levels of HbA1c,Scre, and serum MCP-1 and CTGF were significantly decreased in FCG groups compared with those in the MG, which is in agreement with the change in the kidney NF-κB(p65) expression, whereas the similarly significant decrease only exist in 24-h urine albumin and the levels of serum CTGF after irbesartan administration. Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining results indicated that the fibrosis observed in the MG samples was alleviated through FGC treatment.CONCLUSION: FGC may alleviate potential kidney injury by decreasing the serum MCP-1 and CTGF levels and inhibiting NF-k B expression in diabetic nephropathy in rats with high-fat diet-induced diabetes.

HPLC fingerprints and quality assessment of Rhizoma Coptidis from different areas

HPLC fingerprinting and determination methods were applied to evaluate 88 batches of Rhizoma Coptidis from 27 different areas. The results showed that HPLC fingerprint of Rhizoma Coptidis was established with good separation and repeatability, which could be used for quality assessment of Rhizoma Coptidis. Twelve common peaks were defined in characteristic fingerprints, and similarity evaluation system was applied to evaluate the fingerprints of 88 batches of Rhizoma Coptidis, the contents of six alkaloids have been determined. The method of assessing Rhizoma Coptidis and evaluation of its quality has been established.

Simultaneous analysis of Cu and Pb as ABEDTA complexes in Rhizoma coptidis by capillary electrophoresis coupled with solid phase extraction

A novel capillary electrophoresis method for simultaneous determination of Cu and Pb has been developed in this paper.Cu（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） ions were reacted with ABEDTA to form complex to achieve an ideal sensitivity of heavy metal complexes.The digestion solution of Rhizoma coptidis drug sample was purified by neutral Al_2O_3 column chromatography and the chromatographic behavior of metal-L complexes was investigated.The calibration curve was linear in the range of 5-60μg/mL for Cu^（2＋） and 5-25μg/mL for Pb^（2＋） with the correlation coefficients 0.9970 and 0.9972 for each（n = 5）.The average recoveries were 86.2%for Pb and 90.1%for Cu,while the relative standard deviations were 5.1%and 3.6%respectively.The method was successfully applied to determine Cu and Pb in R.coptidis drug samples.

Chelatometric dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of total and water soluble copper in Rhizoma coptidis

A new method for the analysis of copper and its speciation in Rhizoma coptidis was proposed using chelatometric dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction（cDLLME） followed by capillary electrophoresis. Dithizone was used as a chelating agent for extraction and carbon tetrachloride and ethanol were used as extraction and dispersive solvent,respectively.The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.5- 20.0μg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9990（n = 6） and the average recovery was in the range of 88.26%-94.44%.The method was successfully used to determine the total and water soluble copper in Rhizoma coptidis herbal medicine.The results suggested that it would be reasonable to setting the criterion of heavy metals in an herbal medicine according to the dosage forms.

Rapid and simultaneous determination of moisture and berberine content in Coptidis Rhizoma and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex by near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics

Coptidis Rhizoma(Chinese:Huanglian)and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex(Chinese:Huangbo)are widely used Traditional Chinese Medicine,and often used in combination because of their similar pharmacological effects in clinical practice.However,the quality control methods of the two drugs are different and complicated,which is time consuming and laborious in practical application.In this paper,rapid and simultaneous determination of moisture and berberine in Coptidis Rhizoma(CR)and Phellodendri Chinensis Cortex(PC)was realized by near-infrared spectroscopy(NIRs)combined with global models.Competitive adaptive reweighted sampling(CARS)and successive projection algorithm(SPA)method were applied for variable selection.Principal component analysis(PCA)and partial least squares regression method(PLSR)were applied for qualitative and quantitative analysis,respectively.The characteristic variables of berberine showed similarity and consistency in distribution,providing basis for the global models.For moisture content,the global model had relative standard error of prediction set(RSEP)value of 3.04%and 2.53%for CR and PC,respectively.For berberine content,the global model had RSEP value of 5.41%and 3.97%for CR and PC,respectively.These results indicated the global models based on CARS-PLS method achieved satisfactory prediction for moisture and berberine content,improving the determination e±ciency.Furthermore,the greater range and larger number of samples enhanced the reliance of the global model.The NIRs combined with global models could be a powerful tool for quality control of CR and PC.

In vitro studies on the multi-target anti-Alzheimer activities of berberine-like alkaloids from Coptidis Rhizoma

Coptidis Rhizoma, a well known heat-clearing Chinese Materia Medica, exhibited multi-target anti-Alzheimer effectsin vitro through inhibition of AI342 aggregation, ACHE, and BACE1. Six berberine-like alkaloids were found to be the majoractive constituents of Coptidis Rhizoma by HPLC analysis along with activity assays. A standard combination of the six majoralkaloids was demonstrated to fully reproduce the in vitro effects of Coptidis Rhizoma. Molecular docking studies revealed thatberberine-like alkaloids could directly bind at the active sites of AI342, ACHE, and BACE1 through hydrophobic interactions,aromatic stacking, and electrostatic interactions.

ExperimentalStudyofRPlasmidEliminatingActionofRhizomaCoptidisonE．Coli

The R plasmid curing experiment was performed in vitro with E. coli strain E. 102 bearing Rplasmid with multiple drug resistance as target bacteria and Rhizoma Coptidis as elimination agent, and theinfluence at different acting time of it on R plasmid elimination was also observed. Results showed that whenthe acting time was 24 hours, the cure rate of R plasmid was 2 . 42 % and when the action time increased to 48hours, the cure rate was elevated to 22. 57% . The missing pattern s of R plasmid might occur in diap-pearence of either multiple or single resistance.

Coptidis Rhizoma-Contained Traditional Formulae for Insomnia:A Potential to Prevent Diabetes?

It has been well known that insomnia and sleep deprivation can lead to many metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabete mellitus （T2DM）o Chinese medicine （CM） has been used to improve insomnia and showed many good therapeutic effects. Some Coptidis Rhizoma-contained traditional formulae have been found to exert obvious effects on insomnia, such as Jiaotai Pill （交泰丸）, Huanglian Ejiao Decoction （黄连阿胶汤）, Huanglian Wendan Decoction （黄连温胆汤）, Niuhuang Qingxin Pill （牛黄清心丸）, and Zhusha Anshen Pill （朱砂安神丸）. Coptidis Rhizoma, a traditional herbal medicine which can purge Xin （Heart） fire, is the most important component of these formulas. Studies have found that these formulae could improve T2DM symptoms. We hypothesized that treating insomnia theoretically may help to prevent diabetes and organized many experimental studies in this review and concluded that Coptidis Rhizoma-contained traditional formulae for insomnia might be a potential to prevent diabetes.

Huanglian decoction suppresses the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by reducing CCNB1 expression

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most prevalent cancers in human populations worldwide.Huanglian decoction is one of the most important Chinese medicine formulas,with the potential to treat cancer.AIM To investigate the role and mechanism of Huanglian decoction on HCC cells.METHODS To identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs),we downloaded gene expression profile data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Gene Expression Omnibus(GSE45436)databases.We obtained phytochemicals of the four herbs of Huanglian decoction from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform.We also established a regulatory network of DEGs and drug target genes and subsequently analyzed key genes using bioinformatics approaches.Furthermore,we conducted in vitro experiments to explore the effect of Huanglian decoction and to verify the predictions.In particular,the CCNB1 gene was knocked down to verify the primary target of this decoction.Through the identification of the expression levels of key proteins,we determined the primary mechanism of Huanglian decoction in HCC.RESULTS Based on the results of the network pharmacological analysis,we revealed 5 bioactive compounds in Huanglian decoction that act on HCC.In addition,a protein-protein interaction network analysis of the target genes of these five compounds as well as expression and prognosis analyses were performed in tumors.CCNB1 was confirmed to be the primary gene that may be highly expressed in tumors and was significantly associated with a worse prognosis.We also noted that CCNB1 may serve as an independent prognostic indicator in HCC.Moreover,in vitro experiments demonstrated that Huanglian decoction significantly inhibited the growth,migration,and invasiveness of HCC cells and induced cell apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest.Further analysis showed that the decoction may inhibit the growth of HCC cells by downregulating the CCNB1 expression level.After Huanglian decoction treatment,the expression levels of Bax,caspase 3,caspase 9,p21 and p53 in HCC cells were increased,while the expression of CDK1 and CCNB1 was significantly decreased.The p53 signaling pathway was also found to play an important role in this process.CONCLUSION Huanglian decoction has a significant inhibitory effect on HCC cells.CCNB1 is a potential therapeutic target in HCC.Further analysis showed that Huanglian decoction can inhibit HCC cell growth by downregulating the expression of CCNB1 to activate the p53 signaling pathway.