In this article we focus on the making of socialism,of socialist thought in history,in Britain.The four socialists we are going to present in this paper are not so famous as Marx,Engels or even William Morris,but they...In this article we focus on the making of socialism,of socialist thought in history,in Britain.The four socialists we are going to present in this paper are not so famous as Marx,Engels or even William Morris,but they played an essential role in the birth of socialism in Britain,and they certainly deserve being remembered.Their names are Thomas Hodgskin,William Thompson,John Gray and John Francis Bray.They are usually referred to as the‘Ricardian Socialists'.This article will try to examine the underlying philosophy which their economic constructions imply.Revisiting these writers may help understand the notions of nature,reason and happiness that are part and parcel of their socialism thought and their economic thought.展开更多
The impact of climate variability on Maradi and Dosso agriculture was estimated taking into account farmer adaptations. The study used a Ricardian analysis of 200 farms to explore the effects of climate variability on...The impact of climate variability on Maradi and Dosso agriculture was estimated taking into account farmer adaptations. The study used a Ricardian analysis of 200 farms to explore the effects of climate variability on net revenue. It also simulates the impact of different climate scenarios on agriculture incomes. This analysis bespeaks that if temperature increases 1°C annually, the annual crop net revenues for both frameworks will decrease up to 582170.7 FCFA2 for model without adaptation (M1) and up to 1316 FCFA for model with adaptation (M2). An increase of Precipitation of 1 mm/month will increase crop receipts for the frameworks up to 721,917 FCFA for M1 and 1,861,455 FCFA for M2. In order to predict climate change impacts for these regions, the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 of IPCC scenarios were examined. The crop net receipts will fall between 10% and 26% if the scenarios happen. Another finding of this study is that each farmer who is practicing adaptation is able to cover the potential loss from climate variability up to 8.95% and 12.71% per ha respectively in Maradi and in Dosso. The study proposes that these regions should start planning measures for unexpected event of climate conditions. Irrigated systems need to be encouraged in order to minimize the vulnerability of the agricultural sector.展开更多
The impacts of climate change on China's agriculture are measured based on Ricardian model. By using county-level cross-sectional data on agricultural net revenue, climate, and other economic and geographical data...The impacts of climate change on China's agriculture are measured based on Ricardian model. By using county-level cross-sectional data on agricultural net revenue, climate, and other economic and geographical data for 1275 agriculture-dominated counties in the period of 1985-1991, we find that both higher temperature and more precipitation will have overall positive impact on China's agriculture. However, the impacts vary seasonally and regionally. Higher temperature in all seasons except spring increases agricultural net revenue while more precipitation is beneficial in winter but is harmful in summer. Applying the model to five climate scenarios in the 2020s and 2050s shows that the North, the Northeast, the Northwest, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau would always benefit from climate change while the South and the Southwest may be negatively affected. For the East and the Central China, most scenarios show that they may benefit from climate change. In conclusion, climate change would be beneficial to the whole China.展开更多
文摘In this article we focus on the making of socialism,of socialist thought in history,in Britain.The four socialists we are going to present in this paper are not so famous as Marx,Engels or even William Morris,but they played an essential role in the birth of socialism in Britain,and they certainly deserve being remembered.Their names are Thomas Hodgskin,William Thompson,John Gray and John Francis Bray.They are usually referred to as the‘Ricardian Socialists'.This article will try to examine the underlying philosophy which their economic constructions imply.Revisiting these writers may help understand the notions of nature,reason and happiness that are part and parcel of their socialism thought and their economic thought.
文摘The impact of climate variability on Maradi and Dosso agriculture was estimated taking into account farmer adaptations. The study used a Ricardian analysis of 200 farms to explore the effects of climate variability on net revenue. It also simulates the impact of different climate scenarios on agriculture incomes. This analysis bespeaks that if temperature increases 1°C annually, the annual crop net revenues for both frameworks will decrease up to 582170.7 FCFA2 for model without adaptation (M1) and up to 1316 FCFA for model with adaptation (M2). An increase of Precipitation of 1 mm/month will increase crop receipts for the frameworks up to 721,917 FCFA for M1 and 1,861,455 FCFA for M2. In order to predict climate change impacts for these regions, the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 of IPCC scenarios were examined. The crop net receipts will fall between 10% and 26% if the scenarios happen. Another finding of this study is that each farmer who is practicing adaptation is able to cover the potential loss from climate variability up to 8.95% and 12.71% per ha respectively in Maradi and in Dosso. The study proposes that these regions should start planning measures for unexpected event of climate conditions. Irrigated systems need to be encouraged in order to minimize the vulnerability of the agricultural sector.
基金Supported by the National Scientific Foundation of China(7087311840801231)+5 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-305-2KZCX2-YW-326-1)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2006DFB9192012008BAC43B012008BAK47B022008BAK50B06)~~
基金Young Scientist Summer Program at the International Institute for Applied System Analysis, YSSP 1999, Austria
文摘The impacts of climate change on China's agriculture are measured based on Ricardian model. By using county-level cross-sectional data on agricultural net revenue, climate, and other economic and geographical data for 1275 agriculture-dominated counties in the period of 1985-1991, we find that both higher temperature and more precipitation will have overall positive impact on China's agriculture. However, the impacts vary seasonally and regionally. Higher temperature in all seasons except spring increases agricultural net revenue while more precipitation is beneficial in winter but is harmful in summer. Applying the model to five climate scenarios in the 2020s and 2050s shows that the North, the Northeast, the Northwest, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau would always benefit from climate change while the South and the Southwest may be negatively affected. For the East and the Central China, most scenarios show that they may benefit from climate change. In conclusion, climate change would be beneficial to the whole China.
