In this article we focus on the making of socialism,of socialist thought in history,in Britain.The four socialists we are going to present in this paper are not so famous as Marx,Engels or even William Morris,but they...In this article we focus on the making of socialism,of socialist thought in history,in Britain.The four socialists we are going to present in this paper are not so famous as Marx,Engels or even William Morris,but they played an essential role in the birth of socialism in Britain,and they certainly deserve being remembered.Their names are Thomas Hodgskin,William Thompson,John Gray and John Francis Bray.They are usually referred to as the‘Ricardian Socialists'.This article will try to examine the underlying philosophy which their economic constructions imply.Revisiting these writers may help understand the notions of nature,reason and happiness that are part and parcel of their socialism thought and their economic thought.展开更多
The impact of climate variability on Maradi and Dosso agriculture was estimated taking into account farmer adaptations. The study used a Ricardian analysis of 200 farms to explore the effects of climate variability on...The impact of climate variability on Maradi and Dosso agriculture was estimated taking into account farmer adaptations. The study used a Ricardian analysis of 200 farms to explore the effects of climate variability on net revenue. It also simulates the impact of different climate scenarios on agriculture incomes. This analysis bespeaks that if temperature increases 1°C annually, the annual crop net revenues for both frameworks will decrease up to 582170.7 FCFA2 for model without adaptation (M1) and up to 1316 FCFA for model with adaptation (M2). An increase of Precipitation of 1 mm/month will increase crop receipts for the frameworks up to 721,917 FCFA for M1 and 1,861,455 FCFA for M2. In order to predict climate change impacts for these regions, the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 of IPCC scenarios were examined. The crop net receipts will fall between 10% and 26% if the scenarios happen. Another finding of this study is that each farmer who is practicing adaptation is able to cover the potential loss from climate variability up to 8.95% and 12.71% per ha respectively in Maradi and in Dosso. The study proposes that these regions should start planning measures for unexpected event of climate conditions. Irrigated systems need to be encouraged in order to minimize the vulnerability of the agricultural sector.展开更多
For thousands of years, the North China Plain has been one of the most productive agricultural regions of the country, and the future of this region will be determined in large part by how global climatic change impac...For thousands of years, the North China Plain has been one of the most productive agricultural regions of the country, and the future of this region will be determined in large part by how global climatic change impact regional conditions and by actions taken to mitigate or adapt to impacts of climate change. It is of great importance to estimate the effects of carbon sequestration measures taken to mitigate or adapt to impacts of climate change with proper economic outcome models. This paper aims to measure the effects of the most commonly used carbon sequestration measures, fertilization and irrigation, on agricultural production in the North China Plain.展开更多
The impacts of climate change on China's agriculture are measured based on Ricardian model. By using county-level cross-sectional data on agricultural net revenue, climate, and other economic and geographical data...The impacts of climate change on China's agriculture are measured based on Ricardian model. By using county-level cross-sectional data on agricultural net revenue, climate, and other economic and geographical data for 1275 agriculture-dominated counties in the period of 1985-1991, we find that both higher temperature and more precipitation will have overall positive impact on China's agriculture. However, the impacts vary seasonally and regionally. Higher temperature in all seasons except spring increases agricultural net revenue while more precipitation is beneficial in winter but is harmful in summer. Applying the model to five climate scenarios in the 2020s and 2050s shows that the North, the Northeast, the Northwest, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau would always benefit from climate change while the South and the Southwest may be negatively affected. For the East and the Central China, most scenarios show that they may benefit from climate change. In conclusion, climate change would be beneficial to the whole China.展开更多
This article analyzed determinants of gross margin income from fishing to the rural households around Lake Ziway and Langano in Ethiopia. Four districts adjacent to the two lakes were selected purposively from which 1...This article analyzed determinants of gross margin income from fishing to the rural households around Lake Ziway and Langano in Ethiopia. Four districts adjacent to the two lakes were selected purposively from which 179 respondents drawn randomly. Both primary and secondary information comprises of household structure and assets, climate factors and supportive services were organized. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis and the Ricardian method. Budgetary analysis showed positive fish gross margin income (GMI) of ETB 3,023.40 to average fisher. The Ricardian analysis made use of the climate only model (Model 1) and comprehensive model (Model 2). Using Model 1, water level raise due to inflow is vital to earn fair income in addition to the rainfall amount in Season 1, which is supported with positive impact of precipitation water level interaction on fish income. Impact of precipitation was positive in Season 3, due to meher rainfall and withdrawal of fishing labor to join agriculture that minimized over fishing. Using Model 2, precipitation water level interaction has positive impact in Season 2 due to better inflow and Meher rainfall. The interaction term was negative in Season 4 attributed to decreased water level, dry weather and less precipitation. The result also showed positive impact of household members participation, participation in the traditional financial arrangement and capacity to finance operating costs. The study highlights problems facing fishing business like: decreased lake size and water volume, lake turbidity and siltation, open access and weak institutional arrangement to guide fishing efforts, wetland farming and expansion of irrigation to the lake side, cost of fishing materials, minimum sales price as well as poor access to the fish market. Hence, strengthening fishery coperatives, awareness creation, off-farm opportunities, integrated conservation works, reduced wetland farming and acquaintance to social networks were suggested.展开更多
文摘In this article we focus on the making of socialism,of socialist thought in history,in Britain.The four socialists we are going to present in this paper are not so famous as Marx,Engels or even William Morris,but they played an essential role in the birth of socialism in Britain,and they certainly deserve being remembered.Their names are Thomas Hodgskin,William Thompson,John Gray and John Francis Bray.They are usually referred to as the‘Ricardian Socialists'.This article will try to examine the underlying philosophy which their economic constructions imply.Revisiting these writers may help understand the notions of nature,reason and happiness that are part and parcel of their socialism thought and their economic thought.
文摘The impact of climate variability on Maradi and Dosso agriculture was estimated taking into account farmer adaptations. The study used a Ricardian analysis of 200 farms to explore the effects of climate variability on net revenue. It also simulates the impact of different climate scenarios on agriculture incomes. This analysis bespeaks that if temperature increases 1°C annually, the annual crop net revenues for both frameworks will decrease up to 582170.7 FCFA2 for model without adaptation (M1) and up to 1316 FCFA for model with adaptation (M2). An increase of Precipitation of 1 mm/month will increase crop receipts for the frameworks up to 721,917 FCFA for M1 and 1,861,455 FCFA for M2. In order to predict climate change impacts for these regions, the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 of IPCC scenarios were examined. The crop net receipts will fall between 10% and 26% if the scenarios happen. Another finding of this study is that each farmer who is practicing adaptation is able to cover the potential loss from climate variability up to 8.95% and 12.71% per ha respectively in Maradi and in Dosso. The study proposes that these regions should start planning measures for unexpected event of climate conditions. Irrigated systems need to be encouraged in order to minimize the vulnerability of the agricultural sector.
基金Supported by the National Scientific Foundation of China(7087311840801231)+5 种基金the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-305-2KZCX2-YW-326-1)the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2006DFB9192012008BAC43B012008BAK47B022008BAK50B06)~~
文摘For thousands of years, the North China Plain has been one of the most productive agricultural regions of the country, and the future of this region will be determined in large part by how global climatic change impact regional conditions and by actions taken to mitigate or adapt to impacts of climate change. It is of great importance to estimate the effects of carbon sequestration measures taken to mitigate or adapt to impacts of climate change with proper economic outcome models. This paper aims to measure the effects of the most commonly used carbon sequestration measures, fertilization and irrigation, on agricultural production in the North China Plain.
基金Young Scientist Summer Program at the International Institute for Applied System Analysis, YSSP 1999, Austria
文摘The impacts of climate change on China's agriculture are measured based on Ricardian model. By using county-level cross-sectional data on agricultural net revenue, climate, and other economic and geographical data for 1275 agriculture-dominated counties in the period of 1985-1991, we find that both higher temperature and more precipitation will have overall positive impact on China's agriculture. However, the impacts vary seasonally and regionally. Higher temperature in all seasons except spring increases agricultural net revenue while more precipitation is beneficial in winter but is harmful in summer. Applying the model to five climate scenarios in the 2020s and 2050s shows that the North, the Northeast, the Northwest, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau would always benefit from climate change while the South and the Southwest may be negatively affected. For the East and the Central China, most scenarios show that they may benefit from climate change. In conclusion, climate change would be beneficial to the whole China.
文摘This article analyzed determinants of gross margin income from fishing to the rural households around Lake Ziway and Langano in Ethiopia. Four districts adjacent to the two lakes were selected purposively from which 179 respondents drawn randomly. Both primary and secondary information comprises of household structure and assets, climate factors and supportive services were organized. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics, budgetary analysis and the Ricardian method. Budgetary analysis showed positive fish gross margin income (GMI) of ETB 3,023.40 to average fisher. The Ricardian analysis made use of the climate only model (Model 1) and comprehensive model (Model 2). Using Model 1, water level raise due to inflow is vital to earn fair income in addition to the rainfall amount in Season 1, which is supported with positive impact of precipitation water level interaction on fish income. Impact of precipitation was positive in Season 3, due to meher rainfall and withdrawal of fishing labor to join agriculture that minimized over fishing. Using Model 2, precipitation water level interaction has positive impact in Season 2 due to better inflow and Meher rainfall. The interaction term was negative in Season 4 attributed to decreased water level, dry weather and less precipitation. The result also showed positive impact of household members participation, participation in the traditional financial arrangement and capacity to finance operating costs. The study highlights problems facing fishing business like: decreased lake size and water volume, lake turbidity and siltation, open access and weak institutional arrangement to guide fishing efforts, wetland farming and expansion of irrigation to the lake side, cost of fishing materials, minimum sales price as well as poor access to the fish market. Hence, strengthening fishery coperatives, awareness creation, off-farm opportunities, integrated conservation works, reduced wetland farming and acquaintance to social networks were suggested.
