Application of vetiver grass Vetiveria zizanioides: Poaceae(L.) as a trap plant for rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis: Crambidae(Walker) in the paddy fields

Rice is an important staple food in China and it is at risk of attack by rice striped stem borer Chilo suppressalis, which occurs in most rice growing areas. In recent years, severe C. suppressalis outbreaks have been observed in China mainly due to changes in the rice cultivation systems, wide adoption of hybrid varieties and resistance to the dominant insecticides. Management relies primarily on chemical insecticides and resistance is an important contributing factor in these outbreaks. As a result, food safety of agricultural produce is reduced and the ecological and environmental integrities are threatened as well. Recently, environmentally friendly pest management measures, such as trap plants have been introduced for C. suppressalis management and this method can greatly reduce insecticide use. Our previous results indicated that the vetiver grass(Vetiveria zizanioides) is a dead-end trap plant that can effectively attract the adult females of C. suppressalis to lay eggs on it but where larvae are unable to complete their life cycle. This paper further explored the application of vetiver grass as a trap plant to manage C. suppressalis in the paddy fields. This environment-friendly tool can not only reduce C. suppressalis populations, it can also increase the diversity and abundance of natural enemies that can provide better environmental conditions for rice production.

Causes of Recurrence of Rice Chilo suppressalis( Walker) in Longyou County and Prevention and Control Measures

In recent years,the occurrence of rice Chilo suppressalis( Walker) in Longyou County of Zhejiang Province has increased year by year and has become aggravated. This poses a great threat to the safety of rice production. In order to curb the recurrence momentum of rice C. suppressalis,according to the dynamic monitoring and field system survey of rice C. suppressalis in Longyou County since 2015,the causes of the annual increase of rice C. suppressalis in recent years were analyzed,and the recurrence area of C. suppressalis was introduced,and finally some prevention and control measures were put forward.

Effects of High-Quality Aromatic Rice Varieties on the Fitness of the Striped Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis (Walker) in Central China

The striped stem borer （SSB）, Chilo suppressalis （Walker） （Lepidoptera： Pyralidae）, is a major pest of rice in China. Variation in host-plant quality may affect the body size of herbivorous insects, which in turn, can determine their life-history parameters such as survival, fecundity and fitness. In this study, we tested the effects of high-quality aromatic rice varieties on the fitness of SSB in China. Results showed that 1st instar larvae had higher penetrating rates and survival rates on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties （EX-1 and WX-988） than that on the non-aromatic rice varieties （EZ-5 and LYP-9）. In addition, shorter developmental periods, greater female pupal weights and higher of other life-history parameters （hatching rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate and increase index） were found on the high-quality aromatic rice varieties, although only female pupal weight showed a significant difference between the two varieties. The highest dead heart rate was found on the aromatic rice variety of EX-1. These results indicate that SSB sustains a lower fitness cost when consuming the high-quality aromatic rice varieties （EX-1 and WX-988） than on the non-aromatic rice varieties （EZ-5 and LYP-9） in Central China.

The Effect and Benefit of Rice Chilo suppressalis Walker Chemical Control Test of Chlorantraniliprole etc.

In this paper, the first generation and second generation of Chilo suppressalis Walker were conducted as the test objects to investigate control of a new pesticide(chlorantraniliprole) with preparation of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC,abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC to Chilo suppressalis Walker. The results showed that chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos40% EC had effective control to Chilo suppressalis Walker for its excellent control efficacy and long persistence period. Seedling protection efficacies were between84.2%-100%, 90.1% and 92.1%, and insecticidal efficacies were between 84.6%-100%,90.7% and 93.8% 36 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC in treatments with abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for first generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. The dead panicles were between 0.2%-1.4%, 0.8%and 0.7%, pest plant rate control in 0.4%-2.2%, 1.1% and 0.9%, and the rates of damaged rice plants were between 82.4%-97.6%, 90.2%-91.2% and 91.4%-92.8%,30 days after application of chlorantraniliprole 20% SC, abamectin 1.8% EC and chlorpyrifos 40% EC for the second generation Chilo suppressalis Walker control. It can effectively protect seedlings, protect spike, increase grain number and grain weight, which promoting the increase production income effect. The real estate increased by 9.7%-12.3%, 10.9% and 11.2% than water treatment(CK) with a very significant level, while the incomes were higher than 1 719.19-1 998.22, 1 956.52 and 2 057.83 yuan.

Suppression of Rice Stem Borer, Chilo suppressalis by Mass Trapping Using Synthetic Sex Pheromone in Paddy Field

Suppressing effects of mass trapping using synthetic sex pheromone with main active ingredients of Z-11-hexadecenal, Z-13-octadecenal and Z-9-hexadecenal on the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis were investigated during the flight periods of the overwintering and 1st generation in the paddy area of 60 ha in 1999. Population density of C. suppressalis in the pheromone-treated fields was lower than that in control. The egg masses decreased by 74.39% and population size of adult males of the 1st generation decreased by 61.64% in the treated fields as compared to control. Meanwhile, the damage by C. suppressalis larvae was significantly lower in the treated fields than control (t-test, P=0.05). Percentages of brownish leaf sheath, dead heart, and white head in the treated fields were decreased by 70.90%, 57.01% and 44.30%, respectively in contrast to control. The present study demonstrated that mass trapping to C. suppressalis using synthetic sex pheromone shows great potential as an alternative measure in an environment-friendly pest management and at the same challenging the insecticide use that has some environment impacts.

The insecticide resistance in stripped stem borer,Chilo suppressalis(Walker)

The stripped stem borer (SSB),Chilo suppressalis (Walker) is one ofthe major insect pests of rice in Chi-na. Chemical control has been acommon practice in SSB managementsince 1950s. Insecticides used in-cluded BHC before 1983; organophos-

辽河流域栽培稻对二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)的抗性

采用活体成株鉴定法测定了辽河流域主栽水稻品种对二化螟发育和为害的影响,同时测定了不同品种的主要形态特性、硅细胞数量和主要生化特性,评价这些品种对二化螟的抗性、分析其发生的可能机制。盐丰47对二化螟幼虫表现出较好的抗性,在沈农265上二化螟幼虫体重最小。在所测定的特性中,螟害株率与不同品种倒二叶叶角的自然对数之间具有显著的正相关关系,与稻茎Si含量之间具有显著的负线性相关关系;二化螟幼虫体重只与不同品种稻茎直径之间具有显著的正线性相关关系。研究结果对水稻品种抗性利用和未来水稻抗性育种的意义。

A New and Simple Method for Collecting Eggs of the Striped Stemborer,Chilo suppressalis

The method for collecting eggs of the striped stem borer, Chilo suppressalis using plastic bags was studied in comparison with using caged rice plants. There was no significant difference in fecundity of C. suppressalis at 279 eggs/moth and in percentage of hatched eggs at 95% between in plastic bags and on rice plants. More egg masses were collected on plastic bags than on rice plants, whereas more smaller egg masses (less than 100 eggs per mass) in plastic bags than on rice plants. The advantages in collecting eggs of C. suppressalis and other insects by using plastic bags were also discussed.

纳米农药防治水稻二化螟效果初探

近年来,二化螟在宁波市水稻上逐年加重发生。为明确纳米水性制剂(以下简称“纳米农药”)对二化螟的防治效果,在二化螟防治适期,选择甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐传统制剂和纳米制剂、乙多·甲氧虫、乙基多杀菌素、四唑虫酰胺共5种杀虫剂开展田间药效试验。结果表明,5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐纳米制剂施药14 d后的枯心防效和杀虫防效分别在80%和85%以上,且保产效果更佳,挽回损失率达44%~45%,防效及挽回损失率均极显著高于5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐传统制剂。

水稻品种对褐飞虱趋向二化螟危害株习性的影响

【目的】褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)具有趋向二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)危害水稻的习性,但此现象是否受到褐飞虱虫态以及水稻品种的影响尚不清楚。论文旨在探究水稻品种和褐飞虱虫态对褐飞虱趋向二化螟危害水稻习性的影响,以及植物挥发物如何介导这一行为,从而为制定绿色防控策略提供科学依据。【方法】通过室内选择试验,观察3种虫态(3—4龄若虫、初羽化雌虫和怀卵雌虫)褐飞虱对二化螟危害及未被危害的中浙优8号等9个水稻品种植株的趋向性;在此基础上,针对具有明显趋向性差异的代表性品种,运用RT-qPCR技术检测中浙优8号、9311和明恢63共3个水稻品种在害虫危害后挥发物合成相关基因的表达变化。【结果】在9个水稻品种下,不同虫态褐飞虱均倾向选择二化螟危害的水稻植株,但这种选择性在水稻品种间有所差异,如褐飞虱初羽化雌虫对明恢63的选择率显著高于甬优538。基因表达分析显示,二化螟的取食显著提高了与植物挥发物合成相关的基因OsCAS、OsLIS、OsHPL3和OsRCI-1的表达量。然而,不同虫态的褐飞虱与二化螟共同取食时,这些基因的表达水平与二化螟单独危害时相比,会出现升高或抑制的情况,具体的影响因虫态而异。【结论】褐飞虱趋向二化螟危害株的习性在所测定的9个水稻品种中普遍存在,但不同虫态在不同水稻品种下的趋向程度有明显差异,不同虫态间主要表现在褐飞虱初羽化雌虫对水稻品种甬优538、中浙优8号与明恢63的选择上;二化螟单独取食或与褐飞虱共同取食均可提高OsCAS、OsLIS、OsHPL3和OsRCI-1的表达水平,表明害虫危害水稻可以调控水稻挥发物的合成,进而影响褐飞虱的寄主选择行为。

Composition of Rice Stem Borers in Western Rice Areas of Sichuan Province and New Characteristics of Their Occurrence and Damage

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the composition of rice stem borers in western Sichuan Province and the characteristics of their occurrence and dam- age. [ Method ] Rice stem borers in western rice areas in Sichuan Province were composed of Chilo suppressalis, Tryporyza itwertulas and Sesamla inferens. C. sup- pressalis was the dominant population in most rice areas in western flee areas in Sichuan Province. T. incertulas had distribution and damage in Longquan, Qingbai- jiang and some rice areas, showing increasing trend of spread. The population of S. inferens was the minimum, but it caused serious damage in late period of rice. [ Conclusion] The result provided theoretical basis for proposing effective control measures against rice stem borers in western rice areas in Sichuan Province.

不同药剂对水稻二化螟的防治效果研究

为明确不同药剂对水稻二化螟防治效果及对水稻生长的安全性,以清水为对照,选择5%氯虫苯甲酰胺悬浮剂、5%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐微乳剂、19.4%甲维·氯虫可分散油悬浮剂、26%阿维·茚虫威悬浮剂和34%乙多·甲氧虫悬浮剂5种药剂,分别在桃源县的早稻和晚稻上对二化螟进行田间防治。结果表明,5种药剂均对水稻二化螟具有一定的防效,且均对水稻生长安全,其中19.4%甲维·氯虫可分散油悬浮剂处理的防治效果最好,在早稻和晚稻上的防治效果分别达到93.15%和90.44%。生产中,推荐使用19.4%甲维·氯虫可分散油悬浮剂防治水稻二化螟。

20%环丙氟虫胺悬浮剂飞防早稻二化螟技术要素探析

为探析20%环丙氟虫胺悬浮剂飞防早稻二化螟的效果,笔者于2023年选用极飞P100PRO型植保无人机,设定了作业参数,开展了不同单位面积药液用量和商品制剂用量的试验。结果表明,在单位面积喷施额定商品制剂用量的前提下,对二化螟的防效并不随着药液用量的增加而提高,最佳药液用量为39.00 L/hm2;在单位面积喷施额定药液用量的前提下,对二化螟的防效随着单位面积商品制剂用量的增加而上升,其单位面积最优商品制剂用量为378.69 mL/hm2,施用1次后的持效期在15 d左右。

环丙氟虫胺对水稻二化螟的毒力和田间防效评价

为了测试并评价环丙氟虫胺对抗性地区水稻二化螟(Chilo suppressalis)的室内和田间效果,为抗性二化螟的化学防治提供科学依据。以环丙氟虫胺、氯虫苯甲酰胺和阿维菌素为供试药剂,室内采用稻茎浸渍法测试了3省12地二化螟的活性,田间采用喷雾法测试了3省3地的防治效果。试验结果表明:与二化螟敏感种群相比,环丙氟虫胺对二化螟的LC_(50)为0.332~0.897 mg/L、抗性倍数为1.6~4.2倍,氯虫苯甲酰胺LC_(50)为62.407~>500 mg/L、抗性倍数为14.2~>114.1倍,阿维菌素LC_(50)为0.887~29.561 mg/L、抗性倍数为4.4~145.6倍。20%环丙氟虫胺SC以有效成分30~60 g/hm^(2)剂量进行均匀喷雾处理,药后21 d时,对二化螟的田间防效为81.54%~98.60%,200 g/L氯虫苯甲酰胺SC在有效成分30 g/hm^(2)剂量下防效14.01%~39.24%、5%阿维菌素EC在有效成分150 g/hm^(2)剂量下防效80.47%~97.68%。环丙氟虫胺对不同地区的二化螟均具有优秀且稳定的活性表现,在有效成分60 g/hm^(2)剂量下,对不同抗性水稻二化螟的药后21 d防效在90%以上。环丙氟虫胺与氯虫苯甲酰胺、阿维菌素无交互抗性,在化学防治抗性二化螟方面,环丙氟虫胺是替代氯虫苯甲酰胺和阿维菌素的理想产品,具有良好的应用价值。

区域稻作结构变化对二化螟种群发生的影响

为探明区域稻作结构变化对二化螟种群数量发生的影响,运用临海市2013—2022年灯下二化螟种群数量和稻作数据进行分析。结果表明,随着单季稻种植面积在全年稻作结构中占比的下降,早稻和连作晚稻面积占比的上升,稻作模式从单季主栽模式过渡至明显的单双混栽模式,导致二化螟种群全年累计蛾量的攀升,成虫主害代从越冬代后移至二代;越冬代二化螟蛾量在全年蛾量中所占比重与全年早稻面积的比例和全年连作晚稻面积的比例均呈极显著负相关关系,与全年单季稻面积的比例呈极显著正相关关系;二代二化螟蛾量在全年蛾量中所占比重与全年早稻面积的比例和全年连作晚稻面积的比例均呈极显著正相关关系,与全年单季稻面积的比例呈极显著负相关关系;合理调整区域内的稻作结构是控制二化螟种群数量,减少其发生为害的有效手段。

稻螟赤眼蜂防治早稻一代二化螟的应用技术

为明确稻螟赤眼蜂防治早稻一代二化螟的田间高效释放应用技术,于2017—2018年在宁波市镇海和奉化两地开展了不同放蜂起始时间、放蜂量和放蜂次数及与化学防治结合应用对早稻田一代二化螟的控害效果试验。结果表明,二化螟发蛾初期、蛾始盛期和蛾盛期3个不同时期中从蛾始盛期开始放蜂的防治效果最好,防治效果为54.06%;在放蜂次数不变的前提下,667 m^(2)放蜂总量4万头和5万头处理对二化螟的防治效果分别为65.65%和67.32%,均显著高于3万头处理的防治效果,但两者差异不显著;在放蜂总量不变的前提下,放蜂3次和放蜂4次处理的防治效果也均显著高于放蜂2次的防治效果,但两者也无显著性差异;放蜂3次后再化学防治1次能显著提高对二化螟的综合防治效果,其防效与化学防治2次的防治效果相当。因此,在应用稻螟赤眼蜂防控早稻一代二化螟时,应根据越冬代二化螟的实际发生情况来确定合理的放蜂时间、放蜂量和放蜂次数,以确保赤眼蜂的释放控害技术措施经济高效。

稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟的2种智能监测评价

2019—2020年,对桐乡市稻纵卷叶螟和二化螟进行性信息素智能监测,比较黑光灯诱智能监测和传统监测效果。结果表明,在稻纵卷叶螟监测过程中,黑光灯智能监测优于性信息素智能监测和白炽灯传统监测,与传统的人工赶蛾相比,趋势较一致,黑光灯智能监测在一定程度上可以替代人工赶蛾监测。同时我们发现四(2)代稻纵卷叶螟成虫田间数量多,但是黑光灯下数量少,五(3)代稻纵卷叶螟成虫田间数量少,但是黑光灯下数量多。2年对二化螟的监测中发现性诱和黑光灯监测均可以较好地监测到二化螟种群动态,二化螟种群动态年度间差异较大,但同一年份各区域二化螟种群动态基本一致,而诱捕数量差异较大。综上,黑光灯智能监测可以应用于稻纵卷叶螟的监测,二化螟性诱监测和黑光灯监测都可以较好地监测二化螟种群动态,两者互补可以很好地用于监测二化螟。

Main Rice Pests Control with Trichogramma japonicum

This study used Trichogramma japonicumto to control Chilo suppressalis （Walker） and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis（Guenée）, and tested the effects of different control methods on main rice pests, natural enemies and rice yield. The results revealed that the parasitism of Trichogramma japonicum in the eggs of Chilo suppressalis （Walker） and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenée） reached 60.3% and 57.1%, and the control efficacy was up to 70.8 % and 91.99%, respectively. The control efficacy for Cnaphalocrocis medinalis （Guenée） was much better. This biological control method could be equivalent to chemical control method in the control effects on main pests in rice. The yield under the biological control was 26.5% higher than that of the control group, and the biological control had a signifcant increase in the number of natural enemies such as spider, up to 400 per 100 plants. Therefore, the sustainable prevention and control were achieved in the presentence with natural enemy organism.

稻虾共作模式下溴氰虫酰胺对二化螟防效及克氏原螯虾生长的影响

采用手动喷雾法,在安徽长丰和安徽霍邱开展了10%溴氰虫酰胺OD对水稻二化螟的田间防效试验,通过溴氰虫酰胺在克氏原螯虾中的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)检测方法,测定了施药后不同时间和不同施药量在克氏原螯虾虾头、虾尾和全虾中溴氰虫酰胺的生物富集量,并探究了不同施药浓度和次数对克氏原螯虾生长指标和最终产量的影响,以期为指导该药剂的田间合理使用提供理论依据。结果显示,10%溴氰虫酰胺OD在每亩施药量为20~40 mL下对水稻二化螟的田间防效均高于80%。10%溴氰虫酰胺OD施药量为每亩30和60 mL,其在克氏原螯虾虾头、虾尾和全虾中生物富集量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,在14 d时达到最高值,虾头、虾尾和全虾中溴氰虫酰胺浓度分别为:4.00、2.00和3.67μg·kg^(-1);6.33、8.00和7.00μg·kg^(-1),在施药35 d后所有样品中溴氰虫酰胺浓度均<LOQ。溴氰虫酰胺处理组小区的克氏原螯虾体重、体长和最终产量与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。

不同稻田种养模式对水稻生长、二化螟及杂草的影响

为探究不同稻田种养模式对水稻生长特性、二化螟及杂草防控效果的影响,设置稻田养牛蛙(DNW)、稻田养黑斑蛙(DW)、稻田养鱼(DY)和水稻单作(CK)4个处理,调查各处理水稻叶面积指数、干物质积累量、水稻产量及产量构成、二化螟虫口密度和杂草密度。结果表明,在齐穗期,DW处理的叶面积指数较CK显著增加15.23%;在水稻生长期DW处理对二化螟的防治效果为49.60%,杂草密度防治效果为73.78%,杂草干物质防治效果为76.44%,DW处理的杂草干物质量较CK显著下降。DW、DNW处理成熟期的穗干物质量较CK分别高3.21%和12.10%,但差异不显著。DW处理的有效穗数、穗粒数较CK显著增加19.45%和18.50%。水稻实际产量各处理间差异不显著,DW与CK一致,DNW比CK增产9.89%,稻蛙共作具有较好的稳产效果。综上所述,“稻-黑斑蛙”共生能提高水稻光合作用,减少二化螟危害和稻田杂草发生,达到稳定水稻产量、减少农药使用的目的。