Rice Bran Oil: Emerging Trends in Extraction, Health Benefit, and Its Industrial Application

Rice bran oil(RBO)is unique among edible vegetable oils because of its unique fatty acid composition,phenolic compound(γ-oryzanol,ferulic acid)and vitamin E(tocopherol and tocotrienol).It has become a great choice of cooking oil because of its very high burning point,neutral taste and delicate flavour.Non-conventional methods of RBO extraction are more efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional extraction methods.Advances in RBO extraction using innovative extraction strategies like super/sub-critical CO_(2),microwave-assisted,subcritical H_(2)O,enzyme-assisted aqueous and ultrasoundassisted aqueous extraction methods have proven to significantly improve the yields along with improved nutritional profile of RBO.The compositions and strategies for stabilization of RBO are well discussed.The constituents are present in the RBO contribute to antioxidative,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,antidiabetic and anti-cancerous properties to RBO.This has helped RBO to become an important substrate for the application in food(cooking oil,milk product and meat product)and non-food industries(polymer,lubricant,biofuel,structural lipid and cosmetic).This review provided comprehensive information on RBO extraction methods,oil stabilization,existing applications and health benefits.

Optimization of Extraction Technology for Rice Bran Oil

[ Objective ] This study aimed to optimize the extraction technology for rice bran oil. [ Method ] Using rice bran as raw material, effects of ultrasonicassisted extraction technology and different organic solvents, extraction durations, solid-liquid ratios and extraction temperatures on extraction results of rice bran oil were investigated. Based on the results of single-factor experiment, L9 （34 ） orthngonal experiment with three factors at three levels was conducted to optimize the extraction technological parameters, thus obtaining the optimal technological conditions for extracting rice bran oil. [ Result] Anhydrous ethanol led to the best extraction result; after ultrasonic treatment, the extraction rate of rice bran oil from raw material was not enhanced. The optimized technological parameters were ： extraction temperature of 80 ℃, extraction duration of 20 rain and solid-liquid ratio of 1：24 （ g： ml）. Under the optimized technological conditions, the extraction rate of rice bran oil reached 19.33%. [ Conclusion] This study laid solid foundation for further investigation and development of rice bran oil.

Production of Rice Bran Oil in India: a Technical Evaluation

India has the highest utilization of rice bran oil in terms of the available resources in the country.Parboiled rice tradition has made the available rice bran in relatively good quality.This makes the quality of crude rice bran oil being also high.Therefore the following processing is made relatively simple comparing with those high free fatty acid content crude rice bran oils.In India,physical refining is commonly used.Thus the oil refining yield is usually high.The unsaponifiable content is also higher comparatively.For example,oryzanol content is usually 1%to 1.5%in weight.Although there are a large number of rice bran oil small plants in India,the technology is relatively mature for the production of relatively good quality rice bran oil.In this short overview of the production technology of rice bran oil in India,the state of the art has been elaborated in a simple form.Particularly,the problems and challenges of the production technology have been evaluated with the background of decades of research and technology development work in India.

Nutrition and Applications of Rice Bran Oil: a Mini-overview

Rice bran oil is a healthy oil from many aspects.The oil has a balanced fatty acid profile comparing with many other vegetable oils.The key difference is the minor components or micronutrients or unsaponifiable matters contained in the oil that are very special and in larger percentages.The oil contains more than 1.5%oryzanol that gives nutritional and pharmaceutical functions from the studies so far.More studies are needed to demonstrate the wide functions in many aspects.The oil also contains large percentage of phytosterols which received huge amount of studies for nutritional applications.Furthermore,the oil contains tocopherols and tocotrienols,in which for the later particularly it gives many special functions including prevention of breast cancers for example.When the oil is properly processed and used in foods,those functions are more and more demonstrated in nutritional or biological studies.Thus the oil in food and pharmaceutical applications is in exploring both in academic studies and industrial practice.In this work,an overview of such progress is given.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Crude Rice Bran Oil with Immobilized Candida sp. 99-125

The non-edible crude rice bran oil was extracted from white rice bran, and then was catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production in this study. The effects of water content, oil/methanol molar ratio, temperature, enzyme amount, solvent,number of methanol added times and two-step methanolysis by using Candida sp. 99-125 as catalyst were investigated. The optimal conditions for processing 1 g rice bran oil were: 0.2 g immobilized lipase, 2 ml n-hexane as solvent, 20% water based on the rice bran oil mass, temperature of 40 °C and two-step addition of methanol. As a result, the fatty acid methyl esters yield was 87.4%. The immobilized lipase was proved to be stable when it was used repeatedly for 7 cycles.

Quantitative analysis of γ-oryzanol content in cold pressed rice bran oil by TLC-image analysis method

Objective:To develop and validate an image analysis method for quantitative analysis ofγ-oryzanol in cold pressed rice bran oil.Methods:TLC-densitometric and TLC-image analysis methods were developed,validated,and used for quantitative analysis of γ-oryzanol in cold pressed rice bran oil.The results obtained by these two different quantification methods were compared by paired t-test.Results:Both assays provided good linearity,accuracy,reproducibility and selectivity for determination of γ-oryzanol.Conclusions:The TLC-densitomelric and TLC-image analysis methods providett a similar reproducibility,accuracy and selectivity for the quantitative determination of γ-oryzanol in cold pressed rice bran oil.A statistical comparison of the quantitative determinations of γ-oryzanol in samples did not show any statistically significant difference between TLC-densitometric and TLC-image analysis methods.As both methods were found to be equal,they therefore can be used for the determination of γ-oryzanol in cold pressed rice bran oil.

Pilot Scale Mill Characterization and Evaluation of Rice Bran Oil Concentration of Jazzman Rice

The demand for aromatic rice has increased in the United States during the last two decades. Jazzman, the first US-bred jasmine-type rice variety, was released by the Louisiana State University (LSU) AgCenter Rice Research Station in 2008 to compete for a market share of jasmine-type rice. Jazzman, a long grain aromatic rice variety, was developed from a cross between Ahrent and an unreleased aromatic Chinese rice line 96a-8. In pre-release field tests and laboratory scale evaluation, Jazzman rice yield and milling quality compared favorably with two high-yielding and good-milling non-aromatic long grain varieties, Cypress and Cheniere. Pilot scale evaluation of Jazzman for milling quality supported laboratory scale evaluation while providing additional data for milling optimization. Pilot scale milling uses larger rice samples than laboratory scale testing and employs a continuous process instead of the batch process used at laboratory scale. As a result, pilot scale milling offers more comprehensive information regarding the milling yield and quality of rice varieties as they are considered for industrial scale release. Another consideration for new rice varieties involves their potential for value-added processing, in which waste streams during processing can be used to create valuable products. The oil from rice bran is one such product. The objective of this study was to use pilot scale milling to determine the potential of Jazzman for industrial scale release, including its potential for value-added processing. Results showed that bran was easily removed during milling;the head rice recovery ranged from 66% to 74% as a function of milling flow rate. Water polishing had little effect on head rice recovery, but improved the final degree of milling (DOM) to a commercially acceptable level of 87 - 90. Additionally, rice bran oil concentration decreased as pilot scale flow rate increased, indicating that oil was concentrated in the outer bran layer of Jazzman. Pilot scale milling shows that Jazzman is a high-yielding and good-milling aromatic long grain rice variety.

Effects of Tocols Rich Fraction Isolated from Rice Bran Oil Deodorizer Distillate on Plasma and Hepatic Lipid Concentrations in Rats

A great deal of attention has been focused on the potential health benefits of using rice bran oil because it is a rich source of bioactive compounds. Rice bran oil deodorizer distillate (RBODD) is a byproduct obtained from distillation of rice bran oil. Elevated plasma cholesterol level is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of tocols (tocopherols + tocotrienols) rich fraction isolated from RBODD on plasma and liver lipid concentrations in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (6 weeks of age) were randomly assigned into three groups: normal fat control (NFC), high fat control (HFC) and high fat diet plus tocols rich fraction (RBODD). RBODD was administered daily for 3 weeks by oral gavage using 5% of Tween-80 as a vehicle. The rats in the control groups received 5% of Tween-80 alone in the same manner. Blood samples and livers were collected at the end of the feeding period. RBODD group had significantly lower plasma triglyceride levels compared to the HFC group (p < 0.05). However, no significant changes for plasma total and lipoprotein cholesterol levels were found in RBODD compared with HFC. Compared to the rat fed HFC, hepatic free fatty acids were significantly reduced in the rats with the RBODD treatment (p < 0.05). The results suggest that the tocols rich fraction isolated from RBODD is associated with decreased plasma triglyceride and hepatic free fatty acids concentrations. Further study is needed to investigate the mechanism and optimal dose by which isomers of tocols lower triglyceride concentrations.

Application of Taguchi’s Orthogonal Array in Multi Response Optimization of NO_xEmission of Crude Rice Bran Oil Methyl Ester Blend as a CI Engine Fuel

In this work an attempt was made to minimize the NOx emission of a crude rice bran oil methyl ester (CRBME) blend with less sacrifice on smoke density and brake thermal efficiency. Three factors namely fuel injection timing, percentage EGR and fuel injection pressure were chosen as the influencing factors for the set objective. Experiments were designed by employing design of experiments method and Taguchi’s L9 orthogonal array was used to test the engine. MRSN ratio was calculated for the response variables and the optimum combination level of factors was obtained simultaneously using Taguchi’s parametric design. ANOVA was employed to analyze the variance of MRSN and the most influencing factor for the set objective was taken from the ANOVA table. Obtained combination was confirmed experimentally and significant improvement was observed in the response variables.

Oxidative Stability of Green Tea Extract-Enriched Rice Bran Oil During Storage

Adding green tea extract to rice bran oil was expected to improve its oxidative stability,so this study was conducted to investigate oxidative stability of green tea extract-enriched rice bran oil(RBOG) during storage at 60℃ for 15 days compared to rice bran oil(RBO),olive(OL),canola(CN),and grape-seed oil(GS).Acid values did not increase during storage,and the highest value was found for OL.The peroxide values of RBOG,RBO,CN,OL,and GS increased for up to 15 days.The highest average rate constant for the change in peroxide value was found for RBO(0.282).TBARS increased continually during storage of RBOG,RBO,CN,and OL;however,the value increased for up to 9 days and then decreased for GS.The highest average rate constant of change in TBARS was found for CN.Overall,the results suggest that green tea extract improves oxidative stability of rice bran oil.

Rice bran oil supplementation protects swine weanlings against diarrhea and lipopolysaccharide challenge

Early weaned piglets suffer from oxidative stress and enteral infection,which usually results in gut microbial dysbiosis,serve diarrhea,and even death.Rice bran oil(RBO),a polyphenol-enriched by-product of rice processing,has been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties both in vivo and in vitro.Here,we ascertained the proper RBO supplementation level,and subsequently determined its effects on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced intestinal dysfunction in weaned piglets.A total of 168 piglets were randomly allocated into four groups of seven replicates(42 piglets each group,(21±1)d of age,body weight(7.60±0.04)kg,and half males and half females)and were given basal diet(Ctrl)or basal diet supplemented with 0.01%(mass fraction)RBO(RBO1),0.02%RBO(RBO2),or 0.03%RBO(RBO3)for 21 d.Then,seven piglets from the Ctrl and the RBO were treated with LPS(100μg/kg body weight(BW))as LPS group and RBO+LPS group,respectively.Meanwhile,seven piglets from the Ctrl were treated with the saline vehicle(Ctrl group).Four hours later,all treated piglets were sacrificed for taking samples of plasma,jejunum tissues,and feces.The results showed that 0.02%was the optimal dose of dietary RBO supplementation based on diarrhea,average daily gain,and average daily feed intake indices in early weaning piglets.Furthermore,RBO protected piglets against LPS-induced jejunal epithelium damage,which was indicated by the increases in villus height,villus height/crypt depth ratio,and Claudin-1 levels,as well as a decreased level of jejunal epithelium apoptosis.RBO also improved the antioxidant ability of LPS-challenged piglets,which was indicated by the elevated concentrations of catalase and superoxide dismutase,and increased total antioxidant capacity,as well as the decreased concentrations of diamine oxidase and malondialdehyde in plasma.Meanwhile,RBO improved the immune function of LPS-challenged weaned piglets,which was indicated by elevated immunoglobulin A(IgA),IgM,β-defensin-1,and lysozyme levels in the plasma.In addition,RBO supplementation improved the LPS challenge-induced dysbiosis of gut microbiota.Particularly,the indices of antioxidant capacity,intestinal damage,and immunity were significantly associated with the RBO-regulated gut microbiota.These findings suggested that 0.02%RBO is a suitable dose to protect against LPS-induced intestinal damage,oxidative stress,and jejunal microbiota dysbiosis in early weaned piglets.

Laboratory studies of rice bran as a carbon source to stimulate indigenous microorganisms in oil reservoirs

There is a great interest in developing cost-efficient nutrients to stimulate microorganisms in indigenous microbial enhanced oil recovery（IMEOR） processes.In the present study,the potential of rice bran as a carbon source for promoting IMEOR was investigated on a laboratory scale.The co-applications of rice bran,K2HPO4 and urea under optimized bio-stimulation conditions significantly increased the production of gases,acids and emulsifiers.The structure and diversity of microbial community greatly changed during the IMEOR process,in which Clostridium sp.,Acidobacteria sp.,Bacillus sp.,and Pseudomonas sp.were dominant.Pressurization,acidification and emulsification due to microbial activities and interactions markedly improved the IMEOR processes.This study indicated that rice bran is a potential carbon source for IMEOR.

Effect of Blended Rice Bran and Olive Oil on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Hyperlipidemic Patients

The present study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of blended rice bran and olive oil on hyperlipidemic subjects. A total of 60 moderately hyperlipidemic patients (Total Cholesterol (TC) >200 mg/dl and/or Triglycerides (TG) >150 mg/dl) with an age range of 45 - 60 were selected from Mediciti Hospital of Ludhiana and were divided into two groups: Group A and Group B containing 30 subjects each. The subjects of Group B were given blended rice bran and olive oil for a time period of 45 days and were asked to continue with their routine eating and physical activity pattern. The subjects of Group A were kept on their regular cooking oil. The serum lipid values were assessed before and after the study. Additional parameters assessed included anthropometry, dietary fat intake and physical activity pattern. The results showed that there was an insignificant change in the average body mass index (BMI) of the subjects of Group B before (27.0 kg/m2) and after (26.9 kg/m2) the study respectively. Also, there was an insignificant change in the lipid levels of the subjects of Group B after the study. The levels of TC and LDL cholesterol decreased by 3.7 and 9.0 percent respectively. Whereas, the levels of TG and VLDL cholesterol increased by 9.5 percent in the subjects of Group B after the feeding trials. Further, systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the subjects of Group B reduced by 2.9 and 2.3 percent respectively. An insignificant change was observed in all the parameters of selected subjects. So, the present study recommends carrying out more long duration research studies to evaluate the effectiveness of this blended oil.

A comprehensive review on anti-diabetic property of rice bran

Rice bran(RB) is one of the nutrient-rich agricultural byproducts. It is a composite of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, fibers, minerals, and trace elements such as phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium and manganese. The extraction and purification process influences the quality and quantity of rice bran oil, which is rich in tocopherols, tocotrienols, 毭-oryzanol, and unsaturated fatty acids. The bioactive components of RB have been reported for exhibiting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypocholesterolemic, anti-cancer, anti-colitis, and antidiabetic properties. In vitro and in vivo studies, and clinical trials in human volunteers revealed the anti-hyperglycemic activity of RB derived compounds. An updated comprehensive review on the antidiabetic property of RB and its derivative is required to appraise the current knowledge in the particular field. Thus, the present paper covered the composition and bioactivities of RB, and influence of extraction methods on the biological property of rice bran oil and rice bran extract. And the current review also focused on the reported antihyperglycemia activity of rice bran derivatives, and its probable mechanism.

米糠油中呈色物质的分离和鉴定

米糠油的色泽是影响其品质的因素之一。该研究对米糠油中呈色物质的提取方法进行优化,并利用高效液相色谱串联质谱法对呈色物质进行分离和鉴定。以甲醇∶水(8∶2,体积比)为萃取剂,用液液萃取法提取米糠油中的强极性呈色物质,然后将样品皂化后利用正己烷提取弱极性呈色物质。强极性和弱极性提取液经质谱分别鉴定出9类物质,共37种,其中强极性提取液中二氢异黄酮类含量最多,弱极性提取液中二氢黄酮醇类为主要化合物。

负载叶黄素米糠油体乳液的制备及理化稳定性分析

叶黄素因其优异的生物活性被广泛关注,但水溶性差、易降解等缺点限制了其在食品加工中的应用。为解决以上问题,该研究以副产物米糠为原料,提取米糠油体作乳化剂,负载叶黄素的稻米油为油相,制备米糠油体叶黄素乳液,对乳液的物理稳定性、包封效果、流变特性、微观结构进行表征,探究乳液组分间相互作用以及乳液的储藏稳定性。研究结果表明,乳液的理化稳定性随着体系中油相浓度的增大而减小,当油相体积分数为10%时,乳液粒径为(481.03±34.39)nm,zeta电位值为(-38.07±0.46)mV;叶黄素与米糠油体主要通过氢键结合;在经过22 d的加速氧化后乳液中叶黄素的保留率接近65%。该研究结果可为开发植物油体递送载体提供理论与技术基础。

浅析米糠油的制备、健康功效及发展趋势

米糠油因其独特的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸比例,以及酚类化合物和谷维素等功能性成分,始终是当前研究的重点。传统索氏提取法制备的米糠油具有溶剂残留、效率低、不利于环保等缺点。近年来,新型热联合提取技术(如微波辅助、超声辅助、超临界流体、酶辅助和亚临界等)等新方法的发展,已被证实可以显著提高米糠油的产量和质量。此外,米糠油具有抗氧化、抗炎、降血糖、降血脂等功效,为米糠油的应用和发展奠定了基础。本综述提供了有关米糠油的制备、健康功效以及未来发展趋势的全面信息,旨在为米糠油的开发利用提供一定的借鉴参考。

含鞣花酸组合物的唇部化妆品淡化唇纹功效评价

选择具有抗皱作用的鞣花酸组合物,制备了具有淡化唇纹的润唇膏。运用人体试验法对所制备的含鞣花酸组合物的润唇膏进行功效性评价,选择110名受试者为研究对象,按要求在下嘴唇右侧使用润唇膏4周,测试受试者使用前后皮肤粗糙度和皮肤皱纹深度的抗皱功效参数。结果表明含鞣花酸组合物的唇部化妆品具有降低皮肤粗糙度、淡化唇纹的效果。

山稻米糠油营养成分分析与比较

分别对江南地区栽培较广的3个山稻品种进行了米糠含油率、脂肪酸组成、不皂化物含量与组成、-谷维素含量的分析,并与水稻和旱稻米糠油进行对比。结果表明,3个山稻品种米糠含油率均高于水稻和旱稻,最高的是山稻18号,含油率达(23.08±2.20)%;脂肪酸组成最丰富的是山稻14号,共检出14种脂肪酸,必需脂肪酸质量分数最高的是山稻5号,仅次于旱稻,达35.83%,最低的是14号,为28.31%;米糠油不皂化物中含量最高的是甾醇类化合物,3个山稻品种中植物甾醇质量分数均超过总不皂化物的50%;山稻18号角鲨烯含量最高,仅次于旱稻,达1168.91mg/kg;5种米糠油中γ-谷维素含量从高到底分别为山稻18号、山稻5号、旱稻、山稻14号和水稻,γ-谷维素质量分数分别为(20.74±0.08)、(18.26±0.08)、(16.68±0.88)、(14.72±0.31)、(12.61±0.11)mg/g,5个品种间γ-谷维素含量差异极显著(P<0.01)。山稻米糠含油率较高,脂肪酸组成丰富,油中植物甾醇和γ-谷维素等含量均高于传统栽培的水稻和旱稻,是一种极具潜力的食用油。

不同气调包装对米糠贮藏期间油脂氧化的影响

为了研究不同气调包装对米糠贮藏期间油脂氧化指标变化的影响,分别采用空气、体积分数为100% N_(2),90% N_(2)+10% O_(2)和90% N_(2)+5% O_(2)+5% CO_(2)包装新鲜米糠,置于37℃下贮藏20 d,分析贮藏期间脂肪酸值、过氧化值、羰基价、脂肪氧化相关关键酶活性和微生物群落总数的变化,并比较贮藏前后脂肪酸组成差异。结果表明:与空气包装相比,贮藏20 d后,体积分数为90% N_(2)+5% O_(2)+5% CO_(2)包装中米糠的脂肪酸值、过氧化值和羰基价分别降低60.12%,49.17%,53.58%,脂肪酶和脂肪氧化酶活性分别降低36.3%和25.79%,还能有效地抑制米糠中微生物的生长繁殖,减缓油酸和亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸的氧化速率。研究为气调包装在粮食贮藏中的应用提供理论依据。