Distribution and Transport of Heavy Metals in Rice Plants in the Jiujiang River Basin

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)was used to analyze the distribution and migration of heavy metals in rice plants in the Jiujiang River Basin,to evaluate the distribution of heavy metals in rice plants and to analyze their migration.The results showed that the distribution of different heavy metal elements in various tissues of rice plants varied greatly.The heavy metal migration factor of rice plant stems and leaves was significantly higher than that of rice husk and brown rice.The distribution of heavy metal content in rice in the Jiujiang River can provide a certain theoretical basis and reference value for the safety and quality of rice in the Jiujiang River Basin.

Towards Intelligent Detection and Classification of Rice Plant Diseases Based on Leaf Image Dataset

The detection of rice leaf disease is significant because,as an agricultural and rice exporter country,Pakistan needs to advance in production and lower the risk of diseases.In this rapid globalization era,information technology has increased.A sensing system is mandatory to detect rice diseases using Artificial Intelligence(AI).It is being adopted in all medical and plant sciences fields to access and measure the accuracy of results and detection while lowering the risk of diseases.Deep Neural Network(DNN)is a novel technique that will help detect disease present on a rice leave because DNN is also considered a state-of-the-art solution in image detection using sensing nodes.Further in this paper,the adoption of the mixed-method approach Deep Convolutional Neural Network(Deep CNN)has assisted the research in increasing the effectiveness of the proposed method.Deep CNN is used for image recognition and is a class of deep-learning neural networks.CNN is popular and mostly used in the field of image recognition.A dataset of images with three main leaf diseases is selected for training and testing the proposed model.After the image acquisition and preprocessing process,the Deep CNN model was trained to detect and classify three rice diseases(Brown spot,bacterial blight,and blast disease).The proposed model achieved 98.3%accuracy in comparison with similar state-of-the-art techniques.

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Transgenic Rice Plants Overexpressing Maize Phosphoenopyruvate Carboxylase

用转PEPC、PPDK、NADP_ME、PEPC +PPDK 双基因水稻 (OryzasativaL .)及原种为材料 ,以光合酶活性、饱和光合速率及PSⅡ光化学效率 (Fv/Fm)为指标 ,研究了转PEPC基因水稻的光合生理特征。结果如下 :转PEPC基因水稻PEPC活性比原种提高 2 0倍 ;饱和光合速率比原种高 5 5 % ;用高光强或人工光氧化剂甲基紫精 (MV)处理后 ,与原种相比 ,转PEPC基因水稻光化学效率下降较少 ,证明其耐光抑制、耐光氧化能力增强 ,测定其光合日变化看出 :在 1d中不同时间 ,转PEPC基因水稻的光合速率均高于原种 ,且与PEPC活性的日变化有相似的趋势。上述结果为转PEPC基因水稻的生理机制和育种研究提供了依据和途径。

Spatio-Temporal Changes in the Rice Planting Area and Their Relationship to Climate Change in Northeast China: A Model-Based Analysis

Rice is one of the most important grain crops in Northeast China （NEC） and its cultivation is sensitive to climate change. This study aimed to explore the spatio-temporal changes in the NEC rice planting area over the period of 1980-2010 and to analyze their relationship to climate change. To do so, the CLUE-S （conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent） model was ifrst updated and used to simulate dynamic changes in the rice planting area in NEC to understand spatio-temporal change trends during three periods： 1980-1990, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010. The changing results in individual periods were then linked to climatic variables to investigate the climatic drivers of these changes. Results showed that the NEC rice planting area expanded quickly and increased by nearly 4.5 times during 1980-2010. The concentration of newly planted rice areas in NEC constantly moved northward and the changes were strongly dependent on latitude. This conifrmed that climate change, increases in temperature in particular, greatly inlfuenced the shift in the rice planting area. The shift in the north limit of the NEC rice planting area generally followed a 1＆#176;C isoline migration pattern, but with an obvious time-lag effect. These ifndings can help policy makers and crop producers take proper adaptation measures even when exposed to the global warming situation in NEC.

Nutritive Equilibrium in Rice Plant Populations for High Yield

The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium application level, seed rate and transplanting density on the growth and development of rice plants were studied to find out nutrient status in high-yielding rice plants and to increase grain yield by adequate fertilization. There was an equilibrium relationship among nutrient elements for high-yielding rice plant populations. The equilibrium index of nutrient amount, content and distribution in high-yielding rice plants should be generally greater than-2 but less than 2. The optimum nutritive proportion of nitrogen: phosphorus: potassium assimilated by the plants was about 10: 2: 9 at the ripening stage. But the content and the proportion varied with the growth stages. Therefore, the nutrient in rice plant populations should be in a dynamic equilibrium, so as to achieve high yield.

Effect of Cultural Measures on Nutrient Contellts in Rice Plants with Erect Panicles

Field experiments were carried out with rice variety of Shennong 91 of short culms and erect panicles to study nutrient contents in high-yielding rice plants and to increase rice yield by appropriate fertilization.Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, iron and copper contents in rice plants varied with different treatment factors. The relationship between the nutrient contents and treatment factors could be simulated using a multiple quadratic equation. The nutrient contents in plants should be appropriate for high-yielding rice. If the mean nutrient content in rice plants producing 11 t ha-1 or more of grain (μj) was set as the standard value and the standard deviation (σj) was set as the range of variation, the nutrient content in high-yielding rice plants should be μj±1.99σj. Rice leaves were sensitive to the nutrient elements. Heavy nitrogen dressing increased the content of nitrogen in rice plants. Sparse transplanting also increased nitrogen content. Improper application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium could affect the nutrient contents and decrease the grain yield.

An Optimal Classification Model for Rice Plant Disease Detection

Internet of Things(IoT)paves a new direction in the domain of smart farming and precision agriculture.Smart farming is an upgraded version of agriculture which is aimed at improving the cultivation practices and yield to a certain extent.In smart farming,IoT devices are linked among one another with new technologies to improve the agricultural practices.Smart farming makes use of IoT devices and contributes in effective decision making.Rice is the major food source in most of the countries.So,it becomes inevitable to detect rice plant diseases during early stages with the help of automated tools and IoT devices.The development and application of Deep Learning(DL)models in agriculture offers a way for early detection of rice diseases and increase the yield and profit.This study presents a new Convolutional Neural Network-based inception with ResNset v2 model and Optimal Weighted Extreme Learning Machine(CNNIR-OWELM)-based rice plant disease diagnosis and classification model in smart farming environment.The proposed CNNIR-OWELM method involves a set of IoT devices which capture the images of rice plants and transmit it to cloud server via internet.The CNNIROWELM method uses histogram segmentation technique to determine the affected regions in rice plant image.In addition,a DL-based inception with ResNet v2 model is engaged to extract the features.Besides,in OWELM,the Weighted Extreme Learning Machine(WELM),optimized by Flower Pollination Algorithm(FPA),is employed for classification purpose.The FPA is incorporated into WELM to determine the optimal parameters such as regularization coefficient C and kernelγ.The outcome of the presented model was validated against a benchmark image dataset and the results were compared with one another.The simulation results inferred that the presented model effectively diagnosed the disease with high sensitivity of 0.905,specificity of 0.961,and accuracy of 0.942.

Characteristics of photosynthesis in rice plants transformed with an antisense Rubisco activase gene

Transgenic rice plants with an antisense gene inserted via Agrobacterium tumefaciens were used to explore the impact of the reduction of Rubisco activase (RCA) on Rubisco and photosynthesis. In this study, transformants containing 15% to 35% wild type Rubisco activase were selected, which could survive in ambient CO2 concentration but grew slowly compared with wild type controls. Gas exchange measurements indicated that the rate of photosynthesis decreased sig- nificantly, while stomatal conductance and transpiration rate did not change; and that the intercellular CO2 concentration even increased. Rubisco determination showed that these plants had approximately twice as much Rubisco as the wild types, although they showed 70% lower rate of photosynthesis, which was likely an acclimation response to the reduction in Rubsico activase and/or the reduction in carbamylation.

RDA- CNN: Enhanced Super Resolution Method for Rice Plant Disease Classification

In thefield of agriculture,the development of an early warning diagnostic system is essential for timely detection and accurate diagnosis of diseases in rice plants.This research focuses on identifying the plant diseases and detecting them promptly through the advancements in thefield of computer vision.The images obtained from in-field farms are typically with less visual information.However,there is a significant impact on the classification accuracy in the disease diagnosis due to the lack of high-resolution crop images.We propose a novel Reconstructed Disease Aware–Convolutional Neural Network(RDA-CNN),inspired by recent CNN architectures,that integrates image super resolution and classification into a single model for rice plant disease classification.This network takes low-resolution images of rice crops as input and employs the super resolution layers to transform low-resolution images to super-resolution images to recover appearance such as spots,rot,and lesion on different parts of the rice plants.Extensive experimental results indicated that the proposed RDA-CNN method performs well under diverse aspects generating visually pleasing images and outperforms better than other con-ventional Super Resolution(SR)methods.Furthermore,these super-resolution images are subsequently passed through deep classification layers for disease classi-fication.The results demonstrate that the RDA-CNN significantly boosts the clas-sification performance by nearly 4–6%compared with the baseline architectures.

Realistic Simulation of Rice Plant

The existing research results of virtual modeling of rice plant, however, is far from perfect compared to that of other crops due to its complex structure and growth process. Techniques to visually simulate the architecture of rice plant and its growth process are presented based on the analysis of the morphological characteristics at different stages. Firstly, the simulations of geometrical shape, the bending status and the structural distortion of rice leaves are conducted. Then, by using an improved model for bending deformation, the curved patterns of panicle axis and various types of panicle branches are generated, and the spatial shape of rice panicle is therefore created. Parametric L-system is employed to generate its topological structures, and finite-state automaton is adopted to describe the development of geometrical structures. Finally, the computer visualization of three-dimensional morphologies of rice plant at both organ and individual levels is achieved. The experimental results showed that the proposed methods of modeling the three-dimensional shapes of organs and simulating the growth of rice plant are feasible and effective, and the generated three-dimensional images are realistic.

Dissipation of pencycuron in rice plant

Pencycuron is a non-systemic protective fungicide for controlling sheath blight of rice. However, information on the fate of pencycuron in rice plant is lacking. The degradation of pencycuron in waterlogged tropic rice field was investigated.Pencycuron was applied at recommended field dose (187.5 g a.i./ha) and double recommended dose to cropped plots for three consecutive years. Pencycuron was rapidly degraded in rice plant at all doses of pencycuron application with first order half-lives of 1.57～2.77 d. The study revealed that pencycuron is safe from the human and environmental contamination point of view.

Effect of Percolation Pattern on Yields and Accumulation of Copper and Cadmium in the Rice Plants with Soil Dressing Models

A greenhouse experiment was conducted using stratified paddy field models, which were prepared by polluted soil with 12.5 cm soil dressing. The paddy models were assembled with open and closed percolation system to focus the effect of percolation pattern on accumulation of cupper （Cu） and cadmium （Cd） in rice plants in contaminated paddy filed with soil dressing models. Percolation pattern has significant effect on soil environment, especially redox potential that may influence mobilization of Cd, Cu and other elements. In open system percolation models, the plowsole and subsoil were in oxidative condition （600 mV）, whereas reduction condition （-200 mV） was measured in closed system percolation models. Accumulations of Cu and Cd in all parts of rice plants （roots, grains, stems and leaves） were found higher in an open system percolation with the paddy field model comparatively than in a closed system percolation. The soil redox （Eh） condition influenced by the percolation pattern might be one of the main factors for uptake and accumulation of Cu and Cd in rice plants. The plant height and stem number were found lower in open system percolation comparatively to closed system percolation. In the yields section, the average panicle length, number of panicle and rice grain/hill and weight of grain/hill were lower in open system percolation than the closed system percolation.

Rice plant growth and yield: foliar application of plasma activated water

Plasma activated water(PAW)was prepared for 10 min to be applied one tofive times as a foliar spray to rice plants,to investigate plant growth,yield and the concentrations of total soluble protein and sugar in the rice grains produced.The results reveal that(1)the plant height,stem diameter,dry weight,chlorophyll and total carotene concentrations were improved by∼15%,∼25%,∼24%,∼47%and∼45%,respectively,with respect to control,(2)defense mechanisms of the plants treated with PAW were improved,(3)concentrations of total soluble protein and sugar were enhanced in the rice grains of PAW treated plants and(4)yield was increased by∼14%.

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERS, NaHCO_3,SOIL TYPE ON CHEMISTRY OF FLOODED SOILS AND RICE PLANT GROWTH

This research was conducted to study the influence of NaHCO3and fertilizer treatments on flooded soils tothe chemistry of soil and rice plant growth.The experiment was done in a greenhouse using a split-split plot design ofthree factors: two types of soil,three doses of fertilizers and three levels of NaHCO3with three replications.The firstfactor was two kind of soils Fluvaquent and Calciquert,the factor was without nutrient(blank),macro nutrients,andcompletely nutrients(second macro and micro nutrients),and the third factor was 0 mg/kg,200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kgof NaHCO3or equivalent with 0 mg,1 200 mg and 2 400 mg NaHCO3per pot.Each experimental unit used a pot of 10L capacity and filled with soil mud equivalent with 6 kg of dried soil.After each of treatment combination mixed into themud soil,two plants of IR-32 variety were grown,and flooded at5 cm high accordingly with growth period.Parametersobserved were the growth of tillers,electrical conductivity(E.C.) and pH.The experiment results showed that the treatment of NaHCO3increased the soluble salt content(E.C.) and soilacidity(pH) during flooding on Calciquerts and Fluvaquents.The content of soluble salt decreased to 2.0 mmhos/cm,while pHon Calciquert decreased towards the neutral pH.Anyhowthe pHon Fluvaquents increased approach to neutral.The treatments of NaHCO3inhibited the tiller growth,either macro fertilizer and completely fertilizer increased thetillers,but did not improve the negative effect of alkalinity due to of NaHCOtreatment.

Free proline accumulation in rice plants under different leaf water potential

Seedlings of drought-tolerance rice varieties Han 501and Han A03,and the drought sensitive varietiesNanjing 11 and Yanjing 2 were raised in a paddyfield and transplanted into pots at the age of 8leaves.Water stress started at the tillering stage byholding water from 0 MPa of the soil water potentialin pots till the leaves showed seriously wilting.

Anther culture of Transgenic rice plants

Anther culture is widely used in rice improve-ment and genome research.It is useful forgene transformation to stabilize foreign gene(s)and estimate the integrated copy number.We used two transgenic plants JB-3 andJB-4 as donors for anther culture.Their originwas a japonica cultivar Jingyin 119,whose im-mature embryos were transformed by particlebombardment with plasmid pCB1(a cecropin B

Effect of CRMS on male sterility of rice plant

The experiments were carried out in paddy field of CNRRI in 1985-1989. Seedlings of the indica variety Erjiufeng were raised in a seedbed and transplanted to pots with area of 0.1 m~2 at seedling age of 30 d. Treatments with (CRMS) were conducted at different stages: pistil and stigma primordium formation

Comparative Analysis on Rice Plant Type of Two Super Hybrids and Shanyou63

The characteristics of plant type and physiological indices for photosynthesis were analyzed using two super hybrid rices, Liangyoupeijiu and LiangyouE32 as materials, and an indica hybrid, Shan-you63 as a control. Based on the present analysis and various theories and breeding practices on rice plant type, a model of plant ideotype for super hybrid rice (indica) in the lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley was proposed. This was: a length of 35 - 40 cm for top leaf with a width of 2 cm, and that of 50 - 55 cm and 55-60 cm, respectively, for the second and third leaves from top, meanwhile, having a leaf angle of 5°, 10°and 15° respectively, and a curvature of 1 - 1. 5 cm-1for the leaf face at heading stage; the uppermost three leaves keeping their activities for as long as 70 d, which could lead a LAI of 3 at full ripeness; loose plant type with thin (SLW=2.5-3 g cm-2, dry weight) and curve-slant leaves during early growing stage, and compact plant type by thick (SLW=4 - 5 g cm-2) and erect leaves during the middle and late growing stages; with a coefficient of light extinction of 0. 3 - 0. 4, which allowed for an optimal LAI high of 8-10 during the middle growth period; plant height of 110-120 cm, with 2 - 4 cm basal internode and a long uppermost internode occupying 45% of total stem length; 25 - 28 cm panicle with 8-10 spikelets per centimeter showing bend-type in ripening; a rich chlorophyll which led to a high net photosynthetic rate, and tolerance to light shading and photooxidation which is of benefit to increasing the adaptability to varying light conditions.

Use of Linear Spectral Mixture Model to Estimate Rice Planted Area Based on MODIS Data

MODIS （Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer） is a key instrument aboard the Terra （EOS AM） and Aqua （EOS PM） satellites. Linear spectral mixture models are applied to MOIDS data for the sub-pixel classification of land covers. Shaoxing county of Zhejiang Province in China was chosen to be the study site and early rice was selected as the study crop. The derived proportions of land covers from MODIS pixel using linear spectral mixture models were compared with unsupervised classification derived from TM data acquired on the same day, which implies that MODIS data could be used as satellite data source for rice cultivation area estimation, possibly rice growth monitoring and yield forecasting on the regional scale.