Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice-Duck and Rice-Fish Complex Ecosystems and the Evaluation of Their Economic Significance

Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and their economic value from these two ecosystems can provide theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of these classical agricultural techniques. CH4 and N2O emissions from RD and RF ecological systems were measured in situ by using static chambers technique. Using global warming potentials （GWPs）, we assessed the greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O and their economic value. Results showed that the peaks of CH4 emission fluxes from RD and RF appeared at full tillering stage and at heading stage, and the average emission fluxes were significantly （P〈 0.05） lower than that from CK. N2O fluxes remained low when the field is flooded and high after draining the water. Compared with CK, the total amount of N2O emissions was significantly （P〈0.05） higher and slightly lower than those from RD and RF, respectively. In 2006 and 2007, the total greenhouse effect of CH4 and N20 from RD and RF were 4 728.3 and 4 611 kg CO2 ha^-1, 4 545 and 4 754.3 kg CO2 ha^-1, respectively. The costs of greenhouse effect were 970.89 and 946.81 RMB yuan ha^-1, and 933.25 and 976.23 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, which were significant lower than those from CK （5 997.6 and 5 391.5 RMB yuan ha^-1）. Except for the environment cost of CH4 and N2O, the economic benefits from RD and RF were 2 210.64 and 4 881.92 RMB yuan ha^-1; 3 798.37 and 5 310.64 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, higher than those from CK. Therefore, RD and RF complex ecological planting and breeding models can effectively decrease and control CH4 and N2O emissions, and they are two of the effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from rice paddy fields and contribute in alleviating global warming. Thus, their adoption is important to the environment together with their economy benefits.

Economic valuation of gas regulation as a service by rice-duck-fish complex ecosystem

Valuating the function of ecosystem services is crucial for accounting green GDP, making a conserva-tion policy of ecological environment and the decision of regional development as well as sustainable development strategy. Rice-duck-f ish symbiosis has been promoted in several developing countries as a way of increasing incomes for rice farmers, but investigations of its value have mainly focused on direct economic benefi ts, such as food and raw material production. Few studies have been conducted on the estimation of indirect services provided by rice-duck-fi sh complex ecosystem. The gas regulation service and its economic values provided by rice-duck-f ish complex ecosystem were studied in Wuhan, China. The major components of gas regulation are O2 emission and greenhouse gases (GHGs, CO2) regulation. The results show that O2 emission from different treatments (including rice-duck (RD), rice-f ish (RF), rice-duck-f ish (RDF) and rice (CK)) ranged from 26,370 kg/ha to 33,910 kg/ha per year, with an eco-nomic value of 10,050-12,920 yuan/ha per year (Chinese currency: 1 euro =10.2475 yuan, August 28, 2007). The net GHGs exchange varied from 1,200 to 3,320 kg/ha per year, and its economic value ranged from 1,040 yuan/ha to 2,900 yuan/ha per year. Consequently, the total economic value of gas regulation provided by symbiosis complex ecosystems ranged from 11,090 yuan/ha to 15,820 yuan/ha per year, and the maximum overall economic value of gas regulation was provided by RDF complex ecosystem. The work will be useful for further understanding of the func-tions of rice-duck-fi sh complex ecosystem services and supplying the theoretical references to agricultural policy.

The Citrate Metabolism in Homo-and Heterofermentative LAB:A Selective Means of Becoming Dominant over Other Microorganisms in Complex Ecosystems

The citrate metabolism has been extensively studied in lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for its aroma compound production. Among the 4-carbon (C4) by-products obtained from citrate fermentation, diacetyl is one of the better known products for its contribution to the buttery aroma of dairy products. A lot of documents deal with ways to improve diacetyl concentration in food matrices. Apart from these organoleptic advantages, in a microbial ecosystem, the citrate metabolism gives selective advantages to citrate positive microorganisms. Citrate metabolism allows the LAB to use another carbon source for their growth, withstand acidic conditions and generate a “proton motive force” (PMF). Moreover, the citrate/glucid co-metabolism leads to the fast release of organic compounds known for having bacteriostatic effects. Under specific conditions, the C4?pathway liberates diacetyl which is bacteriostatic. In this review we first describe the citrate metabolism and the enzymes involved in the two homo- and heterofermentative LABLc diacetylactisandLeuconostocspp. Moreover, the way to shift the metabolic pathway toward the production of aromatic compounds is discussed for both of these fermentative types of bacteria. Finally, the selective advantages of citrate metabolism for LAB in complex microbial ecosystems are delineated.

Function of Rural Settlement Complex Ecosystem in Mountain Area:A Case Study of Raosi Village of Zuogong County,Tibet

Using energy analysis,the quantifying evaluation and study method on production, living and ecology functions and their sustainability of rural settlement ecosystem in mountain area is established with these energy index such as export of labor and products, export of water resource, internal energy reserve, energy consumption for human living, net energy of ecosystem function and net internal reserve. Taking rural settlement Raosi Village in Hengduan Mountains as a case study, and on the basis of the synthetic research into the ecological process of the complex ecosystem, the study shows that energy costs of production, human living and ecology functions are separately taking 1.36%, 13.59% and 85. 05% of the gross ecosystem functions, and the exertions of production and human living functions are close to a high-point state on the present using level of energy in the settlement. The study also shows that the most important function of a rural settlement in mountain area is its ecological rather productive function.

Integrated Ecosystem Sustainability Approach: Toward a Holistic System of Thinking of Managing Arid Ecosystems

Ecosystems in arid regions play a pivotal role in providing services to vulnerable environments with considerable challenges including extreme temperatures, low precipitation, variable climate change, and infertile soil. The countries of the arid regions are facing more challenges due to land degradation, biodiversity loss, the scarcity of water and food resources, and protecting their inhabitant’s public health. In many cases, policymakers in these countries are aware of the challenges, but they are seeking through scientific communities to develop clear sustainability and resiliency plans. Due to the complexity associated with arid ecosystem services, the scientist communities are still focusing on the development of integrated ecosystem management approaches. Within this line of commitment to our future generation, the paper in hand presents a framework for an Integrated Ecosystem Sustainability Approach (IESA). The core of this nexus approach is to understand and quantify the interlinkages between the ecosystem components, internal and external stresses, and society needs. The paper also identifies the key gaps to be considered when applying the IESA approach to arid ecosystem management plans.

Exploration and Practice of Rubber Based Agroforestry Complex Systems in China

Agroforestry ecosystems are constructed by simulating natural ecosystems, applying the principles of symbiosis in nature, and organizing multiple plant populations to coexist, while conducting targeted cultivation and structural control scientifically. Rubber agroforestry complex ecosystems aim for sustainable development in terms of industry, ecology, resource utilization, and the livelihoods of producers. Rubber agroforestry complex ecosystems create a complex production structure system that integrates biology, society, and the economy through species combinations. Rubber trees and associated biological components coordinate with each other, mutually promote growth, and yield a variety of products for producers. Cultivation techniques and patterns of rubber agroforestry are essential components of these ecosystems. This study analyzes the production practices of rubber agroforestry complex cultivation, with a focus on the development and characteristics (complexity, systematicity, intensity, and hierarchy) of rubber agroforestry systems using a literature analysis and a survey approach. It explores the types and scales of complex planting, specifications and forms, and major effects of complex cultivation. This study identifies successful rubber agroforestry cultivation patterns and practical techniques, as well as the potential benefits of developing rubber agroforestry cultivation. It also points out the shortcomings in the development of complex planting, including an emphasis on production practices but insufficient theoretical research, a focus on production but inadequate attention to the market, and an emphasis on yield while overlooking the improvement of standards, brands, and added value. There are various complex patterns for young rubber plantations, but relatively fewer for mature plantations. Based on this analysis, this study suggests that future efforts should focus on in-depth research on interspecies and environmental interactions in rubber agroforestry ecosystems, clearly define key roles, accelerate the innovation of development patterns, and strengthen the foundation for development. It recommends promoting and demonstrating successful rubber agroforestry complex patterns and providing technical training, developing product branding for rubber agroforestry patterns, enhancing product value, expanding the application functions of rubber-forest mixed crop products, and establishing a stable and sustainable industry chain. This study provide practical experience and theoretical insights in rubber agroforestry complex systems from China the potential to enrich the knowledge of rubber agroforestry composite systems, provide practical experience to improve the operating income of smallholders, and even promote the sustainable development of rubber plantations.

我国东部山地针阔混交林碳通量特征分析

以浙江省金华市武义县大毛尖山为研究区域,开展复杂山地森林生态系统碳汇能力的观测研究,并利用涡动相关法在2022年6月~2023年5月进行观测,经过数据质量控制和质量评价分析,得到42%的优质CO_(2)通量数据.结果表明,大毛尖山周边以针阔混交林为主,能量闭合度为0.89,能够很好的代表站点通量情况.CO_(2)通量在日尺度上均表现为U型变化,范围为-1.20~0.89mgCO_(2)/(m^(2)·s).四季碳汇能力强弱依次为,夏季、春季、秋季、冬季;各月份净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)均为负值,整体表现为碳汇.CO_(2)通量与气象因子中的空气温度呈负相关,相对湿度和平均风速正相关,夜间因呼吸作用产生的CO_(2)通量与土壤温度正相关.本研究初步解释了大毛尖山森林生态系统的碳汇特征.

海洋经济生态系统构建新方法——以海南为例

文章根据复杂经济思想构建了海南自贸港海洋经济生态系统,即海洋产业、海洋生态及海洋相关产业与政策在自贸港制度集成创新中一体化协同发展的开放型系统。研究结果表明,海南自贸港海洋经济具有典型的复杂经济生态系统特征,海洋产业发展要与海南自贸港产业链、供应链、生态链、价值链融和共生,创造海洋经济新价值;海洋经济发展要与海洋生态环境保护治理协同,在高质量发展海洋产业的同时促进形成以人为本的海洋生态文化;海南自贸港政策优势可进一步转化为海洋经济生态系统的内外部环境优势,应重视战略性新兴海洋产业发展,培育海洋经济新的增长点。

高技能人才培养与产业需求适配模式研究——复杂适应系统视角

快速培养与产业需求相适配的高技能人才,需要构筑产业人才生态圈,并将各利益相关方凝结成命运共同体。命运共同体超越了一般意义上的利益共同体,是具有生命特质的复杂适应系统。由此构建适应性集群模式,为提升高技能人才培养与产业需求的适配性提供模型参照。适应性集群模式的内容包括目标、原则、适用领域、组成要素、运行方式、应用价值等,并给出实践建议。此模式创新之处在于关注到外部环境的重要作用,强调要符合适应性协同和动态集群的客观规律。

基于生态位模型的县域乡村聚落用地适宜性评价

现有县域乡村聚落用地适宜性评价方法的评价精度低,无法为县域乡村聚落用地合理划分与土地资源高效利用提供有利条件,因此引入生态位模型,开展对县域乡村聚落用地适宜性评价。从自然条件、资源条件、社会经济条件等方面选择出地质灾害、农用地质量、道路通达度等指标,完成对县域乡村聚落用地适宜性评价指标体系的构建。在此基础上,对各项适宜性指标量化。最后,结合生态位模型,构建适宜性评价模型,实现对用地适宜性的评价,确定不同适宜性程度用地区域的具体分布。通过对比实验证明,新的评价方法得到的评价结果更符合实际,评价精度更高,评价结果可为实现用地区域划分提供有利条件。

2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性时空演变

海岸带是自然、社会、经济相互作用频繁的地区,然而,过度开发胁迫海岸带生态环境退化。海岸带复合生态系统韧性研究有利于实现精准有效的生态保护。本文综合多源数据从复合生态系统基底状态、社会经济发展与资源环境禀赋的耦合协调关系、复合生态系统的可持续发展潜力、人类活动对环境的影响范围与强度方面构建评价体系,定量评估2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性,分析韧性时空演变特征与空间分异的影响因素。结果表明:(1)2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性呈波动下降趋势,韧性空间异质性显著,具有明显的海陆梯度地带性。(2)林地是维持区域复合生态系统韧性的主体。(3)反映人类活动分布与强度的因素对复合生态系统韧性的影响越来越大。研究为保护、恢复、促进海岸带复合生态系统可持续利用与管理提供了理论支持与实践参考。

基于复杂适应系统理论的STEAM教育产学政研一体化系统:理据架构困厄路径

构建STEAM教育产学政研一体化系统,发挥主体适应性,对于促进STEAM教育发展具有现实必要性和价值合理性.目前STEAM教育产学政研一体化系统构建格局尚处于探索阶段,还缺乏系统性考量和整体协同性创新推进,存在诸多现实困厄.鉴于此,基于复杂适应系统理论分析了其构建理据、体系架构和现实困厄,提出破解之道在于整合政府、社会机构、企业、学校和科研机构等多方力量,从理念、体制、机制和环境等4重维度上,促进系统各自适应性主体之间的“点线面体”有机结合、融合联动,同心协力推动STEAM教育高质量生态发展,提升人才培养的数量和质量.

珠三角创新生态系统韧性的空间演化及影响因素——基于知识复杂性视角

从维稳性、适应性和转型性3个维度构建区域创新生态系统韧性测度框架,探究2010—2020年珠三角创新生态系统韧性的空间演化及知识复杂性对区域创新生态系统韧性的影响。结果表明:1)知识复杂性通过知识子集类型的多样性、子集间的相互依赖性和知识空间粘性、吸收和竞争效应影响系统韧性;2)2010—2020年珠三角创新生态系统韧性显著提升,逐步形成以深圳、广州为核心,中部高、东西部低的空间格局,中部和东西部韧性差异日益显著;3)不同韧性维度空间呈现中部地区维稳性、适应性较高,东部地区转型性较高,西部地区3个维度的韧性均较低的空间格局,其中,维稳性呈现“中部高、东西部低”的稳定结构,适应性呈现“中北和中东部高、中南和东、西部低”的稳定结构,转型性呈现“中、东部高、西部低”演变为“中东部、东部高、中西部和西部低”的发展态势;4)知识复杂性对珠三角创新生态系统韧性具有显著正效应,对系统维稳性、适应性的影响显著为正,对转型性的影响显著为负,知识复杂性通过促进产业结构升级、技术进步和政策环境优化对珠三角创新生态系统韧性产生显著的正向影响。

数智化知识生态系统的构成与演进阶段分析——以杭州“梦想小镇”为例

[目的/意义]探究数智赋能下知识生态系统新的构成与演进阶段,以此为我国区域创新与协同知识创新提供新视野。[方法/过程]根据复杂适应系统理论,确定数智化知识生态系统的演化阶段,并采用定性探索方法对“梦想小镇”的发展过程进行实地调研、半结构化访谈和网络数据的搜集,以此分析数智化知识生态系统的发展阶段与相应特征。[结果/结论]揭示了数智化知识生态系统的组成和演进阶段,发现数智化知识生态系统遵循复杂适应系统理论,存在4个演化阶段,并在不同阶段具有不同的特质。

土壤微生物网络复杂性预测黄土高原造林恢复生态系统多功能性

人类活动导致黄土高原土地退化和生物多样性丧失,进而降低了生态系统功能。人工造林是该区域退化土地恢复的重要措施。现有的生态修复研究通常侧重于微生物群落物种多样性的恢复对单一生态系统功能的影响,而忽略了微生物间存在的相互作用与生态系统多功能性(Ecosystem multifunctionality,EMF)的关系。为探究造林恢复过程中土壤微生物多样性和网络复杂性与EMF的关系,本研究采用时空代换法(space-time substitution method),沿50年造林恢复时间序列,分析了黄土高原地区造林恢复对土壤微生物群落多样性、土壤微生物网络复杂性以及与土壤养分循环相关的10个生态系统功能指标的影响,明确了土壤微生物群落特征与EMF的关系。结果表明,随造林恢复时间序列的增加,土壤微生物群落的综合多样性、网络复杂性和EMF均呈现出显著增加后下降的趋势(P<0.05),其中土壤微生物综合多样性和网络复杂性在第8年达到最高值,EMF在第20年达到最大值。在未控制土壤环境因素时,细菌和古菌多样性与EMF无显著相关性,真菌多样性与EMF呈显著正相关(P<0.001);土壤微生物群落的综合多样性和网络复杂性均与EMF显著正相关(P<0.001),其中土壤微生物网络复杂性对EMF的解释度更高。通过偏回归分析(Partial least squares regression,PLSR)控制土壤因子影响后发现,尽管土壤微生物的综合多样性和网络复杂性对EMF的解释度(P<0.001)均降低,但土壤微生物网络复杂性对EMF的解释度仍高于微生物综合多样性。结构方程模型(Structural Equation Model,SEM)进一步分析表明,土壤微生物多样性通过土壤微生物网络复杂性对造林修复地的EMF产生间接影响。综上所述,相较于土壤微生物综合多样性,微生物网络复杂性能够更好地预测EMF。而且,土壤微生物综合多样性主要通过促进网络复杂性间接正向影响EMF。本研究揭示了造林恢复生态系统中微生物群落特征与EMF的关系,为退化修复生态系统功能恢复提供了新的微生物调控机制解析。

基于生态系统服务功能价值簇的复合型产业模式设计——以河北省阜平县为例

[目的]基于土地利用多功能特性构建复合型产业模式,为提高山区县的土地利用效率,推进区域生态与经济的高质量发展提供方法和参考。[方法]以太行山中段的阜平县为例,选取水源供给、保持土壤等9类生态系统服务功能作为评判阜平县土地多种功能空间集聚特征的依据,通过空间聚类分析得到不同的功能价值簇,并调整形成生态系统服务主导功能价值分区;在此基础上,叠加土地利用现状、地形地貌和现有产业发展布局,构建复合型产业发展模式。[结果](1)将研究区按生态系统服务功能价值的空间集聚特征分为6种功能价值簇;(2)调整各簇边界,形成维持生物多样性+提供美学景观+保持土壤区、提供美学景观+水源供给+原材料生产区等6类生态系统服务主导功能价值区;(3)在生态系统服务主导功能价值区的基础上,设计出“旅游业+文化产业”“智慧农业+旅游业”等7种复合型产业发展模式,可为实现阜平县乡村振兴与高质量发展提供新的驱动力。[结论]复合型产业模式的设计能够实现生态保护与经济发展的双驱并进,可为解决山区县生态保护与经济发展的矛盾问题提供案例参考。

祁连山地区复合生态系统韧性时空演化及障碍因子识别

祁连山地区是我国重要的生态功能区,也是我国生态环境脆弱区之一,研究祁连山地区自然-经济-社会复合生态系统韧性,以期有效治理祁连山地区生态环境问题。构建三维空间矢量模型、耦合协调模型和障碍度模型,测度2007—2021年祁连山地区复合生态系统韧性和子系统耦合协调性,揭示影响复合生态系统韧性提升的障碍因子,并借助地理信息系统技术分析复合生态系统韧性的空间演化过程。结果表明:(1)祁连山地区复合生态系统韧性呈上升趋势,空间上呈现从东部逐渐向西部降低的趋势;自然子系统韧性呈下降趋势,空间上呈现中东部向西北部逐渐降低的趋势;经济子系统韧性呈上升趋势,且增速较快,高经济韧性集中分布于东部和北部;社会子系统韧性上升幅度不大,高社会韧性集中分布于东部。(2)祁连山地区复合生态系统韧性耦合度提升明显,已达到高水平耦合;耦合协调度呈波动上升,已达到中级协调等级。(3)自然子系统对复合生态系统韧性提升影响较大,来自经济子系统的指标障碍度提升明显。

An ecosystem-based understanding and analysis for SENCE toward sustainable development

There is a need to find a comprehensive approach focusing on the conflicts between economical growth and environmental protection. Chinese scholars advocate a comprehensive ecosystem viewpoint named social-economic-natural complex ecosystem(SENCE). The kernel of the concept lies in the hierarchical structure of SENCE, through which methods from ecological network can be useful to the compound system. The author gives a schema depicting its structure, following a made analysis to help understand the reliance of economy on ecosystem. It is obvious that more actions should be done to strive for sustainable development.

复杂产品创新生态系统互补性管理研究:以商飞C919为例

创新生态系统的本质是产品、技术和组织等互补性资产。既往研究聚焦核心技术开发能力,尚未探讨创新生态系统互补性管理。互补性管理是指对互补性资产的管理,以商飞C919为例研究发现:复杂产品创新生态系统互补性资产包括研究阶段的详细设计技术、开发阶段的分包生产产品、应用阶段的交付运营服务。不同类型互补性资产面临封闭性与开放性、管控性与灵活性、安全性与经济性等创新挑战。为应对挑战,核心企业通过构建互补性管理机制,推动复杂产品创新生态系统发展。结论有助于深化创新生态系统理论体系与互补性管理研究,对核心企业提高复杂产品技术创新能力和破解“卡脖子”难题具有重要借鉴价值。

基于新一代信息技术的温带森林生态系统碳通量精准计量

【目的】森林碳通量估算存在巨大不确定性,其科研应用缺乏信息化技术支撑。本研究旨在改变传统低效的森林信息采集和处理方式,深化森林碳通量研究与信息化技术的融合,探索科研范式变革与实现途径。【方法】融合物联网、近地面遥感、人工智能和大数据等新一代信息化技术,组建多功能数据中心,开展复杂地形下森林碳通量精准计量示范研究。【结果】引入分形维数等指数,提出量化地形复杂度的新参数;建立双季激光雷达点云单木分割方法,提取小流域33万株单木全量结构信息;数字模拟风格局,识别三种风模式;解析CO_(2)浓度信号频域特征,在机器学习框架下计量森林碳通量,不确定性降至15.9%。【局限】仍基于经典涡度协方差法模型,区域尺度森林碳通量计量尚未开展,需边界层气象学、森林生态学、遥感科学等学科及信息化前沿技术的深度融合。【结论】发展了森林碳通量计量与信息化手段融合的技术方法,探索了传统森林生态与林学科研范式变革的实现途径,成功在辽东典型温带森林进行示范。