Long-Term No-Tillage Direct Seeding Mode for Water-Saving and Drought-Resistance Rice Production in Rice-Rapeseed Rotation System

To study the effects of long-term no-tillage direct seeding mode on rice yield and the soil physiochemical property in a rice-rapeseed rotation system, a comparative experiment with a water-saving and drought-resistance rice （WDR） variety and a double low rapeseed variety as materials was conducted under no-tillage direct seeding （NTDS） mode and conventional tillage direct seeding （CTDS） mode for four years, using the CTDS mode as the control. Compared with the CTDS mode, the actual rice yield of WDR decreased by 8.10% at the first year, whereas the plant height, spikelet number per panicle, spikelet fertility, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, actual yield, and harvest index increased with no-tillage years, which led to the actual yield increase by 6.49% at the fourth year. Correlation analysis showed that the panicle length was significantly related to the actual yield of WDR. Compared with the CTDS mode in terms of the soil properties, the pH value of the NTDS mode decreased every year, whereas the contents of soil organic matter and total N of the NTDS mode increased. In the 0-5 cm layer of the NTDS mode, the soil bulk decreased, whereas the contents of soil organic matter, total N, and available N increased. In the 5-20 cm layer of the NTDS mode, the available N and K decreased, whereas the soil bulk, contents of soil organic matter, and total N increased. In summary, the NTDS mode increased the rice yield, and could improve the paddy soil fertility of the top layer.

Characterization of CdZnTe crystal grown by bottom-seeded Bridgman and Bridgman accelerated crucible rotation techniques

The growth of CdZnTe crystals with diameter up to 60 mm using bottom-seeded Bridgman method as well as Bridgman accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT-B) was investigated. Both ingots exhibit high yields, where single crystal with the volume exceeding 200 cm3 is produced. The crystal properties of two ingots were compared in the aspects of yields, crystalline quality and composition uniformity. For CdZnTe ingot grown by bottom-seeded Bridgman method, the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of X-ray rocking curve was determined to be 36″, indicating a better crystalline quality than ingot grown by ACRT-B method, which gave FWHM of 56″. The composition distribution of Zn and In in CdZnTe was determined by using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The effective segregation coefficients of Zn kZn and In kIn in the two ingots were evaluated by fitting the experimental data with the Pfann equation.

Soybean seed protein, oil, fatty acids, and mineral composition as influenced by soybean-corn rotation

Effects of crop rotation on soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) seed composition have not been well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soybean-corn (Zea mays L.) rotations on seed protein, oil, and fatty acids composition on soybean. Soybeans were grown at Stoneville, MS, from 2005 to 2008 in five different scheduled cropping sequences. In 2007, following three years of rotation with corn, seed oleic acid percentage was significantly higher in any crop rotation than continuous soybean. The increase of oleic fatty acid ranged from 61 to 68% in 2007, and from 27 to 51% in 2008, depending on the rotation. The increase of oleic acid was accompanied by significant increases in seed concentrations of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and boron (B). In 2007, the increase of P ranged from 60 to 75%, Fe from 70 to 72%, and B from 34 to 69%. In 2008, the increase of P ranged from 82 to 106%, Fe from 32 to 84%, and B from 62 to 77%. Continuous soybean had higher linoleic:oleic ratio and linoleic: palmitic + stearic + oleic ratio, indicating that relative quantity of linoleic acid decreased in rotated crops. The total production of protein, oil, stearic and oleic fatty acids was the lowest in continuous soybean. The total production of palmitic acid was inconsistent across years. The results show that soybean- corn rotation affects seed composition by consistently increasing seed oleic fatty acid, P, Fe, and B concentrations. Higher oleic acid, unsaturated fatty acid, is desirable for oil stability and long-shelf storage. The mechanisms of how these nutrients are involved are not yet understood.

Effects of Different Soil Preparation and Fertilizer Application Methods on the Growth and Yield of the Rice-Crayfish Rotation Direct Seeding Rice Nongxiang 32

In order to improve the yield and fertilizer utilization of the ricecrayfish rotation and direct seeding rice Nongxiang 32,the effects of different soil preparation and fertilizer application methods on the growth,yield and fertilizer utilization of the variety were studied.The results showed that,under the rice-crayfish rotation and direct seeding farming mode,the contributions of seed setting rate,1000-grain weight,yield,and fertilizer contribution rate to yield of Nongxiang 32 in the treatments with rotary tillage with base fertilizer,rotary tillage without base fertilizer and no-tillage with base fertilizer were relatively higher than those in the treatments with rotary tillage without fertilizer,no-tillage without fertilizer and no-tillage without base fertilizer,and there were no significant differences between the three treatments.Rotary tillage with base fertilizer and rotary tillage without base fertilizer significantly increased the total number of stems and tillers,total number of ears,and number of effective ears.Rotary tillage and application of base fertilizer also significantly increased the number of tillers,plant weight and weed suppression ability in the early stage of rice growth.Therefore,in the different soil preparation and fertilizer application methods,the application of base fertilizer with rotary tillage was the best,followed by rotary tillage without base fertilizer and no-tillage with base fertilizer.

湖北襄阳地区水稻落粒、杆枯等不正常生长现象的解析

襄阳地区是湖北省重要的粮仓地,稻-麦轮作是当地主要的栽培模式。农户多年自留种后水稻生产上出现落粒和穗腐,为了探讨引起水稻不良生长的原因,进行现场取样和调查分析。采用形态特征观察以及分子生物学鉴定,以市场所购‘黄华占’作对照、经41对水稻分子特异性标记检测,以及使用生长速率法测定化学药剂对分离到的病原菌的毒力。结果表明:病样分离获得4种致病菌,分别为稻黑孢菌、层出镰孢菌、木贼镰孢菌和禾谷镰孢菌;显示农户连续6年自留的‘黄华占’种子未发生变异,连续6年自留的稻种播于免耕田中,所获的稻谷有12个指纹不同于对照,表明自留6年的‘黄华占’稻种在田间生长中出现变异;70%唑醚·丙森锌WG和23%醚菌·氟环唑SC对致病菌的生长均有抑制作用。多年连续留种会引起稻种生命力衰减,导致田间水稻长势衰弱,易遭受病害侵袭,出现异常生长现象。正确用种、科学管理及适期药剂防治是保障水稻安全生产的重要举措。

基于虚拟数据和旋转目标检测分析的大豆豆荚表型参数测量方法

为解决传统大豆考种过程中人工测量大豆豆荚表型参数耗时费力的问题以及现有的自动化测量方式存在的人工数据标注需求量大、环境适应能力弱、计算代价高等问题,本研究提出一种基于虚拟数据集生成和旋转目标检测分析的豆荚关键表型参数自动化测量方法,重点关注荚长和荚宽的测量。该方法基于YOLOv7-tiny提出一种改进的豆荚检测模型(CSL-YOLOv7-tiny),通过引入环形平滑标签使模型获得对旋转目标的检测能力,提升对无序摆放的狭长豆荚目标检测的质量。为避免人工标注训练数据,采用虚拟图像生成方法得到含标注信息的虚拟豆荚数据集和虚拟硬币与豆荚混合数据集。利用迁移学习策略,将模型从虚拟豆荚数据集迁移至虚拟硬币与豆荚混合数据集,积累模型对豆荚特征的提取能力。设计一种基于K-均值聚类的后处理方法,对检测到的旋转边界框进行分析,得到荚长和荚宽,以减少拍摄环境差异带来的测量误差。试验结果表明,在无任何训练数据标注的条件下,使用虚拟图像训练的CSL-YOLOv7-tiny对硬币和豆荚目标检测的最优mAP_(0.50)和mAP_(0.50∶0.95)分别达到了99.3%和78.0%,其模型大小和推理时间分别仅为12.92 MB和12.5 ms,荚长和荚宽测量的决定系数(R^(2))分别达到了0.94和0.86,与实际测量均值分别仅相差0.42 mm和0.02 mm。此外,通过对本研究提出的方法进行对比分析,验证了其在模型训练、轻量化部署以及不同考种环境适应能力上的优势。研究结果可为大豆豆荚表型参数的自动化、智能化测量系统的研发提供参考,为加速优质高产大豆的选育进程提供支撑。

紫花苜蓿/饲用玉米/高丹草彼此间的化感效应

以紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)、饲用玉米(Zea mays)、高丹草(Sorghum bicolor×S. sudanense)互为受体材料,在不同浓度(0、12.5、25、50、100、150、200 mg·mL^(-1))植株水浸提液处理下,测定种子发芽及幼苗生长的相关指标,旨在探究三者间的化感效应关系,为轮作、混播或间、套作生产提供参考依据。结果表明,3种作物相互间均具有化感效应,其效应因受体植物种类、受体器官、组织浸提液浓度的不同而存在差异。在供试浓度范围内,饲用玉米水浸提液浓度25、50 mg·mL^(-1)分别是促进紫花苜蓿、高丹草生长的最佳浓度,且均对种子活力的促进效果最佳,综合化感效应指数(SE)分别为0.074、0.092;紫花苜蓿水浸提液浓度50 mg·mL^(-1)是促进饲用玉米生长的最佳浓度(SE=0.027),且对胚根生长的促进效果最佳,紫花苜蓿水浸提液对高丹草均为抑制效应(SE <0);高丹草水浸提液各浓度对紫花苜蓿、饲用玉米均为抑制效应(SE <0)。综上,紫花苜蓿宜与饲用玉米,不宜与高丹草轮、套作或混播;饲用玉米可作为高丹草的前茬作物,不宜作为后茬;以饲用玉米作为主要收获对象时,也不宜进行套作或混播。

水稻—油菜轮作模式下稻套油栽培技术

油菜是重要油料作物之一,水稻套播油菜作为稻油轮作生产的一项重要农业技术,对提高粮油产量,实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。本文分析了稻套油模式的优势以及栽培技术要点,为推广油稻轮作栽培技术提供参考。

川南“直播稻+泽泻”稻药轮作轻简化种植技术研究与探讨

结合川南的地貌和生态特点,开展了“直播稻+泽泻”稻药轮作研究,从品种选择、轮作茬口问题、栽培轻简化等方面,集成了稻药轮作轻简化种植技术,以供川南地区稻药轮作种植参考。

薯豆轮作模式下不同种衣剂对大豆农艺性状及产量的影响

为指导薯豆轮作模式下的大豆生产,选用3种种衣剂,采用田间对比试验方法,以不包衣和连作处理为对照,研究不同种衣剂对轮作大豆农艺性状及产量的影响。结果表明,薯豆轮作方式下3种种衣剂应用效果优于豆豆连作,大豆种子包衣促进了大豆植株生长和发育,使株高、茎粗、节间数、单株有效结荚数、百粒重和产量增加,底荚高度降低,能促进早结荚,使植株重心降低可抗倒伏,同时也促进了根瘤的发生,且对大豆根腐病防治效果明显。其中使用复合微生物菌剂拌种处理大豆的根瘤数最多,防治大豆根腐病效果最好,促进了大豆植株的生长发育,植株粗壮,增加了有效结荚数和产量;精甲·咯菌腈包衣处理的收获株数最多,但对根腐病防治效果最差,发病率最高;阿维·多·福化学药剂处理大豆有效结荚数、百粒重和产量最高,增产效果最好。

氮磷钾肥对旱地和水田油菜产量及养分利用的影响差异

氮磷钾肥施用是农业生产中的重要增产措施,旱-旱和水-旱周年复种轮作是我国长江流域冬油菜的主要种植模式。为探究氮磷钾养分对不同轮作油菜产量和养分吸收利用的影响及其差异,于2017—2020年在湖北省沙洋县连续3年开展田间定位试验,采用旱地油菜(玉米-油菜)和水田油菜(水稻-油菜)2种轮作模式,各轮作分别设置氮磷钾(NPK)、不施氮(–N)、不施磷(–P)和不施钾(–K)4个处理,分析了油菜籽产量、产量构成和养分吸收情况,并对肥料利用率和土壤养分供应能力进行了评估。3年试验的平均结果表明,与NPK处理相比,–N、–P和–K处理的旱地油菜分别减产68.4%、89.6%和7.0%;水田油菜分别减产71.0%、84.7%和6.4%。对产量构成因子进一步分析发现,无论是旱地油菜还是水田油菜,施肥对角果数影响最大,其次是每角粒数,对千粒重影响最小。与NPK处理相比,旱地和水田油菜的角果数因缺氮、缺磷和缺钾分别减少61.6%和52.0%、82.0%和67.8%、16.2%和19.7%。相同施肥处理的旱地和水田油菜产量及养分吸收均存在显著差异,在–N、–K和NPK处理,旱地油菜产量均高于水田油菜,分别高27.2%、15.9%和16.7%,而–P处理的旱地油菜产量比水田油菜低20.8%;养分积累量趋势与产量相似,除–P处理外,其余3个处理的旱地油菜地上部养分积累量均高于水田,NPK处理的旱地油菜地上部氮、磷和钾积累量分别比水田油菜高20.4%、37.3%和4.2%。旱地油菜季的年均土壤本底氮和钾供应量分别比水田高15.0%和20.9%,而磷供应量比水田低39.2%。旱地油菜季氮肥和磷肥回收利用率均高于水田,而钾肥回收利用率低于水田。综上,养分的配合施用显著提高油菜产量和养分利用效率,旱-旱轮作和水-旱轮作油菜产量存在显著差异并受养分种类的影响。与旱地油菜相比,水田油菜种植需格外注重氮肥和钾肥的施用,而旱地油菜较水田油菜则需适当增施磷肥,以针对性地补充土壤缺乏养分和实现油菜高产高效生产。

尤溪“稻-耳”轮作栽培技术

探讨福建省三明市尤溪县杂交稻制种与黑木耳种植的“稻-耳”轮作栽培技术,以加快循环经济和绿色环保可持续发展,提高土地利用率,实现农业增效、农民增收。从茬口安排、品种选择、杂交稻制种技术、黑木耳栽培技术等4个方面总结了杂交稻制种与黑木耳轮作栽培技术要点。

Influence of long-term different fertilization on soil weed seed bank diversity of a paddy soil under rice/rape rotation

A long-term fertilized paddy field under rice/rape rotation in the Taihu Lake Region was selected to investigate the dynamics of soil weed seed diversity.Four fertilizer treatments were performed,including non-fertilizer(NF),chemical fertilizer only(CF),chemical fertilizer combined with pig manure(CMF)and chemical fertilizer plus crop stalk(CSF).We recorded the seed numbers and crop yields,estimated the weed seed bank density and identified the kinds of weed seeds in the top-soil(0-15 cm)in the study area using a stereomicroscope.Based on the records,we analyzed the effect of long-term fertilization on soil weed seed bank diversity and the rela-tionship between weed seed diversity and crop yields.Comparing the four treatments,it was found that in the cultivating seasons of both rice and rape,the density of soil weed seed bank was the lowest with the treatment of chemical fertilizer plus crop stalk.Whereas,the total number of species and the weed seed bank diversity was the highest.Furthermore,the crop yields were at maximum and kept constant with this treatment.There was a definite correlation between fertilizer treatment and soil weed seed bank diversity and crop yields.It was concluded that balancing the fertilizer management was helpful in main-taining soil weed seed bank diversity,increasing crop yields and alleviating crop yield fluctuation.Therefore,among the four fertilizer treatments,chemical fertilizer plus rice crop stalk treatment was the best one to stimulate the productivity of agricultural ecosystems and simulta-neously protect biodiversity.

不同硼肥对油菜产量和品质的影响及其在油稻轮作中的后效

通过盆栽土培和田间试验,研究两种具有缓释特性的硼肥Etibor-48(Na2B4O7.5H2O,EB)和Colemanite(Ca2B6O11.5H2O,CB)对油菜产量和品质的影响及其在油稻轮作中的后效。盆栽试验结果表明,EB和CB各处理第一季油菜产量显著高于不施硼处理(-B),与硼砂处理(B)比较也有较大提高;安徽广德田间试验结果与盆栽试验结果一致。第二季水稻,盆栽试验各施硼处理产量均有不同程度的增加,但田间试验点,安徽广德和湖北荆州各施硼处理水稻产量与不施硼处理没有显著差异。盆栽试验第三季油菜各处理产量较第一季显著降低;各施硼处理产量无显著差异,但均显著高于不施硼处理。安徽田间试验EB和CB处理第三季油菜子产量仍显著高于不施硼处理,其中CB处理产量最高;而裂区试验,第三季各施硼处理产量没有显著差异,较相对应的不施硼处理油菜子产量均有增加。湖北和安徽田间试验结果并不完全一致,与湖北荆州试验点土壤有效硼含量较高有关。缺硼土壤施硼能够提高油菜产量并改善油菜品质,但对水稻品质影响不大。研究结果能够为长江中下游地区油稻轮作系统中不同硼肥的合理高效施用提供依据。

气吸式排种装置排种性能理论分析与试验

为了探讨提高气吸式排种装置排种性能的方法,该文从理论上分析了气吸式排种器的吸附机理,建立了气吸室空气流场方程,并通过对种子在气吸状态下的受力情况及种子脱离吸种孔后的运动进行分析计算,建立了种子运动方程。利用移动式排种器试验台分别以排种盘转速、气吸室真空度为试验因素,对气吸式排种装置排大豆时的影响进行了单因素试验,结果表明:排种盘转速、气吸室真空度对气吸式排种器的排种性能影响显著,与粒距合格率的相关系数均在0.96以上;当排种盘转速为21.7r/min、气吸室真空度为2.5kPa时排种效果最好,合格率达到91.26%。

气吸式水稻芽种直播排种器性能的试验研究

以气吸式垂直圆盘排种嚣为对象,采用试验优化设计的方法,研究了在一定真空度下吸孔直径、转 速、孔数等对排种性能的影响。试验结果表明:真空度为1.8-4.5 kPa排种性能较好;吸孔直径和转速对排种 性能影响很大,最佳孔径为2.3 mm,排种盘线速度不宜超过0.45 m／8,孔数多比少排种效果更好。

土壤杂草种子库与杂草综合管理

土壤杂草种子库是农田杂草发生危害的主要根源,种子库的动态变化规律对于杂草的综合管理具有非常重要的意义。目前研究表明,杂草种子库的密度和组成变化很大,与田间杂草群落具有密切的联系。杂草种子库时刻处于输入和输出的动态变化之中。耕作方式影响杂草种子在土壤中的垂直分布,从而间接影响种子库的密度和种类组成;作物轮作使杂草的生存环境趋于多样化,能够限制某些对单一种植系统有着良好适应性的杂草种类的生长,作物轮作对杂草种子库种类组成和丰富度的影响要大于耕作方式;杂草管理措施能够大大降低田间杂草的结实,从而减小杂草种子库的规模。随着人们对除草剂使用和环境安全问题的日益关注,发展基于生态规律的杂草管理措施越来越受到人们重视,结合近几年国内外的研究进展,作者提出了杂草种子库今后的一些新的研究发展方向。

正交旋转设计优化萝卜籽硫甙提取工艺

本研究在单因素试验的基础上,选定浸提温度、水料比、提取时间三个因素进行正交旋转组合试验,对萝卜籽中硫甙提取工艺进行了研究,建立了硫甙得率的二次回归方程。此模型拟合性好,通过响应面分析以及模拟寻优得到了优化组合条件。结果表明,温度对硫甙得率有显著的影响,水料比和浸提时间对硫甙得率有影响但不显著。当提取温度4.3～16.5℃,浸提时间20～57min,水料比9.4～14.2ml/g时,硫甙提取液浓度可达到0.9mg/ml以上。

稻田土壤杂草种子库研究

对江苏省仪征市连年稻麦两熟轮作稻田土壤杂草种子库中杂草种类进行了考查。结果表明 ,有 1 1科 2 2种杂草的种子主要分布在 0～ 1 0 cm土层内。同时 ,阐述了土壤种子库杂草种子的来源 ,因水分、湿度、光照等自然因素和耕作、人工除草等人为因素 ,杂草种子本身的完熟度等综合因素造成了土壤杂草种子库中杂草种子活力的损失与累积 ,以及杂草种子萌发与土层深度、水分等的关系 ,初步探明了水旱轮作对稻田土壤杂草种子库的影响 。

长期定位施肥对稻麦轮作农田土壤杂草种子库的影响

【目的】解析长期不同施肥措施下稻麦两熟制农田土壤杂草种子库的异构性及其养分影响因素,为稻麦高产与杂草控制协同的养分管理提供依据。【方法】以太湖地区31年的长期肥料定位试验土壤为材料,采用镜检法对不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮肥加磷肥(NP)、氮肥加钾肥(NK)、磷肥加钾肥(PK)、氮磷钾3种肥料配施(NPK)6个不同施肥处理的表层土壤(0—15 cm)中杂草种子的种类进行鉴定并计数,分析Simpson指数,Shannon指数,Richness指数和Evenness指数,并进行冗余分析和相关分析。【结果】(1)各个处理的鸭舌草、陌上菜、水苋菜、酸模叶蓼、牛毛毡、异型莎草的种子密度都较大,成为危害太湖地区稻麦生长的主要优势杂草种群。(2)氮肥施入使大部分杂草种子数量下降。磷肥施入使牛毛毡种子数量显著下降,鸭舌草种子数量显著增加。(3)NPK处理的物种数及群落丰富度指数最高(P<0.05),而均匀度指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数则显著低于其余处理(P<0.05)。【结论】长期氮、磷、钾肥料单一或配合施用可显著影响稻麦两熟制农田杂草种子库的群落组成,其中施氮显著降低农田杂草种子密度,磷、钾肥则影响了不同杂草种子在各处理中的数量。