Major complications of adult right lobe living liver donors

BACKGROUND：The right lobe of the liver is generally preferred for living donor liver transplantation in adult patients with end-stage liver disease.It is important to know the preoperative factors relating to the major postoperative complications.We therefore evaluated the possible risk factors for predicting postoperative complications in right lobe liver donors.METHODS：Data from 378 donors who had undergone right lobe hepatectomy at our center were evaluated retrospectively. The factors we evaluated induded donor age, gender, body mass index （BMI）, remnant liver volume, operation time, history of previous abdominal surgery, inclusion of the middle hepatic vein and variations in the portal and bile systems. RESUEI＇S： Of the 378 donors, 219 were male and 159 female. None of the donors died, but 124 （32.8%） donors experienced complications including major complications （Clavien scores III and IV） in 27 （7.1%）. Univariate analysis showed that complica- tions were significantly associated with male gender and higher BMI （P〈0.05）, but not with donor age, remnant liver volume, operation time, graft with middle hepatic vein, variations in the portal and bile systems and previous abdominal surgery （P〉0.05）. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that major complications were significantly associated with male gender （P=0.005） and higher BMI （P=0.029）. Moreover, the Chi- square test showed that there were significant relationships between major complications and male gender （P=0.010,Z2=6.614, df=l） and BMI 〉25 kg/m2 （P=-0.031, Z2=8.562, df-1）. Of the 96 male donors with BMI 〉25 kg/m2, 14 （14.6%） with major complications had significantly smaller mean remnant liver volume than those （82, 85.4%） without major complications （32.50%± 4.45% vs 34.63%±3.11%, P=0.029）.CONCLUSION： Male donors with BMI 〉25 kg/m2 and a remnant liver volume 〈32.50% had a significantly increased risk for major complications.

Management of the middle hepatic vein and its tributaries in right lobe living donor liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Left liver graft from a small donor will not meet the metabolic demands of a larger adult recipient. To overcome the problem of graft size insufficiency, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) using the right lobe has become a standard method for adult patients. As the drainage of the median sector (segments V, VIII and IV) is mainly by the middle hepatic vein (MHV), the issue of whether the MHV should or should not be taken with the graft or whether the MHV tributaries (V5, V8) should be reconstructed in the recipient remains to be settled. DATA SOURCES: An English-language literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1985-2006) on right lobe living donor liver transplantation, middle hepatic vein, vein graft, hepatic venoplasty and other related subjects. RESULTS: Some institutions had proposed their policy for the management of the MHV and its tributaries. Dominancy of the hepatic vein, graft-to-recipient weight ratio, and remnant liver volume as well as the donor-to-recipient body weight ratio, the volume of the donor's right lobe to the recipient's standard liver volume and the size of MHV tributaries are the major elements for the criteria of inclusion of the MHV, while for the policy of MHV tributaries reconstruction, the proportion of congestive area and the diameter of the tributaries are the critical elements. Optimal vein grafts such as recipient's portal vein and hepatic venoplasty technique have been used to obviate hepatic congestion and venous drainage disturbance. CONCLUSIONS: Taking right liver grafts with the MHV trunk (extended right lobe grafts) or performing the MHV tributaries reconstruction in modified right lobe grafts, according to the criteria proposed by the institutions with rich experience, can solve the congestion problem of the right paramedian sector and help to improve the outcomes of the patients. The additional use of optimal vein grafts and hepatic venoplasty also can guarantee excellent venous drainage.

Experience of donor right lobe hepatectomy in adult-to-adult live donor liver transplantation: clinical analysis of 89 cases

Objective: To review the experience of donor selec- tion and right lobe hepatectomy in adult-to-adult live donor liver transplantation. Methods: From May 1996 to December 2001, 89 live donor liver transplants using right lobe grafts were performed at Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong. All donors had received psychological counseling before donor operations. They were screened by laboratory tests including complete blood cell count, liver and renal biochemistry, and viral serology studies. Com- puted tomography (CT), CT volumetry and hepatic arteriography were routinely performed. All donors underwent the operations using the method designed by us. Results: The median duration of the operations was 8.8 hours. The median blood loss recorded 466 ml. The median intensive care unit and hospital stays were 2 and 10 days, respectively. There was no do- nor mortality. Complications of donor operations in- cluded wound infection, urinary tract infection, bili- ary stricture, cholestasis, subphrenic collection, bowel obstruction and incision hernia, etc. All do- nors have recovered and returned to their previous occupations. Conclusions: Live donation of right lobe grafts for a- dult-to-adult liver transplantation is safe, provided that donor selection is strict and utmost care is exer- cised during the operation.

Outcome of patients undergoing right lobe living donor liver transplantation with small-for-size grafts

AIM: To investigate the outcome of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) recipients transplanted with small-for-size grafts (SFSGs). METHODS: Between November 2001 and December 2010, 196 patients underwent LDLT with right lobe liver grafts at our center. Recipients were divided into 2 treatment groups: group A with an actuarial graft-to-recipient weight ratio (aGRWR) < 0.8% (n = 45) and group B with an aGRWR = 0.8% (n = 151). We evaluated serum liver function markers within 4 wk after transplantation. We also retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of these patients for potential effects related to the recipients, the donors and the transplantation procedures based upon a review of their medical records. RESULTS: Small-for-size syndrome (SFSS) developed in 7 of 45 patients (15.56%) in group A and 9 of 151 patients (5.96%) in group B (P = 0.080). The levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in group A were higher than those in group B during early period after transplantation, albeit not sig-nificantly. The cumulative 1-, 3-and 5-year liver graft survival rates were 82.22%, 71.11% and 71.11% for group A and 81.46%, 76.82%, and 75.50% for group B patients, respectively (P = 0.623). However, univariate analysis of risk factors associated with graft survival in group A demonstrated that the occurrence of SFSS after LDLT was the only significant risk factor affecting graft survival (P < 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate analysis of our data did not identify any additional significant risk factors accounting for poor graft survival. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that LDLT recipients with an aGRWR < 0.8% may have liver graft outcomes comparable to those who received larger size grafts. Further studies are required to ascertain the safety of using SFSGs. (c) 2014 Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited. All rights reserved.

Middle hepatic vein reconstruction in adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation improves recipient survival

Background: The efficacy and necessity of middle hepatic vein(MHV) reconstruction in adult-to-adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation(LDLT) remain controversial. The present study aimed to evaluate the survival beneficiary of MHV reconstructions in LDLT. Methods: We compared the clinical outcomes of liver recipients with MHV reconstruction( n = 101) and without MHV reconstruction( n = 43) who underwent LDLT using right lobe grafts at our institution from January 2006 to May 2017. Results: The overall survival(OS) rate of recipients with MHV reconstruction was significantly higher than that of those without MHV reconstruction in liver transplantation( P = 0.022; 5-yr OS: 76.2% vs 58.1%). The survival of two segments(segments 5 and 8) hepatic vein reconstruction was better than that of the only one segment(segment 5 or segment 8) hepatic vein reconstruction( P = 0.034; 5-yr OS: 83.6% vs 67.4%). The survival of using two straight vascular reconstructions was better than that using Y-shaped vascular reconstruction in liver transplantation with two segments hepatic vein reconstruction( P = 0.020; 5-yr OS: 100% vs 75.0%). The multivariate analysis demonstrated that MHV tributary reconstructions were an independent beneficiary prognostic factor for OS(hazard ratio = 0.519, 95% CI: 0.282–0.954, P = 0.035). Biliary complications were significantly increased in recipients with MHV reconstruction(28.7% vs 11.6%, P = 0.027). Conclusions: MHV reconstruction ensured excellent outflow drainage and favored recipient outcome. The MHV tributaries(segments 5 and 8) should be reconstructed as much as possible to enlarge the hepatic vein anastomosis and reduce congestion.

Risks faced by donors of right lobe for living donor liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Because of the shortage of deceased donors with livers fit for transplantation, living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is becoming an attractive alternative. Attention should be paid to the donors, especially to those of the right lobe. In this study, we evaluated the risks faced by donors of the right lobe for adult-to-adult LDLT. METHODS: The perioperative data from 105 consecutive living donors of the right lobe performed in West China Hospital from January 2002 to December 2007 were retrospectively studied. Preoperative evaluation included CT, MRCP, and intraoperative cholangiography, showing liver volume, hepatic vasculature and the biliary system. The standard liver volume (SLV) and the ratio of left lobe volume to SLV were calculated. The right lobe grafts were obtained by transecting the liver on the right side of the middle hepatic vein without inflow vascular occlusion, using an ultrasonic dissector. After operation the donors were monitored in the Intensive Care Unit for about three days. Each donor was followed up for at least 6 months. RESULTS: There was no donor mortality. Major complications occurred in 14 donors (13.3%), of whom 3 received conservative treatment, 8 required invasive paracentesis, and 3 required further surgery. All donors were recovered well and resumed their previous occupations. CONCLUSIONS: Donors of the right lobe face low risks. The preoperative evaluation, especially evaluation of the volume of the remnant liver, should be exact. During the operation, the patency of the remnant hepatic vasculature and bile duct must be preserved, and the extent of injury to the remnant liver should be limited as much as possible. The detection and treatment of postoperative complications should be diligently performed.

Survival outcomes of right-lobe living donor liver transplantation for patients with high Model for End-stage Liver Disease scores

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists over whether living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) should be offered to patients with high Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores. This study tried to determine whether a high MELD score would result in inferior outcomes of right-lobe LDLT. METHODS: Among 411 consecutive patients who received right-lobe LDLT at our center, 143 were included in this study. The patients were divided into two groups according to their MELD scores: a high-score group (MELD score ≥25; n=75) and a low-score group (MELD score 【25; n=68). Their demographic data and perioperative conditions were compared. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to identify risk factors affecting patient survival. RESULTS: In the high-score group, more patients required preoperative intensive care unit admission (49.3% vs 2.9%; P【0.001), mechanical ventilation (21.3% vs 0%; P【0.001), or hemodialysis (13.3% vs 0%; P=0.005); the waiting time before LDLT was shorter (4 vs 66 days; P【0.001); more blood was transfused during operation (7 vs 2 units; P【0.001); patients stayed longer in the intensive care unit (6 vs 3 days; P【0.001) and hospital (21 vs 15 days; P=0.015) after transplantation;more patients developed early postoperative complications (69.3% vs 50.0%; P=0.018); and values of postoperative peak blood parameters were higher. However, the two groups had comparable hospital mortality. Graft survival and patient overall survival at one year (94.7% vs 95.6%; 95.9% vs 96.9%), three years (91.9% vs 92.6%; 93.2% vs 95.3%), and five years (90.2% vs 90.2%; 93.2% vs 95.3%) were also similar between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although the high-score group had signifi-cantly more early postoperative complications, the two groups had comparable hospital mortality and similar satisfactory rates of graft survival and patient overall survival. Therefore, a high MELD score should not be a contraindication to right-lobe LDLT if donor risk and recipient benefit are taken into full account.

Measures for increasing the safety of donors in living donor liver transplantation using right lobe grafts

BACKGROUND: The safety of donors in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) should be the primary consideration. The aim of this study was to report our experience in increasing the safety of donors in LDLTs using right lobe grafts. METHODS: We retrospectively studied 37 living donors of right lobe grafts from January 2002 to March 2006. The measures for increasing the safety of donors in LDLT included carefully selected donors, preoperative evaluation by ultrasonography, angiography and computed tomography; and necessary intraoperative cholangiography and ultrasonography. Right lobe grafts were obtained using an ultrasonic dissector without inflow vascular occlusion on the right side of the middle hepatic vein. The standard liver volume and the ratio of left lobe volume to standard liver volume were calculated. RESULTS: There was no donor mortality in our group. Postoperative complications only included bile leakage (I donor), biliary stricture (1) and portal vein thrombosis (1). All donors recovered well and resumed their previous occupations. In recipients, complications included acute rejection (2 patients), hepatic artery thrombosis (1), bile leakage (1), intestinal bleeding (1), left subphrenic abscess (1) and pulmonary infection (1). The mortality rate of recipients was 5.4% (2/37); one recipient with pulmonary infection died from multiple organ failure and another from occurrence of primary disease. CONCLUSIONS: The first consideration in adult-to-adult LDLT is the safety of donors. The donation of a right lobe graft is safe for adults if the remnant hepatic vasculature and bile duct are ensured, and the volume-of the remnant liver exceeds 35% of the total liver volume.

非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者C/RL-r、APRI、FIB-4水平与肝纤维化发生的相关性

目的分析非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者改良肝尾状叶/右叶比值(C/RL-r)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶与血小板比值指数(APRI)、基于4因子的纤维化指数(FIB-4)与肝纤维化发生的相关性。方法选择2021年2月至2022年12月在保定市第一中心医院治疗的NAFLD患者153例,根据病理学结果,将患者分为无肝纤维化组81例、肝纤维化组72例。行MRI扫描检测C/RL-r;计算APRI、FIB-4水平;分析NAFLD患者实验室指标、C/RL-r、APRI、FIB-4水平与发生肝纤维化的相关性,发生肝纤维化的独立危险因素及C/RL-r、APRI、FIB-4对NAFLD患者发生肝纤维化的预测价值。结果肝纤维化组ALT、AST、TBil、GGT、TG、C/RL-r、APRI、FIB-4水平显著高于无肝纤维化组,分别为(42.32±10.21)U/L比(36.21±7.78)U/L、(45.36±8.72)U/L比(27.45±5.40)U/L、(13.52±3.65)μmol/L比(12.24±2.16)μmol/L、(60.53±13.41)U/L比(53.69±12.44)U/L、(1.99±0.53)mmol/L比(1.05±0.33)mmol/L、(1.15±0.12)比(0.92±0.09)、(0.52±0.15)比(0.32±0.10)、(1.47±0.47)比(0.94±0.30),高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平显著低于无肝纤维化组为(1.03±0.26)mmol/L比(1.32±0.45)mmol/L,(t=4.189、15.453、2.674、3.272、13.322、13.501、4.302、8.405、4.801,均P<0.05);NAFLD患者ALT、AST、TG、C/RL-r、APRI、FIB-4与发生肝纤维化呈正相关(r=0.531、0.435、0.571、0.605、0.771、0.716,均P<0.001);ALT、AST、TG、C/RL-r、APRI、FIB-4水平高是影响NAFLD患者发生肝纤维化的独立危险因素(P<0.05);C/RL-r、APRI、FIB-4、三者联合预测NAFLD患者发生肝纤维化的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.767、0.830、0.754、0.936;相较于C/RL-r、APRI、FIB-4单独预测的AUC,三者联合预测的AUC更高(Z=4.495、3.999、4.677,均P<0.001)。结论发生肝纤维化的NAFLD患者C/RL-r、APRI、FIB-4水平较高,三者联合检测对NAFLD患者发生肝纤维化具有较高预测价值。

左侧卧位腹腔镜肝右叶部分切除术临床分析

目的探讨左侧卧位腹腔镜肝右叶各肝段部分切除的可行性及疗效。方法回顾性分析右江民族医学院附属医院百东院区2022年5月至2023年4月期间39例行左侧卧位腹腔镜肝右叶部分切除术的病例资料。结果39例中有腹部手术史者13例;肿瘤1个34例,肿瘤2个3例,肿瘤3个2例,肿瘤最大径37.0(24.0,58.0)mm。其中行非解剖性肝切除20例,解剖性肝切除19例;单一肝段切除术28例,两部位肝部分切除术10例,三部位肝部分切除术1例;联合腹腔镜胆囊切除24例;无血流阻断9例,行Pringle法血流阻断30例。平均手术时间(143.5±56.8)min;中位术中出血量100.0(50.0,300.0)mL,4例术中输血(合计29.50 U),无中转开腹。35例放置引流管,引流管留置时间(6.3±3.7)d;术后平均住院时间(10.1±4.0)d,住院总费用(41121.8±18978.3)元。术后23例患者出现少量胸腔积液;1例患者并发急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)及肝功能不全,经ICU复苏治愈;1例出现少量气胸;无感染、出血、胆漏等并发症发生;无非计划性再次手术发生。所有患者均通过门诊或电话的方式获得随访,所有病例近期无复发。结论左侧卧位行腹腔镜肝右叶部分切除术操作简单,暴露好,手术时间相对较短,出血少。

完全左侧卧位急诊腹腔镜手术治疗肝右叶外伤16例的可行性探究

目的 探究完全左侧卧位急诊腹腔镜手术治疗肝右叶外伤16例的可行性。方法 选择我院急诊2022年4月至2022年10月收治的34例肝右叶外伤患者,按照随机数字表法分为一组(n=16)和二组(n=18),一组行完全性左侧卧位腹腔镜手术,二组在倾斜30°-60°左侧卧位腹腔镜下进行手术。比较两组手术相关指标和术后并发症(胆漏、腹腔积液、腹腔感染、术后出血)发生率。结果 一组患者手术时间及术后引流时间均短于二组,术中出血量及术后引流量均低于二组(P<0.05);一组患者并发症总发生率低于二组(P<0.05)。结论 完全左侧卧位腹腔镜手术治疗肝右叶外伤在术中能够更好地开阔视野,便于术者操作,缩短手术时间,减少术中出血量,降低并发症的发生,具有较高的临床可行性。

Split liver transplantation: Current developments

In 1988, Rudolf Pichlmayr pioneered split liver transplantation(SLT), enabling the transplantation of one donor liver into two recipients-one pediatric and one adult patient. In the same year, Henri Bismuth and colleagues performed the first full right/full left split procedure with two adult recipients. Both splitting techniques were rapidly adopted within the transplant community. However, a SLT is technically demanding, may cause increased perioperative complications, and may potentially transform an excellent deceased donor organ into two marginal quality grafts. Thus, crucial evaluation of donor organs suitable for splitting and careful screening of potential SLT recipients is warranted. Furthermore, the logistic background of the splitting procedure as well as the organ allocation policy must be adapted to further increase the number and the safety of SLT. Under defined circumstances, in selected patients and at experienced transplant centers, SLT outcomes can be similar to those obtained in full organ LT. Thus, SLT is an important tool to reduce the donor organ shortage and waitlist mortality, especially for pediatric patients and small adults. The present review gives an overview of technical aspects, current developments, and clinical outcomes of SLT.

Modified techniques for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: Because of critical organ shortage, transplant professionals have utilized living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) in recent years. We summarized our experience in adult-to-adult LDLT with grafts of right liver lobe by a modified technique. METHODS: From January 2002 to August 2005, 24 adult patients underwent living donor liver transplantation with grafts of the right liver lobe at West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China. Twenty-two patients underwent modi-Bed procedures designed to improve the reconstruction of the right hepatic vein and the tributaries of the middle hepatic vein by interposing a great saphenous vein ( GSV) graft and the anastomosis of the hepatic arteries and bile ducts. RESULTS: No severe complications and death occurred in all donors. In the first 2 patients, (patients 1 and 2), operative procedure was not modified. One patient suffered from 'small-for-size syndrome' and the other died of sepsis with progressive deterioration of graft function. In the rest 22 patients (patients 3 to 24), however, the procedure of venous reconstruction was modified, and better results were obtained. Complications occurred in 7 recipients including acute rejection (2 patients), hepatic artery thrombosis (1), bile leakage (1), intestinal bleeding (1), left sub-phrenic abscess (1), and pulmonary infection (1). One patient with pulmonary infection died of multiple organ failure (MOF). The 22 patients underwent direct anastomosis of the right hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava (IVC), 9 direct anastomosis plus the reconstruction of the right inferior hepatic vein, and 10 direct anastomosis plus the reconstruction of the tributaries of the middle hepatic vein by in-terpos-ing a GSV graft to provide sufficient venous outflow. Trifurcation of the portal vein was met in 3 patients. Venoplasty or separate anastomosis was performed. The ratio of graft to recipient body weight ranged from 0.72% to 1.17%. Among these patients, 19 had the ratio <1.0% and 4 <0.8%, and the ratio of graft weight to recipient standard liver volume was between 31.86% and 62.48%. Among these patients, 10 had the ratio <50% and 2 <40%. No 'small-for-size syndrome' occurred in the 22 recipients who were subjected to modified procedures. CONCLUSIONS: With the modified surgical techniques for the reconstruction of the hepatic vein to obtain an adequate outflow and provide a sufficient functioning liver mass, living donor liver graft in adults using the right lobe can be safe to prevent the 'small-for-size syndrome'.

Samaritan donor interchange in living donor liver transplantation

BACKGROUND: In order to overcome ABO blood group incompatibility, paired donor interchange has been practised in living donor liver transplantation. Liver transplantations using grafts donated by Samaritan living donors have been performed in Europe, North America, South Korea, and Hong Kong. Such practice is clearly on strong biological grounds although social and psychological implications could be far-reaching. Local experience has been satisfactory but is still limited. As few centers have this arrangement, its safety and viability are still being assessed under a clinical trial setting. METHODS: Here we report a donor interchange involving an ABO-compatible pair with a universal donor and an ABOincompatible pair with a universal recipient. This matching was not only a variation but also an extension of the donor interchange scheme. RESULTS: The four operations(two donor hepatectomies and two recipient operations) were successful. All the two donors and the two recipients recovered well. Such donor interchange further supports the altruistic principle of organ donation in contrast to exchange for a gain. CONCLUSIONS: Samaritan donor interchange certainly taxes further the ethical challenge of donor interchange. Although this practice has obvious biological advantages, such advantages have to be weighed against the potential increase in potential psychological risks to the subjects in the interchange. Further ethical and clinical evaluations of local and overseas experiences of donor interchange should guide future clinical practice in utilizing this potential organ source for transplantation.

Hepatic venous outflow reconstruction in adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation without middle hepatic vein

Background It is difficult and challenging to reconstruct hepatic venous outflow in adult right lobe living donor liver transplantation （LDLT） without the middle hepatic vein （MHV）. Excessive perfusion of the portal vein and venous outflow obstruction will lead to acute congestion of the graft, ultimately resulting in primary nonfunction. Although various reconstruction patterns have been explored in many countries, there is currently no clear consensus. In this study we describe a technique to prevent ＂chocking＂ of the graft at the outflow anastomosis with the inferior vena cava （IVC） in LDLT using right lobe graft without the MHV. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 55 recipients undergoing LDLT using right lobe grafts without the MHV or reconstruction of hepatic venous outflow. The donor＇s right hepatic vein （RHV） was anastomosed with a triangular opening of the recipient IVC; the inferior right hepatic vein （IRHV）, if large enough, was anastomosed directly to the IVC. The great saphenous vein （GSV） was used for reconstruction of significant MHV tributaries. Results No deaths occurred in any of the donors. Of the 55 recipients, complications occurred in 6, including hepatic vein stricture （1 case）, small-for-size syndrome （1）, hepatic artery thrombosis （1）, intestinal bleeding （1）, bile leakage （1）, left subphrenic abscess and pulmonary infection （1）. A total of three patients died, one from small-for-size syndrome and two from multiple system organ failure. Conclusions The multiple-opening vertical anastomosis was reconstructed with hepatic vein outflow. This technique alleviates surgical risk of living donors, ensures excellent venous drainage, and prevents vascular thromboses and primary nonfunction.

肝尾叶与右叶径线及比值变化与非酒精性脂肪性肝病的关系

目的探讨肝尾叶与肝右叶的各径线及比值的变化与非酒精性脂肪性肝病之间的关系。方法选择在我院诊断为非酒精性脂肪性肝病变的病例147例及普通健康体检者227人为研究对象,分别测量其肝尾叶上下径、前后径、横径及肝右叶横径、最大斜径,计算肝尾叶横径与肝右叶的横径和肝尾叶上下径与肝右最大斜径比值,分析其与非酒精性脂肪性肝病之间的关系。结果健康成人肝尾叶与不同程度的脂肪肝病人肝尾叶的上下径、前后径、横径及肝右叶横径、最大斜径均在统计学上显著性差异(P<0.05),在各径线中重度脂肪肝>中度脂肪肝>轻度脂肪肝>正常肝脏;轻、中、重度脂肪肝肝尾叶横径与肝右叶横径比值,以及肝尾叶上下径与肝右叶最大斜径比值均比较接近,无显著性差异。结论肝尾状叶与右叶各径线变化与非酒精性脂肪性肝病轻重程度密切相关,肝尾叶与右叶径线的(P>0.05)比值变化与非酒精性脂肪肝病轻重程度关系不密切。

活体肝移植右半供肝切取的临床经验总结(附157例报告)

目的总结活体右半供肝切取的经验。方法对2002年1月至2009年8月在四川大学华西医院肝脏移植中心施行活体右半肝供体手术的157例患者的资料进行回顾性分析。全部供者均自愿无偿捐肝,其捐赠行为均经医院伦理学委员会批准。了解术前计算机体层摄影术(CT)评估供肝体积的效果:术前应用CT测定供体的全肝体积、右半肝体积(不含肝中静脉),从而计算残余左半肝体积比;术后测定切取的右半肝重量、应用华西严律南公式计算标准肝脏体积(standard liver volume,SLV),计算残余左半肝体积重量比,比较术前供肝CT测定全肝体积与SLV的差异。供体均行不含肝中静脉的右半供肝切除术。静脉复合麻醉,取双侧(后期改进为右侧)肋缘下并延至剑突的切口,游离右侧肝脏,确定切肝线,不阻断入肝血流,用超声吸引刀离断肝组织直至整个右半肝游离,依次阻断并切断肝右动脉,门静脉右支及肝右静脉,将供肝移至后台进行灌注及修整。了解供者术中情况,包括供体取肝手术时间、术中失血量、术中有否发现不适合作为供体的病例及其原因。了解供者术后随访情况,术后并发症采用Clavien系统分级评价。结果供体的术前CT供肝体积测定结果:全肝体积(1301±174)ml,右半肝体积(724±137)ml,残余左半肝体积比(45.5±6.9)%。实测值:右半肝重量(558±77)g,SLV(1055±129)ml,残余左半肝重量比(46.7±6.2)%,其中30%～35%者10例(6%),>35%者147例(94%)。CT测定供体全肝体积比SLV平均大23%。供体术中平均失血量493ml,手术时间(431±68)min。术中探查发现不适合作为供体而未完成右半肝切除4例,包括肝总管进入肝圆韧带左纵沟内再发出肝右管1例、多支肝右管1例、中度脂肪肝(超过30%的肝组织大泡型脂肪变性)1例和肝硬化1例。术后共54例发生61例次并发症,其中发生ClavienⅢ级及以上并发症18例次,包括胸腔积液12例次、肝功能不全2例次、门静脉血栓形成1例次、胆漏1例次、腹腔内出血1例次、切口裂开1例次,经对症治疗后均痊愈。所有供体恢复良好,随访3年均健康存活。结论术前准确掌握CT测定供肝体积的准确性和偏差程度,应用经临床验证有效的评估公式进行验证,并按正确切线断肝,对完成手术计划,保证供、受体安全具有重要的临床意义。

慢性肝炎肝硬化病肝左右肝叶体积变化规律

目的用实测法观察肝脏移植手术中切除的慢性肝炎肝硬化患者的病肝左、右叶体积分别占全肝体积比例的变化趋势。方法选择华西医院肝移植中心从2005年6月至2006年6月肝移植术中切除的48例慢性肝炎肝硬化病肝,用排水法测量体积,测量其左肝体积及其占全肝的体积比例的平均值,再探讨肝硬化左肝比率的变化规律。结果慢性肝炎终末期肝硬化的肝脏,左肝叶体积占全肝的体积比率的平均值为(45.8±11.3)%;右肝体积占全肝的体积比率的平均值为(54.2±11.3)%。终末期肝硬化肝脏与正常肝脏比较,在左右肝叶体积都减小的前提下,右肝叶减小的程度显著大于左肝叶。结论慢性肝炎肝硬化时肝左叶体积占全肝体积比率比正常肝脏有明显的增大。

右叶部分肝移植肝静脉的临床应用解剖

目的:为右叶部分肝移植提供肝静脉的解剖学基础。方法:观测52个铸型标本中肝静脉的走行、分布、分型,肝中静脉肝左静脉合干比率,肝短静脉的数量,大小,及其在肝静脉的各类型中的出现率。结果:肝静脉的分型中A型、B型、C型分别为65.4%、26.9%、7.7%。肝中静脉肝左静脉合干机率67.3%。肝短静脉出现率为32.6%,肝右静脉汇入下腔静脉处与肝中静脉汇入肝左静脉或下腔静脉处的距离2.0cm以内者占80.7%。结论:本文结果为右叶部分肝移植提供了肝静脉的解剖学基础,提示中国人肝静脉的结构似乎较适合右叶部分肝移植。

活体右半肝移植静脉流出道重建技术的改进

目的探讨在不包含肝中静脉(middle hepatic vein,MHV)的成人间活体右半肝移植(living donorliver transplantation,LDLT)流出道的重建模式。方法对我院肝移植中心47例不含MHV成人间活体右半肝移植,其受体流出道重建的临床资料进行回顾性分析。移植肝右肝静脉(RHV)与受体下腔静脉的吻合口成形为"三角形";右肝下静脉(IRHV)与下腔静脉直接吻合,MHV粗大属支即肝Ⅴ段(V5)、Ⅷ段(V8)静脉用大隐静脉搭桥后,分别开口与下腔静脉垂直式吻合。结果本组供体术后无严重并发症和死亡。受体47例发生并发症9例,其中肝静脉狭窄1例,小肝综合征1例,肝动脉栓塞1例,肠肠吻合口出血1例,胆漏2例,隔下脓肿1例,肺部感染2例。死亡3例,死因为小肝综合征1例,多器官功能衰竭2例。47有31例重建V5、V8和(或)右肝下静脉,其流出道重建率65.96%(31/47),其中重建1支静脉为36.17%(17/47),重建2只静脉为21.28%(10/47),重建3只静脉为8.51%(4/47)。所有病例术后随访2～48月,CT和超声检查1例肝静脉狭窄,4例在7～25d发现血栓,但侧枝循环已建立。结论采用"多口垂直式吻合"的方式重建流出道,可保证移植肝的有效静脉回流,预防小肝综合征,减少供体的手术风险。