Application of Pomegranate Rind Extract for Improvement of Functional Properties of Various Materials—A Critical Review

Pomegranate rind is abundantly available as a waste material. Pomegranate Rind Extract (PRE) can be applied to cotton fabrics for its natural colours, as a mordanting agent and also for imparting certain functional properties such as fire retardancy and antimicrobial properties. This paper reviews the feasibility of Pomegranate Rind Extract to improve the functional properties of cellulosic fabrics. Studies show that varying concentrations and higher temperatures that were used to apply the extract on the fabric, resulted in enhanced functional properties. At a particular concentration, the treated fabric showed a 15 times lower burning rate in comparison with the control fabric. Also, antimicrobial efficacy has been observed against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Due to the natural colouring material, it can be used as a natural dye on cotton material. The fire retardancy of pomegranate rind extract was tested on jute material under varying alkalinity. Research has indicated that pomegranate rind extract could be used to dye polyamide as well. The rubbing and wash fastness of the finished fabrics is good. The light fastness was fair, and its antibacterial efficiency against tested bacteria was good.

Quality Evaluation of Novel Biscuits Made from Wheat Supplemented with Watermelon Rinds and Orange Pomace Flour Blends

This study was designed to bridge gap in nutritionally skewed available biscuits and the high volume of agricultural waste generated by investigating the quality of biscuits prepared from wheat base, supplemented with waste from watermelon rinds and orange pomace as possible nutritious alternatives. Biscuit samples were respectively produced from blends of wheat, watermelon rind and orange pomace in the following ratio 100:0:0;90:5:5;80:10:10;70:15:15 and 60:20:20, labelled samples A, B, C, D and E. Functional, proximate, mineral and sensory properties of the formulated biscuit samples were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The results showed that proximate composition of samples B - E significantly increased (p < 0.05) except for carbohydrate content when compared with sample A used as control. There were also significant increases (p < 0.05) in mineral contents of supplemented samples compared to control. The result of the sensory evaluation showed that wheat flour can be substituted with watermelon rind and orange pomace flours up to 10% without adversely affecting the overall quality attributes of the biscuits. These results indicate the robustness of food value addition as an effective means of improving nutritional quality of biscuits while contributing to waste management in the agricultural value chain.

Preparation of Activated Carbon from Durian Rind with Difference Activations and Its Optimization

Durian rind wastes are an important raw material for activated carbon production due to their renewable sources and low-cost materials.The efficiency of increasing surface area and the quantity of oxygen groups on the surface of activated carbon were studied for the preparation of activated carbon.The preparation of activated carbon has been studied with the different methods as follows:activation by acid,activation by base,hydrothermal and activation by acid,and hydrothermal and activation by base.The results showed that hydrothermal and activation by acid had high iodine number which was chosen to determine the optimum condition for activated carbon preparation.The optimum condition for preparation of durian rind activated carbon was studied by Box-Behnken design.Solid/water ratio,solid/acid ratio and temperature were chosen as the important parameters for achieving the optimum reaction condition.The reaction products were analyzed by iodine number.Based on the results,the optimum condition for preparation of durian rind activated carbon was predicted using RSM.The maximum iodine number of 626.47 mg/g was expected at the optimum condition:solid/water ratio(1:175,g/mL),solid/acid ratio(1:23,g/mL)and temperature(500℃).The preparation of durian rind activated carbon at the optimal condition was carried;the percentages of iodine number achieved(666.73±6 mg/g)were close to the maximum predicted value(666.73 mg/g),thus verifying the model.At the optimum condition,the functional group on surface of durian rind activated carbon was characterized by FT-IR.The result showed that the oxygen content on surface was increased in the form of carbonyl and sulfonyl group.

Pulp and Paper from Sugarcane:Properties of Rind and Core Fractions

Two distinct lignocellulosic fractions(rind and core)can be obtained through a physical separation of sugarcane stalks.Although presenting differences in morphology,both fractions can be employed to produce pulps and papers.The pulps and paper sheets produced from the core and rind fractions were characterized by their chemical composition,physical properties and mechanical properties.The pulps obtained from the core presented a higher amount of fines,lower drainage ability and rendered denser and stiffer sheets.The pulps from the rind,which have a higher content of fibers and higher degree of polymerization,produced sheets with higher air permeability and water absorption.Both paper sheets presented mechanical and physical properties comparable to commercial papers and papers from different cellulosic sources.The different properties exhibited by the papers produced from each fraction allow their use for distinct purposes,and expands the opportunities in the context of sugarcane biorefinery.

Comparative Isotherms Studies on Adsorptive Removal of Congo Red from Wastewater by Watermelon Rinds and Neem-Tree Leaves

Equilibrium adsorption studies for detoxification of Congo Red (CR) dye from single component model wastewater by powdered watermelon rinds and neem leaves adsorbents were carried out with the view to test the applicability of the adsorption process to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich and Harkins-Jura isotherm models. The values of correlation coefficient, R2 (0.9359 - 0.9998), showed that all the experimental data fitted the linear plots of the tested isotherm models. Dubinin-Radushkevich’s monolayer maximum adsorption capacity qD (20.72 - 26.06 mg/g) is better than Langmuir’s qm (18.62 - 24.75 mg/g) for both adsorbents with the capacities higher for adsorption on watermelon rind than on neem leaves. Values of Langmuir separation factor (RL) suggest unfavourable adsorption processes (i.e. chemisorption) of the dye on both the adsorbents, while Freundlich constant (nF) indicates unfavourable process only for CR adsorption onto neem leaves. The Dubinin-Radushkevich’s mean free energy of adsorption, E (0.29 - 0.32 kJ/mol), suggests physical adsorption processes. Values for Temkin’s heat of adsorption, bT (-0.95 to 0.74 kJ/mol), also show physical adsorption process.

TIA与RIND的研究进展

短暂性缺血性发作与可逆性缺血性神经功能丧失都是指脑血管病损所致的脑功能障碍在短时内能够恢复的疾患。文章综述了TIA与RIND在概念、临床症状、病因、CT、MRI、SPECT的研究,以及和脑梗塞关系等几个方面近年来新的观点和认识。

Analysis on differentially expressed genes in watermelon rind color based on RNA–Seq

In order to screen the genes controlling watermelon rind color and luster, the experiment was carried out with yellow watermelon skin mutants as tester and green wild type watermelon as control, and transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were done. The results show that 34.27 Gb clean data were got by transcriptome sequencing. There are 261 differentially expressed genes among Y_1_vs_G_1, Y_2_vs_G_2 and Y_3_vs_G_3. The pathways contenting most differentially expressed genes are plant hormone signal transduction pathway, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway, photosynthesis pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase(Cla002942), alcohol dehydrogenase(Cla004992), photosystem Ⅰ reaction center subunit Ⅲ, chloroplastic(precursor)(Cla009181), long-chain acyl coenzyme A synthetase(Cla017341), threonine dehydratase biosynthetic(Cla018352) candidates genes were screened out.

Influence of Rind Hardness on Sugarcane Quality

Sugar recovery in a factory depends upon regular crushing and quality of varieties besides various other working parameters. Strategies for increased productivity and sugar recovery, varietal improvement can bring out through selection of parents to get maximum gains. These are governed by sugar content, fiber, rind hardness and cane yield. In order to assess the breeding value of different traits including rind hardness, study was undertaken at Sugarcane Research Institute, Shahjahanpur, during 2011-2012. Phenotypic difference and correlations among agronomic characters, basic quality characters and rind hardness in 120 segregating genotypes derived from contrast bi-parental cross (UP9530 × Co86011) of sugarcane cultivar were studied in this experiment. All the traits observed were found statistically significant among the mapping populations. The mean value of rind hardness was 5.91 with a range from 2.08 to 12.10 among 120 segregating population including their parents. Rind hardness (RHD) showed significant positive genotypic correlation with sugar yield-related traits viz;cane weight (CW, r = 0.325), cane yield (CYLD, r = 0.380) and sugar yield (SUYLD, r = 0.248). Significant negative correlation was observed for rind hardness with commercial cane sugar percent (CCS%, r = -0.388), number of millable cane (NMC, r = -0.216), hand refractometer brix %-October (HBR, r = -0.154), Brix% in juice (BR, r = -0.119) and Sucrose% in juice (SUC, r = -0.080). The simple correlation analysis showed that RHD, CW, CYLD and SUYLD showed significant positive correlation for agronomic characters, but for basic quality characters had negative correlations. Result indicated that rind hardness was found to have economically important trait due to showing significant positive and negative correlation with sugar yield and sugar content, respectively. The study also revealed that with the reduction in rind hardness, sugar recovery may increase. Present findings indicated that the rind hardness could play as a key role in the selection of elite genotypes in breeding program to develop high sugar, high yielding, erect, non-lodging, disease and insect resistant varieties. The details of the study were discussed in the manuscript.

Physical and Phytochemical Properties of the Rind of Five Watermelon Cultivars

Watermelon is known for its good thirst-quenching power;its important water content is one of its major characteristics. This very juicy character of the fruit associated with an important quantity of by-products constitutes a weak point of profitability to its transformation. Indeed, next to the sweet, juicy, refreshing pulp with exceptional gustative quality, there is a large number of by-products that are not consumed, not valorized, and are considered as waste. This study aims to provide some solutions to this problem, which hinders the processing of watermelon in Burkina Faso. The physicochemical parameters, phytochemical composition, and some biological properties of watermelon rind were evaluated. In other words, substances of nutraceutical interest and their properties were measured in watermelon rind to find useful uses for them. The determination of the dimensions was done by direct measurements. Physicochemical parameters were determined by standard methods. The phytochemical composition was determined by spectrometric methods. The analysis of the samples showed significant variability for the different physical parameters of the fruits. Interesting physical properties such as the water absorption and water holding capacity of the dried rind powder (nearly 1000%) were revealed. Moreover, the fruit rind showed remarkable photochemical composition and antiradical properties. As such, watermelon rind could be incorporated into other culinary preparations, in animal nutrition.

Effect of drying methods and packaging materials on quality parameters of stored kokum rind

In this study kokum rind dried by different methods,i.e.open air sun drying,solar drying and the convective hot air drying(60℃)was taken after being packaged in gunny bags,nylon bags and plastic jars for storage study upto nine months.The effect of different drying methods on quality parameters i.e.acidity,pH,TSS,reducing sugar,non-reducing sugar,colour(L,a and b)and calorific value of the stored product were evaluated.The quality parameters were tested at three-month intervals.Among three packaging materials,plastic jar was found best for kokum rind storage upto nine months as compared with nylon and gunny bags.Deterioration occurred as changes in acidity,non-reducing sugar,lightness,redness and calorific value over the storage period from the 0^(th) to the 9^(th) month.However,the TSS and b value increased as storage duration extended.

Effects of internal factors on surface wettability of corn stalk rind

Corn stalk is one of heterogeneous materials with anisotropy and variability.As the rind of corn stalk consists of rich lignin and cellulose similar to wood properties,and possessing high mechanical strength,then can be used as raw material of stalk artificial board and paper.The corn stalk rind has significant differences in fiber morphology,chemical composition and mechanical properties at different heights.Nano-SiO2 composite material contained in the epidermis of corn stalk rind is not conducive to exert adhesive into a board.To study board-making technology by intact corn stalk rind,the wettability of corn stalk rind at different sampling heights is necessary to be analyzed by keeping or removing the epidermis.To analyze the surface wettability difference,the contact angle with water,element compositions and the chemical compositions of corn stalk rind at different sampling heights were studied before and after removal of epidermis.A Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)analysis was performed.The results showed that the removal of the epidermis could significantly improve the hydrophilicity of corn stalk rind.Before removal of the epidermis,the varying contents of elements including C and Si dominate the surface wettability differences at different sampling heights of corn stalk.With an increase in the sampling height,the mass fraction of C increases while that of Si decreases,which result in increasing hydrophilicity.After removal of the epidermis,the surface wettability of corn stalk rind is mainly determined by the mass fraction of hemicellulose,and the higher the sampling height,the larger the mass fraction of hemicellulose resulting in the increase of hydrophilicity.

石榴皮纳米银的制备及其对有机染料的催化降解

以硝酸银为前驱体,石榴皮提取液为还原剂和稳定剂,生物法制备纳米银颗粒AgNPs,探讨了提取液pH、石榴皮提取液质量浓度、硝酸银浓度、反应时间和反应温度对AgNPs性能的影响。采用紫外可见吸收光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射和透射电镜等测试手段对AgNPs结构及性能进行表征。并以AgNPs为催化剂,NaBH(Ac)3为还原剂,酸性橙7、酸性红13、直接黄44和直接蓝15为有机染料目标降解产物,探究了AgNPs催化性能。结果表明:Ag-NPs颗粒近似为球形,晶型为面心立方晶体,平均粒径为(14.7±0.37)nm,特征吸收峰在420 nm附近。NaBH(Ac)3中添加AgNPs后,15 min内对酸性橙7、酸性红13、直接黄44和直接蓝15的降解率分别达到了94.34%、93.54%、97.7%和90.15%;并推测了AgNPs催化降解染料的机理。

山竹皮氧杂蒽酮超声辅助植物油提取工艺优化及其抗氧化和抑菌能力研究

使用中心复合设计对超声波辅助植物油提取山竹皮氧杂蒽酮工艺进行优化,并研究山竹皮提取物在植物油中的抗氧化能力和抑菌能力。结果:超声波辅助植物油提取山竹皮氧杂蒽酮工艺中最终采用大豆油作为提取溶剂,最佳提取工艺为超声时间2 h、料液比1∶25 g/mL、水浴时间35 min;山竹皮氧杂蒽酮提取物在植物油中具有显著的抗氧化能力和一定抑菌效果,其对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌效果最佳。

西瓜皮基碳气凝胶新型肥对生菜品种大速生生长及营养指标的影响

为获得西瓜皮基碳气凝胶及西瓜皮基碳气凝胶新型肥对生菜品种大速生生长及营养指标的最佳添加量,以西瓜皮为材料,制备出西瓜皮基碳气凝胶及西瓜皮基碳气凝胶新型肥,研究不同比例碳气凝胶及新型肥的添加量对大速生植株株高、叶面积、叶片数、茎粗、根长、叶绿素含量等生长指标和鲜质量、可溶性糖、蛋白质、维生素C含量等营养品质指标的影响,进而筛选出碳气凝胶及新型肥促进大速生生长发育的最佳添加量。结果表明:施用西瓜皮基碳气凝胶和西瓜皮基碳气凝胶新型肥均可以促进大速生的生长发育,其中以添加4%西瓜皮基碳气凝胶和6%西瓜皮基碳气凝胶新型肥效果最好。本研究不仅可以提高西瓜皮的利用率,有效解决因西瓜皮丢弃、堆砌带来的环境污染问题,而且能降低化肥使用量,提高大速生的产量和营养品质,为西瓜皮基碳气凝胶新型肥对大速生生长发育的影响提供理论基础和参考。

Experimental research on optimization of compression molding process parameters of pineapple rind residue

Currently,the process parameters for compression molding of pineapple rind residue are not clear.In view of this problem,a single die hole compression molding test device was designed in this study,and the force of material in a mold hole was analyzed.Using the test device,a three-factor three-level orthogonal test was carried out by using the particle size,moisture content,and die hole length-to-diameter ratio of pineapple rind residue as the factors and the particle molding rate,relax density,and specific energy consumption as the indicators.The test results were analyzed by range analysis,variance analysis,and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.The test results show that the main and secondary factors affecting the comprehensive performance of pineapple rind residue compression molding are length-to-diameter ratio,particle size,and moisture content.The optimal parameter combination is the material particle size of 6-9 mm,moisture content of 16%,and length-to-diameter ratio of 4:1.The best indicators under these conditions are particle molding rate of 97.80%,relax density of 1.32 g/cm,and specific energy consumption of 44.17 J/g.These research results can provide a reference for the selection of processing parameters and the design of molding equipment.

A comprehensive investigation on the performance of durian rind as a lost circulation material in water based drilling mud

Oil and gas operators worldwide are expecting service companies to deliver integrated techniques to minimize,if not prevent,drilling problems.Drilling fluids perform vital functions to ensure the success of drilling operations.The technical challenges often associated with water-based drilling fluids are loss of critical properties,such as fluid loss control and rheology,under demanding conditions,such as in drilling deeper,high-temperature and high-pressure wells.Fluid loss during drilling operations has a very significant effect in both reservoir formation damage and monetary terms.The use of durian rind(DR)as a new additive in controlling lost circulation would provide another opportunity to reduce waste and avoid pollution.Therefore,DR was used to improve the rheological properties of water-based mud,and it was prepared for use as a fluid loss additive.For a better understanding of the influence of pectin on drilling mud properties,the rheological evaluation of untreated DR was compared to that of mud samples containing treated DR.The pectin in DR was extracted using four different solvents,namely,ethanol,methanol,sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide,and the most effective solvent to remove the pectin was then determined.The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)results showed that NaOH was the best solvent for removing pectin from DR.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)was used to determine the thermal stability of DR before and after treatments.The TGA results demonstrated that the treated DR had improved thermal stability compared to untreated DR.The sizes of DR used were coarse,medium,and fine.The untreated DR presented better rheological properties than the treated DR.The experimental investigation showed that a concentration of 20 lb/bbl of intermediate-sized DR was the best concentration among the tested samples.

籽用西葫芦和打瓜皮瓤与小麦秸秆混合微贮对其发酵品质、营养成分及瘤胃降解率的影响

为了开发利用籽用西葫芦和打瓜皮瓤作为新型饲料资源,评价了其与小麦秸秆混合微贮的发酵品质、营养成分及瘤胃降解率。试验以小麦秸秆作为对照(小麦秸秆组),将成熟去籽后的籽用西葫芦和打瓜皮瓤粉碎,按籽用西葫芦皮瓤∶小麦秸秆=2∶1(籽用西葫芦组)、打瓜皮瓤∶小麦秸秆=2∶1(打瓜组)、籽用西葫芦皮瓤∶打瓜皮瓤∶小麦秸秆=1∶1∶1(葫芦+打瓜组)的比例混合,分别添加1%的植物乳杆菌和0.5%的纤维素酶混合微贮45 d,进行发酵品质、营养成分及瘤胃降解率的评定。结果表明,与对照组相比,籽用西葫芦组可显著提高微贮粗蛋白含量(P<0.01)及干物质(P<0.05)和粗蛋白的瘤胃降解率(P<0.01),打瓜组可极显著降低微贮pH值(P<0.01),并极显著提高粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率(P<0.01)。各试验组均可极显著提高微贮乳酸含量,降低pH值、丙酸和丁酸含量以及氨态氮/总氮比值(P<0.01)。葫芦+打瓜组可显著提高微贮粗蛋白(P<0.05)和益生菌(P<0.01)含量,极显著降低粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量(P<0.01),并极显著提高粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率(P<0.01)。籽用西葫芦皮瓤、打瓜皮瓤和小麦秸秆等比例混合微贮可以充分利用原料间的组合效应改善混合物料的营养平衡和发酵品质,提高营养价值和瘤胃降解率。

改性西瓜皮基碳气凝胶对亚甲基蓝吸附效果研究

为获得西瓜皮基碳气凝胶最佳改性条件,以西瓜皮为碳源,采用水热—冷冻干燥法制备出西瓜皮基碳气凝胶,并用磷酸和氢氧化钠对其进行酸碱改性处理。研究不同改性条件下西瓜皮基碳气凝胶对亚甲基蓝的吸附效果,比较不同西瓜皮基碳气凝胶对亚甲基蓝的吸附量,筛选出西瓜皮基碳气凝胶最佳改性条件。结果表明:固液比1∶2,0.5 mol·L^(-1)NaOH或0.07 mol·L^(-1)H_(3)PO_(4)对西瓜皮基碳气凝胶的改性效果较好,其改性后西瓜皮基碳气凝胶对亚甲基蓝的吸附量分别为7.76、4.07 g·g^(-1)。与磷酸相比,氢氧化钠对西瓜皮基碳气凝胶的改性效果更好,经0.5 mol·L^(-1)NaOH改性的西瓜皮基碳气凝胶对亚甲基蓝的吸附量是0.07 mol·L^(-1)H3PO4改性碳气凝胶对亚甲基蓝吸附量的2倍。综上所述,氢氧化钠和磷酸改性均可提高西瓜皮基碳气凝胶的吸附性能。

西瓜皮风味酸奶的研制

以西瓜皮、赤藓糖醇和牛奶为原料,选择西瓜皮添加量,赤藓糖醇添加量、发酵温度和发酵时间4个因素设计单因素实验,通过感官评价筛出影响较大的3个单因素进行响应面分析,确定了西瓜皮风味酸奶的最佳配方:西瓜皮添加量为11 g,赤藓糖醇添加量为13 g,发酵温度为43℃.该条件下发酵的西瓜皮风味酸奶粘稠度适宜,具有西瓜皮特色风味.

硬脂酸锌在不饱和树脂涂料中的应用

重点研究了硬脂酸锌对不饱和树脂涂料的性能影响。综合分析了掺入不同含量的硬脂酸锌对不饱和树脂的打磨性能、透明性和施工时的触变性能。结果表明,硬脂酸锌与不饱和树脂有很好的相容性和防沉性能,且自身具有很强的吸湿性能。研究结果为硬脂酸锌在不饱和树脂涂料中的广泛应用提供理论支撑。