The bidding strategies of power suppliers to maximize their interests is of great importance.The proposed bilevel optimization model with coalitions of power suppliers takes restraint factors into consideration,such a...The bidding strategies of power suppliers to maximize their interests is of great importance.The proposed bilevel optimization model with coalitions of power suppliers takes restraint factors into consideration,such as operating cost reduction,potential cooperation,other competitors’bidding behavior,and network constraints.The upper model describes the coalition relationship between suppliers,and the lower model represents the independent system operator’s optimization without network loss(WNL)or considering network loss(CNL).Then,a novel algorithm,the evolutionary game theory algorithm(EGA)based on a hybrid particle swarm optimization and improved firefly algorithm(HPSOIFA),is proposed to solve the bi-level optimization model.The bidding behavior of the power suppliers in equilibrium with a dynamic power market is encoded as one species,with the EGA automatically predicting a plausible adaptation process for the others.Individual behavior changes are employed by the HPSOIFA to enhance the ability of global exploration and local exploitation.A novel improved firefly algorithm(IFA)is combined with a chaotic sequence theory to escape from the local optimum.In addition,the Shapley value is applied to the profit distribution of power suppliers’cooperation.The simulation,adopting the standard IEEE-30 bus system,demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method for solving the bi-level optimization problem.展开更多
The primary objective of this research article is to introduce Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm for solving bidding strategy in deregulated power market. Suppliers (GENCOs) and consumers (DISCOs) participate in t...The primary objective of this research article is to introduce Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm for solving bidding strategy in deregulated power market. Suppliers (GENCOs) and consumers (DISCOs) participate in the bidding process in order to maximize the profit of suppliers and benefits of the consumers. Each supplier bids strategically by choosing the bidding coefficients to counter the competitors bidding strategy. Electricity or electric power is traded through bidding in the power exchange. GENCOs sell energy to power exchange and in turn ancillary services to Independent System Operator (ISO). In this paper, Differential Evolution algorithm is proposed for solving bidding strategy problem in operation of power system under deregulated environment. An IEEE 30 bus system with six generators and two large consumers is employed to demonstrate the proposed technique. The results show the adaptability of the proposed method compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Monte Carlo simulation in terms of Market Clearing Price (MCP).展开更多
In optimal wind bidding strategy related literatures, it is usually assumed that the full distribution information (for example, the cumulative distribution function or the probability density function) of wind power ...In optimal wind bidding strategy related literatures, it is usually assumed that the full distribution information (for example, the cumulative distribution function or the probability density function) of wind power output is known. In real world applications, however, only very limited distribution information can be obtained. Therefore, the “optimal bidding strategy” obtained based on the hypothetical distribution may be far away from the true optimal one. In this paper, an optimal bidding strategy is obtained based on the minimax regret criterion. The salient feature of the new approach is that it requires only partial information of wind power distribution, for example, the expectation and the support set. Numerical test is then performed and the results suggest that the method established in this paper is effective.展开更多
Photovoltaic(PV)and battery energy storage systems(BESSs)are key components in the energy market and crucial contributors to carbon emission reduction targets.These systems can not only provide energy but can also gen...Photovoltaic(PV)and battery energy storage systems(BESSs)are key components in the energy market and crucial contributors to carbon emission reduction targets.These systems can not only provide energy but can also generate considerable revenue by providing frequency regulation services and participating in carbon trading.This study proposes a bidding strategy for PV and BESSs operating in joint energy and frequency regulation markets,with a specific focus on carbon reduction benefits.A two-stage bidding framework that optimizes the profit of PV and BESSs is presented.In the first stage,the day-ahead energy market takes into account potential real-time forecast deviations.In the second stage,the real-time balancing market uses a rolling optimization method to account for multiple uncertainties.Notably,a real-time frequency regulation control method is proposed for the participation of PV and BESSs in automatic generation control(AGC).This is particularly relevant given the uncertainty of grid frequency fluctuations in the optimization model of the real-time balancing market.This control method dynamically assigns the frequency regulation amount undertaken by the PV and BESSs according to the control interval in which the area control error(ACE)occurs.The case study results demonstrate that the proposed bidding strategy not only enables the PV and BESSs to effectively participate in the grid frequency regulation response but also yields considerable carbon emission reduction benefits and effectively improves the system operation economy.展开更多
随着“双碳”目标的提出,以风电为代表的可再生能源参与电力现货市场已是大势所趋。但由于具有不确定性和波动性,风电在市场中常处于不利地位。风电与具有灵活调节能力的光热电站(Concentrated Solar Power,CSP)联合能够减少实时出力偏...随着“双碳”目标的提出,以风电为代表的可再生能源参与电力现货市场已是大势所趋。但由于具有不确定性和波动性,风电在市场中常处于不利地位。风电与具有灵活调节能力的光热电站(Concentrated Solar Power,CSP)联合能够减少实时出力偏差,进而降低不平衡成本。基于此,本文针对风电—CSP电站联合参与现货市场的运行策略开展研究。首先,对风电—CSP电站联合参与现货市场的机理进行分析,在此基础上,以经济性最优为目标,综合考虑供电收益、冬季供暖收益和不平衡惩罚等因素,提出了考虑冬季供暖的风电—CSP电站联合参与电力现货市场运行策略,并基于Shapley值法对联盟收益进行分配,最后分析了储热容量对联盟收益的影响。算例表明所提联合运行策略能够充分利用CSP电站灵活性,显著提高双方收益,减少弃风损失。展开更多
负荷聚合商(load aggregator,LA)集成需求侧资源参与双重市场(能量市场和备用市场)投标,需要根据市场运营规则对具有不同行为特性的需求侧资源优化组合。文章考虑双重市场对响应资源的技术要求,从负荷削减量和响应时间2个方面体现需求...负荷聚合商(load aggregator,LA)集成需求侧资源参与双重市场(能量市场和备用市场)投标,需要根据市场运营规则对具有不同行为特性的需求侧资源优化组合。文章考虑双重市场对响应资源的技术要求,从负荷削减量和响应时间2个方面体现需求侧资源的不确定性,引入条件风险价值(conditional value at risk,CVaR)理论,考虑备用市场响应超时的违约风险,制定其在双重市场的资源集成优化投标策略,以响应电量不足期望评估聚合商参与双重市场的响应可靠性。算例分析不同风险偏好系数下聚合商利润与风险的动态关系,优化需求侧资源的容量配置,为聚合商双重市场的投标和风险度量提供参考。展开更多
虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)可以聚合多元异构分布式能源(distributed energy resource,DER)灵活参与电力市场,但受市场多元主体投标行为不确定性的影响,VPP在日前电力市场面临着潜在的投标需求流标风险。为解决多元竞争电力市...虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)可以聚合多元异构分布式能源(distributed energy resource,DER)灵活参与电力市场,但受市场多元主体投标行为不确定性的影响,VPP在日前电力市场面临着潜在的投标需求流标风险。为解决多元竞争电力市场中电价电量不确定性影响下VPP的优化申报问题,提出一种VPP灵活分段投标策略。首先,基于分布式能源运行特性构建了虚拟电厂聚合可调节能力评估方法,在考虑电力平衡需求的基础上,提出按可调节能力划分区间的VPP灵活分段投标策略。然后,构建了虚拟电厂参与日前电力现货市场投标的主从博弈模型,以实现VPP收益及社会效益的最大化。最后,采用强对偶理论和大M法将该均衡约束规划问题(equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints,EPEC)转化为混合整数线性规划问题(mixed integer linear program,MILP)求解。算例结果表明,VPP采用灵活分段投标策略参与日前电力市场,可以充分利用其可调节能力,保障其投标需求有效中标,有效提升了VPP收益及社会效益。展开更多
文摘The bidding strategies of power suppliers to maximize their interests is of great importance.The proposed bilevel optimization model with coalitions of power suppliers takes restraint factors into consideration,such as operating cost reduction,potential cooperation,other competitors’bidding behavior,and network constraints.The upper model describes the coalition relationship between suppliers,and the lower model represents the independent system operator’s optimization without network loss(WNL)or considering network loss(CNL).Then,a novel algorithm,the evolutionary game theory algorithm(EGA)based on a hybrid particle swarm optimization and improved firefly algorithm(HPSOIFA),is proposed to solve the bi-level optimization model.The bidding behavior of the power suppliers in equilibrium with a dynamic power market is encoded as one species,with the EGA automatically predicting a plausible adaptation process for the others.Individual behavior changes are employed by the HPSOIFA to enhance the ability of global exploration and local exploitation.A novel improved firefly algorithm(IFA)is combined with a chaotic sequence theory to escape from the local optimum.In addition,the Shapley value is applied to the profit distribution of power suppliers’cooperation.The simulation,adopting the standard IEEE-30 bus system,demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method for solving the bi-level optimization problem.
文摘The primary objective of this research article is to introduce Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm for solving bidding strategy in deregulated power market. Suppliers (GENCOs) and consumers (DISCOs) participate in the bidding process in order to maximize the profit of suppliers and benefits of the consumers. Each supplier bids strategically by choosing the bidding coefficients to counter the competitors bidding strategy. Electricity or electric power is traded through bidding in the power exchange. GENCOs sell energy to power exchange and in turn ancillary services to Independent System Operator (ISO). In this paper, Differential Evolution algorithm is proposed for solving bidding strategy problem in operation of power system under deregulated environment. An IEEE 30 bus system with six generators and two large consumers is employed to demonstrate the proposed technique. The results show the adaptability of the proposed method compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Monte Carlo simulation in terms of Market Clearing Price (MCP).
文摘In optimal wind bidding strategy related literatures, it is usually assumed that the full distribution information (for example, the cumulative distribution function or the probability density function) of wind power output is known. In real world applications, however, only very limited distribution information can be obtained. Therefore, the “optimal bidding strategy” obtained based on the hypothetical distribution may be far away from the true optimal one. In this paper, an optimal bidding strategy is obtained based on the minimax regret criterion. The salient feature of the new approach is that it requires only partial information of wind power distribution, for example, the expectation and the support set. Numerical test is then performed and the results suggest that the method established in this paper is effective.
基金supported by the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project(No.20220203163SF).
文摘Photovoltaic(PV)and battery energy storage systems(BESSs)are key components in the energy market and crucial contributors to carbon emission reduction targets.These systems can not only provide energy but can also generate considerable revenue by providing frequency regulation services and participating in carbon trading.This study proposes a bidding strategy for PV and BESSs operating in joint energy and frequency regulation markets,with a specific focus on carbon reduction benefits.A two-stage bidding framework that optimizes the profit of PV and BESSs is presented.In the first stage,the day-ahead energy market takes into account potential real-time forecast deviations.In the second stage,the real-time balancing market uses a rolling optimization method to account for multiple uncertainties.Notably,a real-time frequency regulation control method is proposed for the participation of PV and BESSs in automatic generation control(AGC).This is particularly relevant given the uncertainty of grid frequency fluctuations in the optimization model of the real-time balancing market.This control method dynamically assigns the frequency regulation amount undertaken by the PV and BESSs according to the control interval in which the area control error(ACE)occurs.The case study results demonstrate that the proposed bidding strategy not only enables the PV and BESSs to effectively participate in the grid frequency regulation response but also yields considerable carbon emission reduction benefits and effectively improves the system operation economy.
文摘随着“双碳”目标的提出,以风电为代表的可再生能源参与电力现货市场已是大势所趋。但由于具有不确定性和波动性,风电在市场中常处于不利地位。风电与具有灵活调节能力的光热电站(Concentrated Solar Power,CSP)联合能够减少实时出力偏差,进而降低不平衡成本。基于此,本文针对风电—CSP电站联合参与现货市场的运行策略开展研究。首先,对风电—CSP电站联合参与现货市场的机理进行分析,在此基础上,以经济性最优为目标,综合考虑供电收益、冬季供暖收益和不平衡惩罚等因素,提出了考虑冬季供暖的风电—CSP电站联合参与电力现货市场运行策略,并基于Shapley值法对联盟收益进行分配,最后分析了储热容量对联盟收益的影响。算例表明所提联合运行策略能够充分利用CSP电站灵活性,显著提高双方收益,减少弃风损失。
文摘负荷聚合商(load aggregator,LA)集成需求侧资源参与双重市场(能量市场和备用市场)投标,需要根据市场运营规则对具有不同行为特性的需求侧资源优化组合。文章考虑双重市场对响应资源的技术要求,从负荷削减量和响应时间2个方面体现需求侧资源的不确定性,引入条件风险价值(conditional value at risk,CVaR)理论,考虑备用市场响应超时的违约风险,制定其在双重市场的资源集成优化投标策略,以响应电量不足期望评估聚合商参与双重市场的响应可靠性。算例分析不同风险偏好系数下聚合商利润与风险的动态关系,优化需求侧资源的容量配置,为聚合商双重市场的投标和风险度量提供参考。
文摘虚拟电厂(virtual power plant,VPP)可以聚合多元异构分布式能源(distributed energy resource,DER)灵活参与电力市场,但受市场多元主体投标行为不确定性的影响,VPP在日前电力市场面临着潜在的投标需求流标风险。为解决多元竞争电力市场中电价电量不确定性影响下VPP的优化申报问题,提出一种VPP灵活分段投标策略。首先,基于分布式能源运行特性构建了虚拟电厂聚合可调节能力评估方法,在考虑电力平衡需求的基础上,提出按可调节能力划分区间的VPP灵活分段投标策略。然后,构建了虚拟电厂参与日前电力现货市场投标的主从博弈模型,以实现VPP收益及社会效益的最大化。最后,采用强对偶理论和大M法将该均衡约束规划问题(equilibrium problems with equilibrium constraints,EPEC)转化为混合整数线性规划问题(mixed integer linear program,MILP)求解。算例结果表明,VPP采用灵活分段投标策略参与日前电力市场,可以充分利用其可调节能力,保障其投标需求有效中标,有效提升了VPP收益及社会效益。