Responses of river bed evolution to flow-sediment process changes after Three Gorges Project in middle Yangtze River:A case study of Yaojian reach

The Three Gorges Project(TGP)has changed the flow-sediment process in the middle Yangtze River.For navigation purposes,there is an urgent need to study the changes of the river regime over a long-term period and the shoal-channel evolution over different seasons since the completion of the TGP.Based on analysis of the measured data and the results of a two-dimensional mathematical model,the changes of the river regime and river bed evolution in the Yaojian reach downstream of the TGP were studied.Results show that a high sediment transport flux helps to keep the main flow in the North Branch,while a low sediment transport flux helps to keep the main flow in the South Branch.Thus,the main branch will not change in the near future because of the low sediment transport load.In this study,the flow-sediment process adjusted by the TGP was restored to the conditions before the TGP,and the river bed evolution under the adjusted and non-adjusted flow-sediment conditions was calculated.After the completion of the TGP,the reservoir storage accelerated the flood recession process and decreased the erosion by 11.9%under the flow-sediment conditions in 2010,and the deposition in the flood season decreased by 56.4%.

Distribution and number change of the Littorinidae (Gastropoda) on intertidal hard bed in the Jiulong River Estuary

There are 4 species of Littorinidae on the intertidal hard bed in the Jiulong River Estu-ary. They are Littorina scabra, L. brevicula, Nodilittorina pyramidalis pyramidalis and N.millegrana. Of these species, L. scabra is a dominant species. According to the results of in-vestigation, we find distribution patterns of the Littorinidae on intertidal hard bed in theestuary as follows: (1)There is no Littorinid species at Haicheng Station. (2)There is only Lit-

Silt Charge of Water in the River Sluch:Dynamics on Length and in Time

Change silt charge of water in the rivers can negatively be reflected in throughput the rivers beds,stability of coast,change of river structures,dis­appearance of boggy places,etc.In work questions of variability silt charge waters in the river Sluch in time and on length of the river are considered.It is revealed that in time average and maximal silt charge waters decrease.While on length of the river change silt charge waters is shown not precise­ly,similar on some increase silt charge waters to a mouth of the river.The researches led by the factorial analysis and graphic-analytical method on the basis of long-term materials of measurement of charges of water have shown that,on a part of posts average depth of water in the river grows,and on others-cyclically changes with the general tendency to reduction.Aver­age speed in them,accordingly,falls and grows.Stratification of interrela­tions of a silt charge with other factors on years is observed.The reasons of reduction of a silt charge are:1)agrarian and forest meliorative actions on a catchments of the river,hydraulic engineering construction;2)grassy bed of the river;3)change of a climate that promotes growth of temperature of a surface of soils and grassy bed of the river.In developed natural-climatic conditions expediently application on reservoirs of the antierosion organi­zation of territory of the land tenure including agrarian-forests-meliorative actions that will allow to adjust outflow of a moisture from reservoirs to lower warming up of a surface of the soils,to provide against a high water protection and it will favorably be reflected in manufacture of agricultural production.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF RIVER BED CHANGE DOWNSTREAM OF XIAOLANGDI RESERVOIR

A mathematical model of river be d change downstream of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir was developed based on the most recent achievement of sediment theory in the Yellow River. The model was verified by the comparison of computed results and measured data from 1986 to 1996. Num erical prediction of the erosion and deposition downstream of the Xiaolangdi Res ervoir in its first operation year was carried out, and a series of suggestions were given for reservoir operation mode in its early operation period.

ASSESSMENT OF BED-LOAD PREDICTORS BASED ON SAMPLING IN A GRAVEL BED RIVER

Bedload transport in alluvial channels has been extensively studied and different equations based on field and/or experimental data have been proposed.Prediction of bed-load transport rate using different equations results in wide ranges which are not always reliable.In this study,some of the universal bedload predictors were evaluated with measured load by a Helley-Smith sampler in the Node River,a gravel bed river in the northeast part of Iran.From 19 sets of data,14 series of data were used to evaluate the bed-load transport equations.The results show that the equations presented by Van Rijn,Meyer-Peter and Mueller,and Ackers and White may adequately predict bedload transport in the range of field data.