Hydrodynamic Effect of the Regulation Project of Yangtze River Deepwater Channel Downstream of Nanjing

A two-dimensional flow numerical model of the tidal reaches, which total length is more than 700 km, is established from Datong to the Yangtze River estuary. The tidal levels, velocities, diversion ratios and dynamic axes before and after the separate regulation of each reach and combined regulation of all reaches are obtained. The comparative analysis shows that the regulation project of a separate reach basically has no impact on velocity distributions and variations of diversion ratios of upper and lower reaches, the variations of dynamic axes are only within the local scope of the project. The regulation project of a separate reach also has less impact on the water level in the lower adjacent reaches, but will make the water levels in the upper reaches rise. After the implementation of the regulation projects for all reaches, the rise of water level in the upstream reaches will have a cumulative impact.

A new conception on the formation of the first bend of Yangtze River: its relations with Eocene magmatic activities

Based on field observations, the author proposes a new understanding on the formation of the first bend of the Yangtze River. The relationship between the formation of the first bend of the Yangtze River and Eocene magmatic activity is expounded, suggesting that the first bend of the Yangtze River is the result from choking of the strong magmatic activity in Eocene. As a result, the upstream became a natural reservoir, whose riverside between Mt. Yulong and Mt. Haba was burst, guiding Jinshajiang River running eastward. At the same time, the drastic uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau led to the deep dissection of the river cut down the channel, resulting in the formation of the Tiger Leaping Gorge. The magnitude of uplift in the study area (located in the eastern of the Tibetan Plateau) is calculated. Taking Mt. Yulong as a base, the magnitude of lift is 3,300 m from Eocene to Pliocene, adding 700 m since Pleistocene, totaling up to 4,000 m or so.

Responses of river bed evolution to flow-sediment process changes after Three Gorges Project in middle Yangtze River:A case study of Yaojian reach

The Three Gorges Project(TGP)has changed the flow-sediment process in the middle Yangtze River.For navigation purposes,there is an urgent need to study the changes of the river regime over a long-term period and the shoal-channel evolution over different seasons since the completion of the TGP.Based on analysis of the measured data and the results of a two-dimensional mathematical model,the changes of the river regime and river bed evolution in the Yaojian reach downstream of the TGP were studied.Results show that a high sediment transport flux helps to keep the main flow in the North Branch,while a low sediment transport flux helps to keep the main flow in the South Branch.Thus,the main branch will not change in the near future because of the low sediment transport load.In this study,the flow-sediment process adjusted by the TGP was restored to the conditions before the TGP,and the river bed evolution under the adjusted and non-adjusted flow-sediment conditions was calculated.After the completion of the TGP,the reservoir storage accelerated the flood recession process and decreased the erosion by 11.9%under the flow-sediment conditions in 2010,and the deposition in the flood season decreased by 56.4%.

Engineering Strategies on Flood Control in Middle Reach of Yangtze River, China

Flood disaster has been a serious hidden danger since the ancient time. The essential cause for the fact that floods have not been eliminated for hundreds of years is that time honored strategies do not suit the cases of flood prevention. In the view of geological environmental analyses of flood formation and from the synthesis of experiences gained in flood control in the past hundreds of years, sluggish draining of flood, silt sedimentation in channel and building levee blindly constitute the main cause of intractable flood for a long time in the middle reach of the Yangtze River. Draining away silt and water is the only way to stamping out flood disaster. Opening up artificial waterways for flood diversion, draining away the silt of channel into the polders, and storing the flood water are important engineering measures for the flood control and damage reduction.

Relationship between adjustment of low water level and utilization of water depth in Shashi Reach in middle Yangtze River

Hydrological,sediment,and bathymetric data of the Shashi Reach in the middle Yangtze River for the period of 1975-2018 were collected,and the characteristics of low water level changes and their impacts on utilization of water depth for navigation were investigated.The results showed that,during the study period,the Shashi Reach riverbed was significantly scoured and incised,with cross-sectional profiles showing overall narrowing and deepening.This indicated a strong potential to improve the water depth of the channel.The analysis of the temporal variation of in-channel topographical features showed that the Taipingkou diara underwent siltation and erosion,with its head gradually scoured and relocated downstream after 2008,and the Sanbatan diara continued to shrink and migrate leftwards.Low water levels with the same flow rate over the study period decreased.For instance,from 2003 to 2020,the water level at the Shashi hydrological station decreased to 1.37 m with a flow rate of 6000 m^(3)/s.Furthermore,the designed minimum navigable water level of the Shashi Reach was approximately 2.11m lower than the recommended level.In terms of utilization of the channel water depth,continuous scouring of the river channel is expected to result in a reduction in discharge at the Taipingkou mouth,which will improve the water depth conditions of the channel during the dry season in the Shashi Reach.With several channel regulation projects,the 3.5-m depth of the Shashi Reach would basically be unobstructed.This promotes utilization of the shipping route from the Taipingkou south branch to the Sanbatan north branch as the main navigation channel during the dry season.Considering the factors of current water depth and the clear width limitation of the navigation hole at the Jingzhou Yangtze River Bridge,this route can still be favored as the main navigation channel with a 4.5-m depth during the dry season.

Channel characteristics and formation mechanism of Ganjiang River

Relative straight channel of the middle and upper reaches of Ganjiang has been formed due to thecontraction of mountains and hills being composed of bedrocks on both banks of the river. But however, At the lower reaches, branching channel predominates due to limited contracting force of the river banks as the evolution and development of branching channels are closely related with locations and controle effect of nodal points. There are sufficient water containing less sediments in Ganjiang River where the sharp rise and fall of the flow discharge makes the grain size of the particles rather coars. Gravels mingled with sand dominate the channel bed and components of central bars are also much coarser than those in sandy bed of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Quantitative relationship between channels and bars in a tidal reach of the lower Yangtze River:Implications for river management

Deep-water navigation channels in the tidal reaches of the lower Yangtze River are affected by water and sediment fluxes that produce complex shoals and unstable channel conditions.The Fujiangsha reach is particularly difficult to manage,as it has many braided channels within the tidal fluctuation zone.In this study,hydrologic and topographic data from the Fujiangsha reach from 2012 to 2017 were used to examine the variations in deposition and erosion,flow diversion,shoals,and channel conditions.Since the Three Gorges Dam became operational and water storage was initiated,the Fujiangsha reach has shown an overall tendency toward erosion.Channels deeper than 10 m accounted for 83.7% of the total erosion of the Fujiangsha reach during 2012-2017.Moreover,the dominant channel-forming sediments have gradually changed from suspended sediments to a mixed load of suspended and bed-load sediments.Deposition volumes of these sediments has varied significantly among different channels,but has mainly occurred in the Fubei channel.Furthermore,periodic variations in the Jingjiang point bar have followed a deposition-erosion-deposition pattern,and the downstream Shuangjian shoal mid-channel bar has been scoured and shortened.Approximately 44.0% of the bed load from the upstream Fujiangsha reach is deposited within the 12.5-m deep Fubei channel.The increased erosion and river flow from the Jingjiang point bar and the Shuangjian shoal during the flood season constituted 59.3% and 40.7%,respectively,of the total amount of siltation in the Fubei channel.

长江中游水沙通量时空变化及河床冲淤分布特征

三峡及上游水库群运用后长江中游水沙条件发生显著变化,河床持续冲刷调整,因此有必要研究干支流水沙通量的时空变化特征及河床冲淤分布特点。基于干支流主要控制站实测水沙资料与平滩河槽冲淤量数据,详细分析了长江中游及各子河段水沙通量及冲淤量的时空变化规律。分析结果表明:(1)从时间尺度来看,三峡工程运用后中游干流年径流量变化不大,输沙量减少68%~92%。径流年内均呈汛期减小,枯水期增大的规律。除仙桃站年径流量和湖口站年输沙量增大外,其余支流和通江湖泊的水量和沙量均减小;(2)从空间尺度来看,径流量沿程变化未发生显著调整,但输沙量由三峡工程运用前的沿程减小调整为沿程增加,且泥沙来源由三峡工程运用前的上游输入为主(占比约为120%)调整为运用后的河床冲刷补给为主(占比为53%);(3)2002-2020年长江中游干流平滩河槽累计冲刷26.3亿m^(3),约占中下游总冲刷量的54%,尤以荆江段冲刷幅度最大(占比为47%),且冲刷重心由宜枝段向汉湖段移动;(4)建立了分河段累计冲淤量与对应控制站前5年汛期平均水流冲刷强度的函数关系,决定系数(R2)均高于0.8,定量反映了坝下游河床纵向调整对来水来沙条件变化的响应关系,可用于定量估算不同水沙条件下各河段的河床冲淤量。

陆海连续体的生物连通性研究——以长江口上海水域鱼类为例

陆海连续体是连接陆地生态系统和开阔海洋的过渡带,其连通性对生物迁移产生重大影响,但对陆海连续体连通性的描述和量化目前仍在探索之中。本研究利用环境DNA(eDNA)宏条形码技术,通过使用针对脊椎动物的通用引物对鱼类线粒体12S rRNA基因的部分V5高变区进行扩增,获得鱼类多样性数据,并以此为基础开发了一种快捷方法来评估陆海连续体的连通性。该方法通过计算相邻站点间的Beta多样性指数来综合估算生物连通性综合指数(comprehensive index of biological connectivity,CIBC),该值范围0~1,值越大,连通性越好。2023年10月利用eDNA技术成功从长江口上海水域检测出鱼类21目,35科,86属,117种,其中支流的鱼类数量多于干流。Alpha多样性分析显示,支流的鱼类群落丰富度高于干流,但多样性略低于干流。鲤科的CIBC值显示,干流、支流连通性普遍较好。鲴科的CIBC值显示,干流上下游连通性较好。鱊科的CIBC值显示,干流上游连通性较好。虾虎鱼科的CIBC值显示,干流中上游连通性较好。整个鱼类群落的CIBC值显示,干流连通性较好,仅下游接近长江口处连通性较差,支流的连通性变化较大,干流的整体连通性优于支流。本研究方法可为研究陆海连续体连通性提供新的思路,并有助于长江口生态廊道的生态修复与综合管理。

长江口南支河段演变特征及趋势预测研究

长江口为海陆双向河口,其南支受洪潮共同影响,河道演变较为复杂。在分析南支河段河道演变特征的基础上,通过建立长江口南支河段河工模型,重点开展了南支演变趋势预测研究。河演分析表明:20世纪60年代之后,徐六泾人工节点基本形成,上游河势变化对南支河床演变的影响明显减弱,南支河段江岸基本稳定,滩槽位置相对稳定。定床模型试验结果表明:模拟河段最大涨急流速为2.26 m/s,最大落急流速为2.69 m/s。动床模型试验结果表明:2016~2020年(循环4次)+100 a一遇水沙年+300 a一遇水沙年试验条件作用后,典型断面最深点相对冲深约7.8 m。研究成果可为类似河段演变分析提供参考。

陆海连通潮汐生物通道构建及其对内陆水体影响——以长江口北支和北湖为例

在陆海交界区域有效构建生物通道可以丰富该区域生物多样性,提升滨海生态品质与综合服务功能,推动海陆空间联动高质量发展。本研究以位于崇明岛北侧的北湖为例,研究利用既有沟槽和涵闸构建潮汐生物通道的可行性方案,基于二维水动力数值模型和盐度模型,分析不同潮汐生物通道规模下的水动力特性及其对内陆水体的影响,探讨生物通道植物配置和运行管理措施。结果表明:①选择合适的生物通道长度和堰坝间距、缝宽,可使生物通道在涨落潮一定时间内获得适宜鱼类等生物通行的流速;②构建适宜规模的陆海连通生物通道,既可以满足陆海连通生物通道要求,又可以防止风暴潮灾害风险;③崇明北湖遭遇长江口北支10年一遇重现期典型潮汐情况下水位变化约20 cm,遭遇100年一遇风暴潮情况下水位仍能控制在设防水位以下;④受长江口北支每天两涨两落咸潮、浑水和污染水体影响,建议在生物通道开展生境营造、在北湖湖区开展生境修复,植物配置应考虑流速、水位变化和咸淡混合区的特点。

基于海域管理模式的长江口海洋生态保护空间格局及连通性分析

生态保护空间格局及其连通性对保护生物物种和维持局域生物多样性具有重要作用。本研究以长江口海域空间利用管理模式为基础,利用形态学空间格局分析(Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis,MSPA)和景观连通性模型,研究长江口海域生境特征,识别重要生态源地及其连通性,并分析其与现有保护格局的匹配性,以期为长江口海域生态系统整体保护、系统修复、综合治理提供支持。研究结果表明:长江口海域15块保护空间中,识别重要生态源地12个,总面积约为3080 km^(2),占上海市海洋功能区划面积的28.6%。重要源地主要分布于长江口南支及附近海域。连接12个生态源地的生态廊道23条。本研究识别的长江口门内生态源地空间与上海市最新公布的海洋生态保护红线空间匹配性较好,但连接南支和北支口门附近的重要保护空间不足。

The mechanism of barrier river reaches in the middle and lower Yangtze River

Alluvial channel has always adjusted itself to the equilibrium state of sediment transport after it was artificially or naturally disturbed. How to maintain the equilibrium state of sediment transport and keep the river regime stable has always been the concerns of fluvial geomorphologists. The channel in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is characterized by the staggered distribution of the bifurcated river and the single-thread river. The change of river regime is more violently in the bifurcated river than in the single-thread river. Whether the adjustment of the river regime in the bifurcated river can pass through the single-thread river and propagate to the downstream reaches affects the stabilities of the overall river regime. Studies show that the barrier river reach can block the upstream channel adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches; therefore, it plays a key role in stabilizing the river regime. This study investigates 34 single-thread river reaches in the mid- dle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. On the basis of the systematic summarization of the fluvial process of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the control factors of barrier river reach are summarized and extracted： the planar morphology of single-thread and meandering; with no flow deflecting node distributed in the upper or middle part of the river reach; the hydraulic geometric coefficient is less than 4; the longitudinal gradient is greater than 12‰, the clay content of the concave bank is greater than 9.5%, and the median diameter of the bed sediment is greater than 0.158 mm. From the Navier-Stokes equation ,the calculation formula of the bending radius of flow dynamic axis is deduced and then the roles of these control factors on restricting the migration of the flow dynamic axis and the formation of the barrier river reach are analyzed. The barrier river reach is considered Such. When the ratio of the migration force of the flow dynamic boundary is less than 1 under different flow levels axis to the constraint force of the channel boundary is less than 1 under different flow levels.The mechanism of the barrier river reach is such that even when the upstream river regime adjusts, the channel boundary of this reach can always constrain the migration amplitude of the flow dynamic axis and centralize the planar position of the main stream line under different upstream river regime conditions, pro- viding a relatively stable incoming flow conditions for the downstream reaches, thereby blocking the upstream river regime adjustment from propagating to the downstream reaches.

Evolution characteristics and drivers of the water level at an identical discharge in the Jingjiang reaches of the Yangtze River

The operation of large-scale reservoirs have modified water and sediment transport processes,resulting in adjustments to the river topography and water levels.The polynomial fitting method was applied to analyze the variation characteristics of water levels under different water discharge values in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River from 1991–2016.The segregation variable method was used to estimate the contributions of the varied riverbed evaluation,the downstream-controlled water level,and the comprehensive roughness on the altered water level at an identical flow.We find that low water levels in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River from 1991–2016 are characterized by a significant downward trend,which has intensified since 2009.Riverbed scouring has been the dominate factor causing the reduced low water level while increased roughness alleviated this reduction.From 1991–2016,there was first a decrease followed by an increase in the high water level.The variation characteristic in terms of the'high flood discharge at a high water level'before 2003 transformed into a'middle flood discharge at a high water level'since 2009.The increased comprehensive roughness was the main reason for the increased high water level,where river scouring alleviated this rise.For navigation conditions and flood control,intensified riverbed scouring of the sandy reaches downstream from dams enhanced the effects that the downstream water level has on the upstream water level.This has led to an insufficient water depth in the reaches below the dams,which should receive immediate attention.The alteredvariation characteristics of the high water level have also increased the flood pressure in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.

Flow resistance adjustments of channel and bars in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in response to the operation of the Three Gorges Dam

Since the Three Gorges Dam(TGD)was put into operation,the flood water level at an identical discharge rate has not displayed a decreasing trend along the middle reaches of the Yangtze River(MYR).The flow resistance variations of the channel and bars in response to the operation of the TGD remain poorly understood,despite the importance of understanding these for water disaster mitigation and water environment regulation.Herein,the impacts of the TGD on the downstream flow resistance of the channel and bars in the MYR were analyzed using systematic surveys of hydrological datasets,cross-sectional profiles,sediment datasets,and remote sensing images,during different periods.Under the actual natural conditions in the MYR,a modified semi-empirical formula,which considered the grain,dune resistance,as well as the topographic features of the riverbed,was proposed to predict the channel resistance.Furthermore,the effect of various dam-control flow and sediment elements on the variation in different flow resistance components,and the corresponding relationships among them were investigated.Results showed a decline in the comprehensive,channel,and bar resistances as the discharge increased,whereas there was a slight increase when reaching the bank-full discharges.Notably,the bar resistance occupied 65%,while the channel resistance,in which dune resistance was much larger than grain resistance,contributed 35%to the comprehensive resistance.In addition,while flow resistance rose over time,there was a decline as the distance from the TGD increased.In conclusion,the increased dune and bar resistances,interpreted by the fluctuated channel longitudinal profile and growing vegetated area on bars,were the dominant factors preventing the flood water level from dropping.

The barrier river reach identification and classification in the Middle Yangtze River

Adjustments of upstream river regimes are one of the main factors affecting downstream fluvial processes. However, not all adjustments of river regimes will propagate downstream. There are some distinctive river reaches where upstream and downstream adjustments have no relevance. However, the irrelevance is neither caused by different river types nor by the different conditions of water and sediment;but rather, the channel boundaries and riverbed morphologies block the propagation effect. These are referred to here as the barrier river reach phenomena. The migration of the thalweg line is the essential reason for causing the propagation effect. Numerous influencing factors for thalweg migration exist, including 1) the average flow rate above the critical bankfull discharge, the average flow rate below the critical bankfull discharge, and their ratio, 2) the ratio of the duration of the aforementioned two periods, 3) the thalweg displacement at the entrance of the river reach, 4) the deflecting flow intensity of the node, 5) the ratio of the river width to water depth, 6) the relative width of the floodplain, and 7) the Shields number. In this study, the correlativity between the measured distances and the restricting indicators of thalweg migration in the Middle Yangtze River over the years was established. The barrier degree of 27 singlethread river reaches was subsequently assessed. These reaches included 4 barrier river reaches;5 transitional reaches transforming from barrier to non-barrier;10 transitional reaches transforming from non-barrier to barrier;and 8 non-barrier river reaches. Barrier river reaches were found to be important for maintaining the stability of the river regime and the transverse equilibrium of sediment transport in the downstream reaches. To some extent, the barrier river reaches may protect the natural dynamical properties from being destroyed by artificial river regulation works. Thus, they are of great significance for river management.

FLOOD ROUTING MODELS IN CONFLUENT AND DIVIDING CHANNELS

By introducing a water depth connecting formula, the hydraulic equations in the dividing channel system were coupled and the relation of discharge distribution between the branches of the dividing channels can be yielded. In this manner, a numerical model for the confluent channels was established to study the variation of backwater effects with the parameters in the channel junction. The meeting of flood peaks in the mainstream and tributary can be analyzed with this model.The flood peak meeting is found to be a major factor for the extremely high water level in the mainstream during the 1998 Yangtze River flood. Subsequently the variations of discharge distribution and water level with channel parameters between each branch in this system were studied as well. As a result, flood evolution caused by Jingjiang River shortcut and sediment deposition in the entrance of dividing channels of the Yangtze River may be qualitatively elucidated.It is suggested to be an effective measure for flood mitigation to enhance regulation capability of reservoirs available upstream of the tributaries and harness branch entrance channels.

铁路网络联系对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响研究——以长三角地区为例

研究目的:探究铁路网络联系对城市土地绿色利用效率的影响及空间溢出效应,为依托铁路交通发展促进土地绿色利用效率提升提供科学依据。研究方法:超效率SBM模型,社会网络分析方法,空间面板模型。研究结果:(1)长三角城市铁路联系强度和土地绿色利用效率均呈现显著的增长趋势,土地绿色利用效率存在着较为明显的区域差异。(2)铁路联系强度的提高促进了本城市土地绿色利用效率的提升,与综合铁路联系相比,高铁联系对本城市土地绿色利用效率的提升作用更加明显。(3)铁路联系的加强促进了本城市产业结构合理化水平的提升和创新产出的增长,进而对土地绿色利用效率产生影响。高铁联系在促进本城市产业结构合理化水平提升和创新产出增长方面的作用更加明显。(4)城市对外铁路联系强度的提高产生了负向的空间溢出效应,抑制了邻近城市土地绿色利用效率的提升。研究结论:应充分发挥铁路建设在优化产业结构、促进创新方面的作用,依托铁路网络加强区域内经济技术合作、发挥各城市比较优势,以推动区域土地绿色利用效率的整体性提升。

引江补汉工程丹江口下游近坝段枯水期通航水位恢复试验研究

引江补汉工程补水口位于丹江口大坝下游安乐河出口约5 km处,且补水量与调水量基本一致,工程对航道的影响主要体现在减水段,为恢复枯水期通航水位需要开展航道综合治理。利用河工模型试验论证了综合治理方案的效果,并对方案进行了优化及进一步论证。结果表明,减水-补水212 m 3/s方案尾门水位分别为86.47、85.90 m条件下,引航道口—黄家港段水位下降,黄家港以下水位保持不变,其中引航道口水位下降幅度最大,分别下降0.08、0.19 m;综合治理方案1实施后引航道口水位下降均为0.02 m,减水段的水位仍未恢复至调水前的水平,主因是从安乐河口补水的水流并未能进入到左侧主航道内;基于试验研究结果,建议对综合治理方案进行优化,在沧浪洲出水口下沿布置2道护底带;通过试验论证了护底带的4个高程,建议护底带高程为85.5 m,并对护底带高程进一步细化论证;优化后的方案可使引航道口至黄家港段的水位略超过调水前的水平,其中引航道口处最大水位抬高0.06 m。

长江南京以下深水航道野外观测数据服务平台建设

为提升深水航道数据资源的采集、融合、分析及应用能力,在南京长江深水航道水沙环境与工程安全交通运输行业野外科学观测研究基地进行长江深水航道野外观测数据服务平台建设。服务平台采用B∕S架构,通过物联网、分布式建构等技术手段结合常用网络传输协议连接各数据集群,实现多源异构历史资料的整合与治理、实时监测数据的接入和第三方数据的聚合,开发了数据门户、水运一张图、工程专题、监测大屏、水位预测等专题应用。平台建设实现了以深水航道为主题的数据聚合与共享。