Relationship Between Changes of River-lake Networks and Water Levels in Typical Regions of Taihu Lake Basin,China

The typical regions of the Taihu Lake Basin,China,were selected to analyze the variation characteristics of river-lake networks under intensive human activities.The characteristics of the fractal dimension of river networks and lakes for different periods were investigated and the influences of river system evolution on water level changes were further explored through the comparison of their fractal characters.The results are as follows:1) River network development of the study area is becoming more monotonous and more simple;the number of lakes is reducing significantly,and the water surface ratio has dropped significantly since the 1980s.2) The box dimension of the river networks in all the cities of the study area decreased slowly from the 1960s to the 1980s,while the decrease was significant from the 1980s to the 2000s.The variations of lake correlation dimension are similar to those of the river network box dimensions.This is unfavorable for the storage capacity of the river networks and lakes.3) The Hurst exponents of water levels were all between 0.5 and 1.0 from the 1960s to the 1980s,while decreased in the 2000s,indicating the decline in persistence and increase in the complexity of water level series.The paper draws a conclusion that the relationship between the fractal dimension of river-lake networks and the Hurst exponents of the water level series can reveal the impacts of river system changes on flood disasters to some extent:the disappearance of river networks and lakes will increase the possibility of flood occurrence.

Joint optimization scheduling for water conservancy projects incomplex river networks

In this study, we simulated water flow in a water conservancy project consisting of various hydraulic structures, such as sluices, pumping stations, hydropower stations, ship locks, and culverts, and developed a multi-period and multi-variable joint optimization scheduling model for flood control, drainage, and irrigation. In this model, the number of sluice holes, pump units, and hydropower station units to be opened were used as decision variables, and different optimization objectives and constraints were considered. This model was solved with improved genetic algorithms and verified using the Huaian Water Conservancy Project as an example. The results show that the use of the joint optimization scheduling led to a 10% increase in the power generation capacity and a 15% reduction in the total energy consumption. The change in the water level was reduced by 0.25 m upstream of the Yundong Sluice, and by 50% downstream of pumping stations No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4. It is clear that the joint optimization scheduling proposed in this study can effectively improve power generation capacity of the project, minimize operating costs and energy consumption, and enable more stable operation of various hydraulic structures. The results may provide references for the management of water conservancy projects in complex river networks.

Distribution characteristics and controlling factors of typical antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in river networks in western area of Wangyu River,China

Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs)pose health risks in aquatic environments because of their persistence and mobility.River networks can provide a perfect opportunity for exploring the occurrence and enrichment of ARGs and antibiotics in freshwater environments.On this basis,the abundances of four types of antibiotics(sulfonamides,quinolones,tetracyclines,and macrolides)and 13 ARGs(sulⅠ,sulⅡ,tetA,tetB,tetO,tetW,qnrA,qnrS,qnrD,ermB,ermF,ermC,and ere A)were measured in the river networks of the west bank of the Wangyu River in China.The spatial distribution and temporal variation of these antibiotics and ARGs were characterized,and their controlling factors were analyzed.All four types of antibiotics were detected with high frequencies between 41%and 100%.Quinolone antibiotics exhibited the highest average concentration(286.53 ng/L).The concentrations of quinolones,tetracyclines,and macrolides were significantly higher in the winter than in the summer,whereas the concentration of sulfonamides was higher in wet periods than in dry periods.Of the 13 ARGs,sulⅠwas the most abundant(1.28 x 10^(5)copies per milliliter),followed by sulⅡand tetO(5.41×10^(4)and 4.45×10^(4)copies per milliliter,respectively).The canonical correspondence analysis showed that environmental factors,including dissolved oxygen,water temperature,total nitrogen,pH,and total phosphorus,had significant effects on the abundance of ARGs.sulⅠ,sulⅡ,tetA,and tetB were significantly correlated with 16S ribosomal RNA sequences,indicating that the bacterioplankton community might affect the distribution of ARGs.The correlation heat map analysis showed that the spread of ARGs was influenced by specific bacterial groups,such as Acidobacteria and Cyanobacteria,indicating that these bacterioplankton may be the hosts of environmental ARGs.

A Method of Catchments Health Assessment under Value-pressure Model and Its Application in Urbanized River Network Area:A Case Study in Shanghai,China

Catchments health assessment is fundamental to effective catchments management. Generally, an assessment method should be selected to reflect both the purpose of assessment and local characteristics. A trial in Shanghai was conducted to test the method for catchments health assessment in urbanized fiver network area. Seven indicators that described four dimensions of river, river network, land use and function, and local feature were used to assess catchments values; while possible change rate of urbanization and industrialization in the next 3 years were chosen for catchments pressure assessment in the value-pressure model. Factors related to catchments classification, indicators measurement and protection priority have been considered in the development strategies for catchments health management. The results showed that value-pressure assessment was applicable in urbanized catchments health management, particularly when both human and catchments had multiple demands. As a result of over 30-year rapid urbanization, more than 70% of Shanghai fiver network area was still in a healthy condition with high catchments values, among them, 39.3% was under high pressure. Poor water quality, simplified river system and weakened local feature of fiver pattern had largely affected catchments health in Shanghai. Lack of long-term monitoring data would seriously restrict the development and validity of catchments health assessment.

Determining Critical Support Discharge of a Riverhead and River Network Analysis： Case Studies of Lhasa River and Nyangqu River

A riverhead is the demarcation point of continuous water channel and seasonal channel, which is characterized by a criti- cal flow that can support a continuous water body. In this study, the critical support discharge （CSD） is defined as the critical steady flows required to form the origin of a stream. The CSD is used as the criterion to determine the beginning of the riverhead, which can be controlled by hydro-climate factors （e.g., annual precipitation, annual evaporation, or minimum stream flow in arid season）. The CSD has a close correlation with the critical support/source area （CSA） that largely affects the density of the river network and the division of sub-watersheds. In general, river density may vary with regional meteorological and hydrological conditions that have to be considered in the analysis. In this paper, a new model referring to the relationship of CSA and CSD is proposed, which is based on the physical mechanism for the origin of riverheads. The feasibility of the model was verified using two watersheds （Duilongqu Basin of the Lhasa River and Beishuiqu Basin of the Nyangqu River） in Tibet Autonomous Region to calculate the CSA and extract river networks. A series of CSAs based on different CSDs in derived equation were tested by comparing the extracted river networks with the reference network obtained from a digitized map of river network at large scales. Comparison results of river networks derived from digital elevation model with real ones indicate that the CSD （equal to criterion of flow quantity （Qc）） are 0.0028 m3/s in Duilongqu and 0.0085 m3/s in Beishuiqu. Results show that the Qc can vary with hydro-climate conditions. The Qc is high in humid region and low in arid region, and the optimal Qo of 0.0085 m3/s in Beishuiqu Basin （humid region） is higher than 0.0028 m3/s in Duilongqu Basin （semi-arid region）. The suggested method provides a new application approach that can be used to determine the Qo of a riverhead in complex geographical regions, which can also reflect the effect of hydro-climate change on rivers supply in different regions.

Water level updating model for flow calculation of river networks

Complex water movement and insufficient observation stations are the unfavorable factors in improving the accuracy of flow calculation of river networks. A water level updating model for river networks was set up based on a three-step method at key nodes, and model correction values were collected from gauge stations. To improve the accuracy of water level and discharge forecasts for the entire network, the discrete coefficients of the Saint-Venant equations for river sections were regarded as the media carrying the correction values from observation locations to other cross-sections of the river network system. To examine the applicability, the updating model was applied to flow calculation of an ideal river network and the Chengtong section of the Yangtze River. Comparison of the forecast results with the observed data demonstrates that this updating model can improve the forecast accuracy in both ideal and real river networks.

Application of River Network Hydrodynamic Model in Determining Water Distribution Scale of Haishu Plain

The water distribution network is an important part of the plain water environment improvement system. To make efficient use of the regional water diversion source, scientifically distribute the water diversion flow and improve the water environment carrying capacity of Haishu Plain, the river network hydrodynamic model is used in this paper to simulate the water intake location, reasonable water quantity and influence range of water transfer in Haishu Plain. The simulation results have high accuracy, which can provide a scientific basis for the scale, water transfer mechanism and project layout of water transfer construction in Haishu Plain and show a strong reference value for the study of water diversion and distribution scheme of coastal plain river network.

Method for calculating non-point source pollution distribution in plain rivers

The land area in a river network is divided into certain-scale square cells for the sake of precision, and, based on the physical mechanisms of rainfall-runoff processes and runoff pollution, the non-point source pollution from cells is estimated using the export coefficients of different land use types. The non-point source pollution from a land cell should all go into the closest fiver reach, so it is distributed according to the terrain of the plain river network area and the positions of land cells and river network reaches. A relationship between a single land cell and its pollution-receiving reach can be determined using this system. In view of the above, a spatial distribution model of the rainfall runoff and non-point source pollution in reaches of a plain river network area was established. This model can provide technological support for further research on the dynamic effects of non-point source pollution on water quality.

Sediment transport following water transfer from Yangtze River to Taihu Basin

To meet the increasing ：need of fresh water and to improve the water quality of Taihu Lake, water transfer from the Yangtze River was initiated in 2002. This study was performed to investigate the sediment distribution along the river course following water transfer. A rainfall-runoff model was first built to calculate the runoff of the Taihu Basin in 2003. Then, the flow patterns of river networks were simulated using a one-dimensional river network hydrodynamic model. Based on the boundary conditions of the flow in tributaries of the Wangyu River and the water level in Taihu Lake, a one-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment transport numerical model of the Wangyu River was built to analyze the influences of the inflow rate of the water transfer and the suspended sediment concentration （SSC） of inflow on the sediment transport. The results show that the water transfer inflow rate and SSC of inflow have significant effects on the sediment distribution. The higher the inflow rate or SSC of inflow is, the higher the SSC value is at certain cross-sections along the ：river course of water transfer. Higher inflow rate and SSC of inflow contribute to higher sediment deposition per kilometer and sediment thickness. It is also concluded that a sharp decrease of the inflow velocity at the entrance of the Wangyu River on the river course of water transfer induces intense sedimentation at the cross-section near the Changshu hydro-junction. With an increasing distance from the Changshu hydro-junction, the sediment deposition and sedimentation thickness decrease gradually along the river course.

An Implicit Coupled 1D/2D Model for Unsteady Subcritical Flow in Channel Networks and Embayment

In this study, 1D and 2D shallow-water models were coupled to simulate unsteady flow in channel networks and embayment. The 1D model solved the 1D shallow-water equations (St. Venant) using the Preissmann box method and targeted long narrow reaches of the river networks, while the 2D model targeted broad channels and embayment and solved the 2D shallow-water equations using a semi-implicit scheme applied to an unstructured grid of triangular cells. The 1D and 2D models were solved simultaneously by building a matrix for the free surface elevation at every 1D junction and 2D cell center. Velocities were then computed explicitly based on the results at the previous time step and the updated water level. The originality of the scheme arose from a novel coupling method. The results showed that the coupled 1D/2D model produced identical results as the full 2D model in classical to benchmark problems with considerable savings in computational effort. Application of the model to the Pearl River Estuary in southern China showed that complex patterns of tidal wave propagation could be efficiently modeled.

基于河网水动力模型的水系连通性对水环境质量的影响分析研究

平原河网地区地势平坦流速较缓,水体抗污染能力弱,改善水系连通性对水环境质量提升至关重要。以水系连通性较差的盛泽镇跃进联圩为研究对象,通过开展引调水试验,构建圩区河网水动力模型,探索圩区水利工作调度运行规则、河网水系连通方法以及相应的水环境变化规律。研究以水龄作为水系连通性的一种时间尺度参量,建立了跃进联圩水动力-水质-水龄的河网水环境模型,模拟了5种引调水方案下,圩内水系连通性及水质改善情况,并构建了压力、状态与响应的引调水连通效果评估体系,实现了对水系连通性变化与水环境改善水平的定量分析。结果表明:从水体交换时长来看,研究区域主要河道水体交换时间在5天以内,水体连通性越好的河道,水龄越短;从水质指标变化来看,调水实验中圩内的水环境氨氮变化最为明显,对引调水响应度高,模拟结果显示水龄与氨氮浓度变化趋势基本一致,水体连通性越好,水龄越短,有利于氨氮的削减;从引调水方案来看,单一调度方式对圩内水系连通性改善能力有限,特别是在河网内水体流动性弱的区域,同时使得圩区内水体流动性差异增大,更容易造成河网内水系连通性以及水质的空间分布差异,形成局部的滞水区或死水区。因此,采用多源引水与多区域排水相配合的调度方式,可以加强水系连通性,改善水环境质量。

分支河流体系沉积学工作框架与流程

基于现有的研究成果和存在的问题,探讨了分支河流体系(DFS)研究中的关键科学问题、主要研究内容、研究方法和工作流程。研究结果表明:①DFS研究中最关键的3个科学问题是明确河网结构和河型演变规律、构建沉积标志和沉积模式、分析其形成和分布的控制因素。②DFS研究的主要内容包括建设形态沉积学数据库、现代沉积机理研究、分类研究、建立沉积模式、储层建模与储层预测等5个方面。③DFS研究中的关键技术包括基于遥感图像的形态数据采集、形成机理的水槽和模拟实验、河网重构、顶点位置预测与河道分汊点自动生成方法、储层建模知识库平台等。④DFS研究的基本工作流程是先建立形态沉积学数据库,搭建数据库软件平台,在此基础上选择具有代表性的DFS进行现代沉积解剖,然后综合现代沉积调查、露头解剖和模拟实验成果,形成分类体系,总结各类DFS的识别标志和沉积模式,分层次建立储层预测模型,形成沉积结构储层预测模型的建模软件平台,从而预测沉积体系中有利储层的分布。

Modeling and analysis of effects of precipitation and vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment yield in Jinsha River Basin

This paper focuses on the effects of precipitation and vegetation coverage on runoff and sediment yield in the Jinsha River Basin. Results of regression analysis were taken as input variables to investigate the applicability of the adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system （ANFIS） to simulating annual runoff and sediment yield. Correlation analysis indicates that runoff and sediment yield are positively correlated with the precipitation indices, while negatively correlated with the vegetation indices. Furthermore, the results of stepwise regression show that annual precipitation is the most important factor influencing the variation of runoff, followed by forest coverage, and their contributions to the variation ofrunoffare 69.8% and 17.3%, respectively. For sediment yield, rainfall erosivity is the most important factor, followed by forest coverage, and their contributions to the variation of sediment yield are 49.3% and 24.2%, respectively. The ANFIS model is of high precision in runoff forecasting, with a relative error of less than 5%, but of poor precision in sediment yield forecasting, indicating that precipitation and vegetation coverage can explain only part of the variation of sediment yield, and that other impact factors, such as human activities, should be sufficiently considered as well.

黄河流域九省区水-土-能-碳关联系统网络特征

基于区域环境扩展型投入产出模型,对黄河流域水-土-能-碳资源消耗及足迹流动、区域资源及碳排放流通状况、水-土-能-碳网络特征进行了模拟分析。结果表明:2017年黄河流域九省区水资源消耗总量为1 073.69亿m^(3),占用土地面积为266.69万km^(2),能源消耗为6.95亿t(标准煤),碳排放量为31.57亿t。在流域内部足迹流动中,河南水、土、能、碳足迹均最大,综合循环利用率最高;宁夏是最大的虚拟水资源供应地;山西能、碳足迹调出量最大;山东土地足迹循环利用率最高;青海是主要的水、土、能资源供应地,四川承接了黄河流域19.3亿t碳足迹。黄河流域水-土-能-碳关联系统的生态关系主要以竞争关系为主,控制、掠夺关系占比较小,无互利共生关系;水-土-能-碳关联系统的生态关系处于高冗余、低效率状态,能源网络的效率最高。

基于AHP-熵权法的鄞西平原河网水环境改善效果综合评价

随着城市化的发展,河流间原有的联系被打断,水动力条件变差,继而引发水质污染、水生态功能衰退等问题。以鄞西平原为例,提出一种基于层次分析-熵权法的水环境改善效果评估方法,在水动力、水质参数的基础上,综合考虑经济效益和感官参数,全面评估水环境改善方案的效果。量化比选研究区提升效果,最终确定方案3为研究区改善效果最优方案。研究表明,基于层次分析法和熵权法的综合评价方法相较于传统仅考虑水动力、水质或其他单一因素的评价方法,能够克服定性数据和主观赋权对评价结果的影响,更加全面地评价不同连通方案的提升效果,实现了方案综合评价与优选。

A 2-D HYDRODYNAMIC MODEL FOR THE RIVER,LAKE AND NETWORK SYSTEM IN THE JINGJIANG REACH ON THE UNSTRUCTURED QUADRANGLES

The main river, the Dongting Lake and river networks in the Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze River constitute a complex water system, for which a full 2-D hydrodynamic model is established instead of the traditional 1-D or compound models for simulation of such complex systems, based on the latest developments of computer technologies and numerical methods. To better handle irregular boundaries and keep the computation cost well in a reasonable limit, unstructured grids of moderate scale are used. In addition, a dynamic boundary tracking method is proposed to simulate variable flow domains at different floods, especially, when the moderate scale gird can not describe flows in narrow river-network channels at low water levels. The t9 semi-implicit method and the Eulerian-Lagrangian Method （ELM） are adopted, which make the model unconditionally stable with respect to the gravity wave speed and Courant number restrictions. Properties and efficiency of the model are discussed, and it is concluded that the new model is robust and efficient enough for the simulation of a big, complex water system. Validation tests show that the simulation results agree well with field data. It takes about 0.96 h to complete the computation of a 76 d flood, which indicates that the model is efficient enough for engineering applications.

广东省北江流域防洪体系与布局优化

结合广东省水网建设规划中的“江河安澜防洪保安网”,重点针对北江流域“22·6”特大洪水暴露出的现状防洪体系与布局的短板、弱项,在分析评估北江流域(思贤滘以上)现状防洪体系与布局的基础上,结合设计水文计算成果及骨干水库调洪计算、飞来峡水利枢纽动态库容调洪计算等分析成果,提出了“防、管、控”三位一体系统治理的北江流域防洪(潮)治理思路及“调蓄、拦挡、蓄滞、分洪、畅泄”多功能、有韧性、相融合的防洪体系与布局。按照治理思路和科学构建现代化水网目标,综合提出了完善、优化北江流域防洪体系与布局的各项具体工程和非工程措施。

都江堰市河流水系连通性的时空演化特征及规划策略研究

随着近年来河道侵占、河岸硬化及现代化水利工程建设等人工活动干扰的加剧,河流水系的连通性受阻,导致城市出现水资源承载能力下降、水环境恶化等问题。以四川省都江堰市为研究靶区,选取1998、2008和2018年为时间切片,利用复杂网络模型和数学统计的综合分析方法,构建时间、纵向、垂直和横向的四维河流水系连通性评价指标体系。研究结果表明:近年来都江堰河流结构的纵向连通性降低,主干化趋势明显,重要节点脆弱性加剧;垂直、横向连通性与城镇化水平呈反比,且在人类活动密集区域的河流形态变化情况更加剧烈。并以此为依据构建了河流水系多维连通性的规划优化策略,针对市域范围,提出从“面-线-点”整体到局部的纵向连通性保护修复规划;针对中心城区范围,通过优化土地利用布局和岸线设计,改善河流垂直及横向连通性,以期提高河流水系生态价值。

分支河流体系河网形态演变规律——以格尔木河流扇为例

为了探索分支河流体系河网分布规律,为创建储层建模训练图像提供知识库信息。利用Google Earth、Global Mapper、91卫图助手等现代地理信息软件,系统测量了现代格尔木河流扇表面河道分叉特征,应用Horton定律和分形方法建立了河流扇的河网形态模型。结果表明:①格尔木河流扇从顶点到入湖段共识别出26级河道,882个节点和2162个河道段,泉线上、下的河道表现出不同的河网形态;②泉线上部共发育64个节点,每级河道数目增长是上一级河道的R_(B)=1.8900倍,每级河道平均长度是下一级河道的R_(L)=1.0095倍,即河网形态特征参数R_(B)=1.8900和R_(L)=1.0095;泉线下部共发育818个节点,每级河道数目增长是上一级河道的R_(B)=1.0279倍,每级河道平均长度是下一级河道的R_(L)=0.9899倍,即河网形态特征参数是R_(B)=1.0279和R_(L)=0.9899;③河网形态特征参数受坡度影响变化较大,坡度较大则河网形态特征参数较大,坡度较小则河网形态特征参数较小。河网形态特征参数定量表征促进了分支河流体系沉积学发展,为开展陆相盆地储层建模和砂体预测提供了新的知识库信息.