The Variability of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (pCO2) in a River-Influenced Coastal Upwelling System: A Case of the Northeast Pacific Coast

The Northeast Pacific coastal ocean, as a typical river-influenced coastal upwelling system, is characterized by significant variability of sea surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2, <200 to >1000 μatm). This study reviewed the pCO2 variability and its underlying controlling mechanism in this highly dynamic region by bringing together previous scientific findings and historical data. The large pCO2 variability reflects the complex interactions between physical processes (riverine input and coastal upwelling) and the biological responses to the nutrient transportation associated with these physical processes, while temperature and air-sea gas exchange play a minor role in affecting pCO2. Both the river water and upwelled subsurface water are characterized by higher concentrations of pCO2 and nutrients when compared to the coastal surface water. The presence of high chlorophyll-a and low pCO2 in river plumes and areas adjacent to upwelling locations showed the intense biological CO2 uptake. The influences of riverine input and coastal upwelling thus mainly depend on the competing effect of high background pCO2 of river water and upwelled subsurface water vs. the biological dropdown of pCO2 resulting from the riverine- and upwelling-associated nutrient supplies. The strength of upwelling-favorable wind plays an important role in the pCO2 variability by affecting the intensity of coastal upwelling, with stronger wind speed causing more intense upwelling. The long-term pCO2 increasing rate in the Northeast Pacific coast is observed to be lower than that in the North Pacific open ocean.

A Number Description of Ghanaian Water Quality—A Case Study of the Southwestern and Coastal Rivers Systems of Ghana

The CSIR Water Research Institute undertook water quality monitoring and assessment of the Southwestern and the Coastal Rivers Systems of Ghana from 2005 to 2008 for the Water Resources Commission of Ghana (WRC) under WRIS II Project, a Danish Government Funded Project. The Southwestern and the Coastal Rivers Systems cover approximately 30% of the total drainage basins of Ghana. A total of 19 surface water stations were selected for the monitoring programme. The Adapted Water Quality Index (WQI) was to be used as a tool to classify the overall ambient water quality at the 19 different stations. The index classified water quality into one of four categories: good (Class I, >80), fairly good (Class II, 50 - 80), poor (Class III, 25 - 50), and grossly polluted (Class IV, <25). This paper presents the Water Quality Index approach to the assessment of water quality of the waters in the different stations during the period of study. These ten water quality parameters were used to determine the water quality index (WQI): Dissolved Oxygen (DO % Saturation), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Ammonium Nitrogen (NH4-N), Faecal Coliform (FC), pH, Nitrate as Nitrogen (NO3-N), Phosphate as Phosphorus (PO4-P), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Conductivity and Temperature. Evaluation of the waters with the WQI indicated that most Ghanaian waters are currently in Class II, the fairly good water quality state, but with variations in this range within the seasons and stations, and from one water body to the other. Potroase in the Densu basin had the best water quality during the study period while Nsawam had the poorest. Efforts should be made to prevent further pollution of the waters to improve their quality.

Dynamic Evolvement of Agricultural System and Typical Patterns of Modern Agriculture in Coastal China:A Case of Suzhou

Based on dynamic theory of system, agriculture is a complex system composed by element, structure, function and development. Firstly, this paper analyzes their connotation and relationship, which could be simply described that in virtue of element integrating and structure optimizing, agricultural system may achieve multifunctionality to meet increasingly diverse demands. As a case study of Suzhou, it concludes that Suzhou has a LP-dependence on agricultural element, and the growth extent of agricultural productivity correlates to the ratio of agricultural labor reduc- ing rate to farmland reducing rate. Agricultural structure of Suzhou changed with time, and in the early 1980s and 2000s it was most notable. Correspondingly, agricultural function has experienced a succession process: 'production', 'production-living', and 'production-living-ecology'. At last, based on questionnaires and interviews, some new characteristics and problems of agricultural development in coastal developed region of China have been put forward. Meanwhile, some typical patterns of modern agriculture in Suzhou which adapt to system evolving are also brought up such as export-oriented agriculture, enterprises-leading agriculture, agricultural science and technology parks, characteristic and stereoscopic agriculture, tourism and sightseeing agriculture.

Spatio-temporal Difference and Influencing Factors of Environmental Adaptability Measurement of Human-sea Economic System in Liaoning Coastal Area

Adaptability theory is an important tool to analyze the degree, mechanism and process of interaction between human and environment, which provides a new perspective for the research of sustainability assessment. Based on the entropy weight-TOPSIS method and the panel Tobit model from the perspective of adaptability, spatio-temporal difference and influencing factors of environmental adaptability assessment of human-sea economic system in Liaoning coastal area was measured by using the city panel data from 2000 to 2014. The results indicate that: 1) The environmental adaptability of human-sea economic system in Liaoning coastal area rose slowly from 2000 to 2014, the developing trend of each city was linearly related, and Dalian was in a leading position. 2) The different adaptability elements and adaptability subsystem show polarization phenomenon and completely different regional evolution characteristics. The adaptability of human-sea environment system and human-sea economic system rose slowly and had the characteristics of linear relationship, and the adaptability of human-sea environment system is the main reason for the difference of environmental adaptability of human-sea economic system. 3) Science and technology, environmental management, marine economic development level, port construction are the driving factors of the healthy development of environmental adaptability of urban human-sea economic system.

Construction and implementation of multisource spatial data management system of China's coastal zone and offshore

To meet the increasing demand of national spatial database infrastructure construction and application, a concept model of China's coastal zone scientific data platform is established based on the information feature analysis of a compound dataset, consisting of remote sensing data and conventional data. Based on this concept model, the detailed logical database structure and the storage strategy of remote sensing data and their metadata using ArcSDE are designed. The complicated technology of multisources data combination in this research is crucial to the future coastal zone and offshore database construction and practical running, which will provide intelligent information analysis and technological service for coastal zone and offshore investigation, research, development and management.

Urban surface water system in coastal areas: A comparative study between Almere and Tianjin Eco-city

In the purpose of defining typical urban water management challenges in coastal lowlands in the context of global climate change, a comparative study was conducted between two coastal new towns respectively located in the Netherlands and Northern China. Comparative method is applied to define main functioning patterns of urban water systems in the two cases, then computer simulations were used to furthercompare drainage capacity in order to reveal the trends of urban water management. Major resulthas shown that Almere in the Netherlands generally more advanced in urban water management asmultiple functioning patterns are available.Strong dykes maintain competence for land subsidence and sea level rise. Open water system decreases local runoff and increaseswater retention level. Systematic control ofsluicesand locks which serve for shipping and waterfront landscaping are simultaneously isolating contaminants from outer water body. Tianjin Eco-city in China has shown both strengths and weaknesses. It takes large amount of reclaimed water as main landscaping water source, which adapts to local water pollution and shortage while requires highly centralized facilities. Large water body is reserved and huge scale underground drainage system built, but it is still vulnerable to heavy storms due to the lack of efficient surface water drainage system. Coastal line control does not adequately prevent from increasing storm surge risks in the future. SWMMsimulations have supported the viewpoint ofdistributed surface water with a higher efficiency for storm drainage. Meanwhile, surface water system returns more added values to urban development. The study is corresponding well with the theory of water sensitive city. As a conclusion, urban water system should always incorporate methods to achieve higher system resilience based on multiple functioning patterns.

Construction and implementation of RS integrated application information system of China's coastal zone and offshore

The coastal zone and offshore are clearly of major economic and social importance, in thesame time it causes a series of problems of resources and ecosystem too. The research on and development of integrated application techniques for remote sensing provide not only a microcosmic and dynamic and synchronous technical means to the monitor, but also an integrated technical scheme to harmonically solve the ecological environment problem. The system is designed to focus on the application techniques of multi-sources remote sensing data. By developing remote sensing information extraction module, integrated user platform, and application module objected to the real ocean procedure for China' s coastal zone and offshore, the information system consists of the management of prodigious amount of data, display, analysis, simulation and output will be constructed and implemented. The final objective is to transform the research on ocean remote sensing into application.

Evaluation of harmonious development for economy-environment system in coastal cities: a case study of Tianjin Municipality

With the aim of the harmonious development of economy-environment system in coastal cities in China, an index system used to evaluate the economy-environment system is built up in this paper, which includes four aspects: economy, environment, resources, and ocean industry. Based on the analysis on present condition and future trends of economic development in Tianjin and the quantification of various evaluation indices, the author applies integrated index valuation model to valuate the harmonious development of economy-environment of Tianjin. The results show that the coordinated degree of economy-environment would drop down in the future, from 0.95(superior level of harmonious development) in 2000 to 0.59(inferior level of harmonious development) in 2015, under the circumstance of the current economic development mode. The level of comprehensive development of Tianjin also presents to descend. Based on the analyzing of status and future trends of environment-economy coordinated development, the paper puts forward the countermea- sures such as industry structure adjustment, increasing the level of environmental protection investment, strengthening the enforcement of environmental policies to improve the coordinated development of environment-economy in Tianjin municipality.

Climate Change and Dynamics of the ITCZ on the Hydro-Climatic Regime of the Northern Ecosystems of the Gulf of Guinea: A Case of the Grand-Lahou Lagoon System

Atmospheric dynamics and climatology in West Africa are strongly dominated by the latitudinal migration of the ITCZ which imposes directly or indirectly determinism on coastal ecosystems. Thus, the Grand-Lahou lagoon system and its watershed are influenced by the ITCZ, whose seasonal study made it possible to understand its mode of action first on climatic factors, then hydroclimatic, and finally hydrological in the context of global changes. The study of these factors showed a differentiated impact of its migration on the hydrological regime defining a new configuration of the lagoon system and beyond;the coastal ecosystems of the northern coast of the Gulf of Guinea irrigated by numerous fluvial inputs. Salinity, a hydrological parameter of critical ecosystem importance, combined with transparency and depth, has enabled the spatio-temporal description of hydrology. To do this, a series of monthly measurements (in-situ) for spatial coverage of 25 stations was tested. Long before that, the climatic and hydroclimatic parameters were obtained respectively at SODEXAM, the meteorological site earth.nullschool.net and ONADE. This study brought together the dynamics of the ITCZ and the hydrological system of the lagoon.

“一带一路”背景下柬埔寨海岸带管理体系研究

“一带一路”倡议是中国政府推动国际合作的一项重要战略,开展中国-柬埔寨海岸带管理合作是贯彻落实“一带一路”倡议的重要举措之一。近几年来,柬埔寨社会发展迅速,沿海4省人口增长迅速,城市化进程加快,海洋开发利用活动不断增加,但也对海岸带生态系统带来巨大压力,迫切需要建立合理、有效的海岸带管理体系。文章通过梳理当前柬埔寨海岸带管理体制,发现柬埔寨海岸带管理存在法律法规缺乏系统性、污染物排放管理不善、执法监管政策有待完善、获取数据能力不足和公众参与不足等五大问题,提出完善海岸带管理制度、加强海岸带管理能力建设、增强公众海岸带保护意识等建议,并在此基础上提出中柬海岸带管理合作的3个方向,为完善柬埔寨海岸带管理体系提供参考,推动中柬在海岸带管理领域的深度合作。

论我国海岸带环境保护法律制度之完善

为完善我国海岸带环境保护相关法律制度,本文通过文献分析、实践调研等方法分析现行相关法律制度。存在的主要问题有:海岸带环境保护体系不健全、陆海环境治理衔接联动机制缺失、环境保护信息公开和共享制度比较薄弱、生态环境修复法律制度不完善。通过对现行法律制度缺陷的分析,提出相应的立法建议:制定海岸带环境保护单行法典、完善陆海统筹环境治理制度、健全海岸带环境保护信息公开和共享制度、完善海岸带生态环境修复制度。

陆海统筹下海岸带生态环境修复法律制度研究

近些年,中国各沿海地区在海岸带生态环境保护和修复方面开展了一些实践,陆续出台了相关的政策文件,但中国海岸带生态环境修复的结果仍不理想。文章主要以陆海统筹为研究背景,全面分析海岸带生态环境修复存在的问题与发展趋势,梳理中国现行政策与制度存在的修复立法尚不健全、环境主体范围较窄、修复标准不明确等问题。从而根据中国海岸带生态环境发展现状,提出有利于海岸带环境修复的意见和建议。

沿海中小河流域地表-地下水库联合调控洪水资源利用研究:Ⅰ.方法与模型

针对沿海中小河流域地表-地下水库复杂工程系统,因缺少联合调控方法而导致洪水资源利用难的问题,解析地表-地下水库系统结构与功能,定量模拟地表水库调度、闸坝调控下河流和地下水动力过程,并利用智能替代模型提升水动力过程计算速度;在此基础上通过研发时/日/月多时间尺度模型耦合嵌套方法,构建了兼顾计算精度与效率的地表-地下水库联合调控模型。该模型实现了洪水、地表-地下水相互作用和供水等时间尺度差异明显的调节过程的统一调配,可为沿海中小河流域洪水资源利用提供新思路与技术支撑。

活力海岸概念辨析及评价指标体系构建

海岸带具有重要的生态系统服务价值,但是由于自然灾害以及人类不合理的开发利用,海岸带遭到严重侵蚀和破坏.传统的海岸硬质结构防御模式已经不足以面对不断变化的沿海条件甚至加剧海岸侵蚀,因此基于自然解决方案的“活力海岸”越来越受到人们的关注.本研究剖析了活力海岸内涵,提出了活力海岸核心要素,构建了活力海岸指标体系.采用德尔菲(Delphi)法开展2轮专家函询,通过计算专家积极性､专家权威程度､专家意见集中程度与协调系数,判断指标体系构建的可靠性;基于界值法筛选指标并结合专家意见构建活力海岸评价指标体系.活力海岸评价指标体系分为三个层次,即目标层、准则层和指标层,准则层分为“资源环境适宜性”､“资源环境可持续性”、“生态韧性”、“社会经济支撑性”4类,指标层包括一级指标13项和二级指标36项.活力海岸的核心特征是“基于自然元素”,通过采用自然材料或自然与人工材料相结合的技术保护、恢复和增强海岸带自然栖息地,最终促使海岸带资源环境条件和经济社会发展达到可持续发展的状态.我国目前活力海岸相关研究较少,本研究构建的活力海岸评价指标体系一定程度上填补了活力海岸管理模式的空白.

2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性时空演变

海岸带是自然、社会、经济相互作用频繁的地区,然而,过度开发胁迫海岸带生态环境退化。海岸带复合生态系统韧性研究有利于实现精准有效的生态保护。本文综合多源数据从复合生态系统基底状态、社会经济发展与资源环境禀赋的耦合协调关系、复合生态系统的可持续发展潜力、人类活动对环境的影响范围与强度方面构建评价体系,定量评估2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性,分析韧性时空演变特征与空间分异的影响因素。结果表明:(1)2001-2020年东海区大陆海岸带复合生态系统韧性呈波动下降趋势,韧性空间异质性显著,具有明显的海陆梯度地带性。(2)林地是维持区域复合生态系统韧性的主体。(3)反映人类活动分布与强度的因素对复合生态系统韧性的影响越来越大。研究为保护、恢复、促进海岸带复合生态系统可持续利用与管理提供了理论支持与实践参考。

浙江沿海地区台风灾害风险区域划分研究

浙江是我国重要沿海省份,为减少台风灾害引起的损失,对电力系统的风险区域划分尤为重要。首先从登陆点分布、路径特征、时间特征、风速特征及降水特征等方面,利用历史数据总结分析浙江沿海地区台风气象特征。其次,对浙江电力系统进行台风灾害特征分析,得到输电系统故障点分布、变电系统与台风登陆点距离关系、配电系统停电用户占比分布等。最后,采用浙江台风气象及电力系统历史数据绘制台风灾害风险区域图,特别是对倒塔高风险区、风偏高风险区及地质灾害高风险区进行了详细划分。分析结果可为各级电网应对台风灾害的风险评估与处置提供支持。

Highlighting relationships between sand thicknesses,reservoir-seal pairs and paleobathymetry from a sequence stratigraphic perspective:An example from Tortonian Serravallian deposits,onshore Niger Delta Basin

The utilization of sequence stratigraphic concepts in identifying sands and their spatial continuity in distinct gross depositional settings is key,especially in frontier settings where data paucity is a common challenge.In the Baka field,onshore Niger Delta,detailed reservoir correlation guided by sequence stratigraphic framework analysis showed the distribution of sand and shale units constituting reservoirseal pairs(RSP)correlatable across the field.Within the 3rd-order packages,it is observed that the lowstand systems tract(LST)and highstand systems tract(HST)contain more RSPs and thicker 4th-and 5th-order sands than the transgressive systems tract(TST).In terms of bathymetry,it is noted that irrespective of systems tracts,the RSP Index(RI)decreases from the proximal shallow/inner shelf settings to the more distal outer shelf areas.Amongst all three systems tracts,intervals interpreted as lowstand prograding complexes contain the best developed sands and highest RSP.Sand development within the LSTs has been controlled by a pronounced growth fault regime accompanied by high subsidence and sedimentation rates.This is linked to the basinward migration of the sands during prolonged sea-level fall,creating significant accommodation space for sand deposition.On the other hand,the TSTs known to mark periods of progressive sea-level rise and landward migration of sandy facies,show thinner sands enclosed in much thicker,laterally extensive,and better-preserved deeper marine shales.Interpreted seismic sections indicate intense growth faulting and channelization that influenced the syn-and postdepositional development of the sand packages across the field.The initial timing of deformation of subregional faults in this area coincides with periods of abrupt falls in sea level.This approach could be useful for predicting sand-prone areas in frontier fields as well as possible reservoir-seal parameters required for some aspects of petroleum system analysis and quick-look volume estimation.

“安全—发展”同构视角下的城市系统韧性评价——以东部沿海地区省会城市为例

在现代化高速发展的时代,不确定性风险已成为城市系统运行中面临的常态。基于“安全—发展”同构视角,构建城市系统韧性框架与评价指标体系,运用熵权—灰色关联法对我国东部沿海地区省会城市的系统韧性水平进行综合测算,并根据演变趋势及特征进行评价。研究表明,我国东部沿海地区大部分省会城市的系统韧性水平在研究期内呈波动上升态势,各城市的子系统韧性水平分异明显,其中基础设施韧性和社会韧性是城市系统韧性水平差异的主导因素,当年实际使用外资、排水管道密度、专利授权数和交通货运总量是影响东部沿海地区省会城市系统韧性的主要指标。

省级海岸带规划实施评估指标体系研究

海岸带规划实施评估可为规划实施监督考核和动态调整提供依据,构建指标体系是开展评估工作的前提。通过借鉴市级国土空间规划现状评估及城市体检评估相关思路方法,分析了《省级海岸带综合保护与利用规划编制指南(试行)》重点关注领域和具体要求,在充分衔接规划指标基础上提出创新指标,形成海岸带规划实施评估指标体系,完成指标赋值与权重计算,最终建立了省级海岸带规划实施评估模型。