Road transport and urban air quality in China

This paper takes a comprehensive view at transportationrelated air pollution problems and solution options. While the transport infrastructure in major Chinese cities is briefed, the environmental impacts of transport activities on urban air quality are discussed in detail. Not only the contribution of automotive emissions to the CO, NMHC and NO\-x pollution in urban areas is reviewed, but also concerns over the carcinogenic emissions, lead deposition and noise are presented. From a lifecycle view point, the impacts of motorway construction, as well as those from scrapped cars, car batteries and old tires in China have been taken into account. In the second part of this paper, the current technical efforts to curb vehicular emissions are evaluated. The performances of unleaded petrol, domestic catalytic converters, and fuel injection systems have been assessed. Options of cleaner alternative fuels and “green” vehicles are discussed, with both the life-cycle impacts and economic feasibility emphasized. Policy and management aspects for effective pollution control are tackled. In particular, speculations about potential economic incentives and legislative measures for vehicular pollution control are presented.

Gradient effect of road transportation on economic development in different geomorphic regions

The economic benefits of transport infrastructure investment have been widely accepted.However,the varying influence of road transport development across vertical space has rarely been discussed.Taking Sichuan province in China as case study area where the landform is diverse and complex,administrative counties were categorized into 4 main types:plain counties,hill counties,mountain counties,and plateau counties.Using statistical data during 2006-2014,theperformanceofeconomic development and transport construction level in the four types of counties are discussed.Subsequently,the heterogeneous effect of each grade road on economy was calculated by local regression model(GWR).The results indicate that plain counties largely surpassed the other geomorphic counties in economic development level,while the gradient gap among them was on the decline.Similarly,distribution of transport infrastructure presented a decreasing trend from the low plain counties to high plateau counties.Regional imbalances were mainly reflected in the County road and Village road.Regarding the changes of regional gaps,National&Provincial roads and County roads were constantly expanding,whereas the disparity of Village road was slowly narrowing over time.Particularly noteworthy was the non-stationary economic influence of traffic factors across vertical gradients.On average,National&Provincial roads generated higher benefits in the high elevation regions than the lowlands.In contrast,County road and Village road were found to be more effective in promoting economic development in plains.With regard to local estimates of traffic factors,coefficients in mountain counties exhibited larger fluctuation ranges than other geomorphic units.The conclusions provide a basis for government decisionmaking in a more reasonable construction arrangement of road facilities and sustainable economic development.

Options for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Strategies for Road Transportation in Oman

Oman is a fast developing country where about 76% of registered vehicles as of 2014 were private cars with approximately one private car per household. The growth of automobile is faster than the growth of human population. From 2000-2009, Omani population has increased by 2% per annum while automobile usage in the country has increased by 4.3%. The leadership of Sultanate of Oman has pledged to cut down greenhouse (GHG) emissions by 2% as a commitment to United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Due to very limited public transportation system, traffic congestion and emission from vehicles are high during working days since majority of individuals uses private vehicles as only means of transport. This paper seeks to combine mitigation measures adopted in selected Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and UNFCCC to suggest cost-effective measures suitable in reducing GHG emissions from road transportation sector in Oman. These measures will specifically reduce vehicular emissions during working days where car occupancy rates are very low in an economically sustainable way.

Energy Conservation in China’s Road Transport: Policy Analysis

Energy consumption for transport purposes has increased rapidly in China over the past decade. China’s transport industry has undergone remarkable developments in energy conservation through structural, technological and managerial measures. The paper analyzes energy-conservation policies and measures related to road transport in China. The paper also identifies constraints for these policies and measures. The transport management authorities face a series of difficulties associated with methods, costs, public awareness, and management systems. Suggestions for improvement are also offered, including promotion of energy-efficient private vehicles, advances in business vehicle energy conservation, exploiting the energy potential of urban traffic and infrastructure development for energy-efficient clean vehicles.

ComplexTrans-Global Rail-Road Transportation System Economical and Clustered Individual and Individualised Public Transport also Prevents the Spread of Covid 19

Land transport can no longer meet the requirements.European transport can be described by these words−crowded motorways and cities,dangerous emissions,ubiquitous traffic accidents,delays,expensive railways.Solutions are being sought to transfer a large part of passengers and especially freight transport to(high-speed)rail,and efforts are moving towards electromobility,car-sharing,5G-connectivity,autonomous driving,MaaS(Mobility as a Service)-coordinated transport or hyperloop-type solutions.However,all these solutions have additional challenges and limitations.Solutions are not being searched where they really exist-in the mutual adaptation of road and rail vehicles and their deep cooperation.The ComplexTrans project shows that simply adapting the dimensions and functions of road and rail vehicles can eliminate(or at least significantly reduce)all the problems of existing land transport.The main features of the ComplexTrans system are sufficient parking spaces,reduction of urban and non-urban congestion,electric vehicles with unlimited range and cheaper than standard cars,cheaper and more accessible battery charging,“autonomous ride”,solving the overlap between passenger and freight rail transport and making it self-financing,transferring intercity freight transport to rail,replacing part of continental air transport and many others.The cost-effective and clustered individual transport and individualised public transport of the ComplexTrans system also bring very significant reductions in the risk of transmission of covid-19 and other contagious diseases during transport.

Systematic literature review on the applications,impacts,and public perceptions of autonomous vehicles in road transportation system

As the advancement of driverless technology,together with information and communication technology moved at a fast pace,autonomous vehicles have attracted great attention from both industries and academic sectors during the past decades.It is evident that this emerging technology has great potential to improve the pedestrian safety on roads,mitigate traffic congestion,increase fuel efficiency,and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.However,there is limited systematic research into the applications and public perceptions of autonomous vehicles in road transportation.The purpose of this systematic literature review is to synthesise and analyse existing research on the applications,implications,and public perceptions of autonomous vehicles in road transportation system.It is found that autonomous vehicles are the future of road transportation and that the negative perception of humans is rapidly changing towards autonomous vehicles.Moreover,to fully deploy autonomous vehicles in a road transportation system,the existing road transportation infrastructure needs significant improvement.This systematic literature review contributes to the comprehensive knowledge of autonomous vehicles and will assist transportation researchers and urban planners to understand the fundamental and conceptual framework of autonomous vehicle technologies in road transportation systems.

Direct energy rebound effect for road transportation in China

The enhancement of energy efficiency stands as the principal avenue for attaining energy conservation and emissions reduction objectives within the realm of road transportation.Nevertheless,it is imperative to acknowledge that these objectives may,in part or in entirety,be offset by the phenomenon known as the energy rebound effect(ERE).To quantify the long-term EREs and short-term EREs specific to China’s road transportation,this study employed panel cointegration and panel error correction models,accounting for asymmetric price effects.The findings reveal the following:The long-term EREs observed in road passenger transportation and road freight transportation range from 13%to 25%and 14%to 48%,respectively;in contrast,the short-term EREs in road passenger transportation and road freight transportation span from 36%to 41%and 3.9%to 32%,respectively.It is noteworthy that the EREs associated with road passenger transportation and road freight transportation represent a partial rebound effect,falling short of reaching the magnitude of a counterproductive backfire effect.This leads to the inference that the upsurge in energy consumption within the road transportation sector cannot be solely attributed to advancements in energy efficiency.Instead,various factors,including income levels,the scale of commodity trade,and industrial structure,exert more substantial facilitating influences.Furthermore,the escalation of fuel prices fails to dampen the demand for energy services,whether in the domain of road passenger transportation or road freight transportation.In light of these conclusions,recommendations are proffered for the formulation of energy efficiency policies pertinent to road transportation.

Assessment of the macro-economic impacts of low-carbon road transportation policies in Chongqing,China

Reductions in the transportation sector's carbon dioxide emissions are increasingly of global concern.As one of the first low-carbon pilot and carbon trading pilot cities,and as one of the largest automobile production bases in China,Chongqing has multiple low-carbon transportation policies that are coupled.In this study,three policy scenarios are set,including:1)improving the fuel economy of newly sold gasoline passenger cars to 5.71 per 100 km by 2020,2)promoting pure electric private cars to increase the share to 7% of private car sales by 2020,and 3)the policy mix scenario of the above two policies.Simulations are undertaken with the Chinese Academy of Sciences general equilibrium(CAS-GE)model,a type of computable GE model,to assess the macro-economic impact and the industrial impact of the three policy scenarios.Through the policy impact mechanism analysis and data-mapping process,the micro-economic impact analysis results,including costs and fuel savings,for the two policies from the bottom-up model are taken as the shock variables and inputs for the CAS-GE model.The results show that:1)the two policies will both have a slightly negative impact(-0.09% and -0.30%)on Chongqing's GDP in 2020;2)the employment rate will decrease by 0.12% and 0.47%,but the inflation rate will be restrained to a certain extent(-0.21% and -0.17%);and 3)the complementarity of the mixed policy can weaken the negative impact of the two policies when implemented separately.The mixed policy will reduce the GDP slightly by 0.37%,compared with the cumulative effect of the two policies implemented separately,resulting in cost-effective synergies at the macroeconomic impact level;and 4)the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 has an uncertain impact on the results.The method and results can provide a reference for the formulation and adjustment of low-carbon transportation policies in other large cities.

Impacts of reducing air pollutants and CO_(2) emissions in urban road transport through 2035 in Chongqing, China

The road transport sector in megacities is confronted with pressing local air pollution and carbon dioxide(CO_(2))control issues.To determine effective policy instruments for saving energy and the co-control of air pollutants and CO_(2),several mainstream measures were examined and compared in Chongqing's road transport sector from 2017 to 2035.An integration assessment framework was developed by combining the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning(LEAP)system and a set of quantitative methods for evaluating the co-benefits of emission reductions(including the air pollutant equivalent(APeq),cocontrol coordinate system,and pollutant reduction cross-elasticity(Elsa/b)).Results showed that the shifting transportation modes scenario presented the most significant potential for energy-saving and emission reductions,reducing energy use by 30.9%and air pollutants and CO_(2) emissions by approximately 27e32%compared with the business as usual(BAU)scenario in 2035.The improving energy efficiency scenario also provided significant co-benefits for reducing air pollutants and CO_(2) emissions.Nevertheless,the promoting alternative fuel scenario may increase fine particulate matter(PM2.5)emissions by 2.2%compared to BAU in 2035 under the cleanness of regional electricity in 2017.Our findings suggest that the shifting transportation modes were effective measures to reduce air pollutants and CO_(2) in the short term synergistically,and highlighted the importance of cleaner electricity generation to develop electric vehicles in the medium and long term.

Political and Economic Analysis of the South Silk Road： from a Transportation Safety Perspective

With a long history, the South Silk Road has been and will continue to be an important corridor of economic, political, cultural and religious exchange between Southwest China and Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, West Asia and Europe. The transportation corridor established by the South Silk Road has both important strategic significance and value for China's transportation safety, and the potential to bring huge political and economic benefits to our country. However, all kinds of challenges and threats need to be dealt with in order for it to achieve strategic value and play the role of a transportation corridor, thereby ensuring China's strategic security.

Discussion on Road Traffic Problems and “Public Transport Priority” Policy in the Macao Peninsula

The roads on the Macao Peninsula are famous for their short, fast, and small features. At the same time, due to the protection of historical and cultural sites, the road network system is mostly based on the planning and design of the previous road network system. Although the planning of the contemporary road network system is quite unique, it has not been considered to the contemporary transporting needs of the citizens of Macao. At the same time, the complexity of the road network makes zonings unobvious functional and mixes urban functions in the region. Therefore, through field surveys, the relevant data of the Macao Transport Bureau (DSAT) is combined to find out the current problems of the road traffic on the Macao Peninsula and analyze the strategy of optimizing the “public transport priority” public transportation prove system. At Last, regarding the citizen as the core and find out the relationship between passengers and the public transportation system to explore the future development direction of the road traffic planning and design of the Macao Peninsula will become the main direction of this study.

驾驶疲劳对危险化学品道路运输事故风险的影响规律

近年来,随着危险化学品使用量的急剧攀升,危险化学品道路运输事故率也呈现上升的趋势,且此类事故的发生往往会导致严重后果。为研究危险化学品道路运输事故动态风险变化规律,在修正贝叶斯网络模型基础上,利用2017—2021年历史数据进行机器学习,根据驾驶疲劳程度计算得到“驾驶人行为”动态节点的状态转移概率矩阵,建立基于动态贝叶斯网络(Dynamic Bayesian Network,DBN)的危险化学品道路运输动态风险预测模型并进行推理分析。研究显示:在驾驶3 h内,驾驶人“疲劳驾驶”发生概率随时间推移而增加,但增幅有所下降;在最常见情境下,随驾驶人“疲劳驾驶”概率增加,“侧翻”和“碰撞”事故类型的发生概率明显增加,进而导致“泄漏”事故后果的发生概率有所增加;驾驶人“疲劳驾驶”概率增加会导致“有伤亡事故”发生概率增加,即加重事故的严重程度;在驾驶3 h内,“侧翻”“碰撞”“泄漏”和“有伤亡事故”发生概率的变化趋势与驾驶人“疲劳驾驶”发生概率的变化趋势一致。

基于DNV SAFETI Route模型的危险货物道路运输风险模拟

DNV SAFETI Route运输路线模型是专业的运输活动风险评估模型,根据所有可能发生事故的地点分布潜在事故的总频率,计算出沿线的总体风险水平。选择事故场景为大孔泄漏,对发生泄漏情景引发的火灾、爆炸和毒性物质扩散事故后果进行预测。根据后果预测结果,进而可以得到周边防护目标所承受的个人风险和社会风险曲线。

多船型多种类应急物资水陆联运调度算例分析

建立多品类应急物资在跨城综合运输路径的优化模型,并根据货船在港口之间的往返运输情形设计港口货船调度模块,在此基础上,融合粒子群算法解决物资在各运输阶段对中转节点选择的问题。通过设置两种不同型号货船的仿真计算对比试验,优化结果分析,验证本文所提出算法的有效性,为应急灾害的运输决策问题提供行之有效的解决方案。

中国典型城市交通出行特征及未来道路交通演变研究

为建立适合不同城市特点的交通体系,并明确定位汽车在其中承担的作用,文章首先从外部环境和交通工具两大维度出发,建立了表征城市整体交通出行情况的多层级评价体系;并基于一级指标的得分,对选取的9座中国典型城市的交通出行特征进行了聚类分析,确定了城市的不同类型;然后通过多元回归分析,识别了影响城市道路交通的主要因素;最后通过相关因素变化的情景假设,预测了各城市道路交通效率可能的演变情况,并提出了相关政策建议。

“一带一路”视角下甘肃交通枢纽的发展思路和策略

从全球贸易新格局和国内国际双循环角度分析“一带一路”给甘肃带来新要求的基础上,剖析甘肃交通枢纽发展的基础条件,明确甘肃枢纽定位,提出强化枢纽聚能、发挥枢纽辐射带动效应,构筑对外通道、实现对外快速通达,提升对外运输服务水平、打造对外开放平台,拓展枢纽服务功能、打造枢纽经济的甘肃交通枢纽发展策略,助力甘肃打造“一带一路”枢纽高地。

基于DEMATEL-ISM的国内甩挂运输发展影响因素研究

为了降低国内社会物流成本、提升运输效率、支持国家绿色化物流发展、推广先进运输方式,对国内甩挂运输发展的影响因素进行研究。集成决策实验室分析(DEMATEL)法和解释结构模型(ISM)法,运用Python软件构建了国内甩挂运输发展影响因素的多层递阶结构模型,并基于模型分析了影响因素之间的递阶关系。结果表明:1)政府扶持力度X_(3)和发展现代物流意识X_(13)这2个因素的重要程度远高于其他发展因素,作为原因因素直接或间接影响每个发展因素;2)运输平台网络构建水平X_(10)作为强结果因素,主要受到大数据技术应用情况X_(11)和“互联网+”模式结合情况X_(12)等强原因因素的影响;3)甩挂运输联盟是发展国内甩挂运输的中坚因素,但其内部具有不稳定性。因此,针对国内甩挂运输发展问题,应重点关注政府扶持力度和发展现代物流意识,并加快甩挂运输联盟向甩挂运输平台转化,甩挂运输联盟内部建议采用新技术保证联盟健康发展。研究结果可为发展国内甩挂运输提供思路,从而促进实现物流行业的可持续性发展。

道路网对美丽乡村建设成效的影响

为使道路网建设有效促进美丽乡村建设水平的提高,对道路网影响美丽乡村建设成效的内在规律进行了系统研究。首先,从人居环境、基础设施、经济条件三个维度解析了道路网对美丽乡村建设的影响作用理论机制;接着,在该机制框架下构建了影响因子体系,并通过集成道路网及其关联的多种地理数据设计了各影响因子的测算方法;最后,应用地理加权回归模型进行了实证研究,分析了各影响因子对西安市美丽乡村建设成效考评结果的实际贡献,并通过诊断贡献强度的空间分异提出了相应的对策建议。研究表明:乡村社会经济系统的复杂性决定了道路网影响美丽乡村建设必然是一个多因素作用的复杂过程,具体来说:与美丽乡村建设成效呈负相关关系的影响因子有水电布设难易度、生态环境扰动度及公共服务稀缺度;与美丽乡村建设成效呈正相关关系的影响因子有生产生活可达度、特色经营适宜度及产业振兴发展度;因乡镇街道级小尺度地方性特征差异,以上6个影响因子各自的局域作用强度会有所不同;借助地理信息系统技术挖掘、整合与道路网相关的各类信息数据,是填补乡村交通研究中常见数据缺口的创新方向。

城市水灾下交通路网基础设施(群)韧性研究综述

从韧性研究角度出发,结合水动力模型与交通流理论,对城市水灾下交通路网基础设施(群)分析理论、运行机制、模型构建、安全管控、恢复提升等进行分析与阐述.首先,运用文献计量法,分析水灾下路网韧性研究概况与发展历程,明晰城市水灾下路网分析方向热点与演进历程;其次,从城市水淹计算与水灾交通路网2个角度,系统梳理城市雨洪场景与设施交互的计算理论;进而,分别从交通路网基础设施与城市水灾之间的相互影响、地上立交枢纽与地下交通设施水灾分析以及水灾下城市交通路网韧性分析与度量出发,阐述城市水灾与交通路网基础设施交互机制;然后,从灾前预防、灾中调度以及灾后恢复3个阶段,说明城市路网水灾处置与性能恢复策略.最后,归纳既有研究面临的主要问题与挑战,并从基于信息物理融合的智能调度、计入垂向尺度的交通设施抗水分析、面向实际场景的高精度恢复模型等方面,对极端气候下城市交通路网基础设施(群)韧性研究未来方向进行研判.

双碳战略目标下推进浙江省货物运输“公转水”对策研究

在碳达峰和碳中和背景下,文中通过分析浙江省公路和水路运输现状,并针对浙江省货物运输“公转水”面临的突出问题,借鉴国内外运输结构调整方面的经验,提出推进浙江省“公转水”的对策,即推进四大通道通航保畅、完善配套设施设备建设、强化专业市场主体力量、优化运输组织体制机制以及完善专项扶持政策,这些措施旨在为浙江省货物运输“公转水”提供有益的经验借鉴。