外来物种刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)在中国的研究进展

刺槐作为一个外来种,近年来其研究受到越来越多的关注。本文介绍了刺槐在我国的基本生长特性(包括根系、种子、叶片、花)和在不同外界条件下(光照条件、盐胁迫、氮磷沉降、干旱胁迫、重金属胁迫、密度、AM真菌)的生理生态响应研究进展。探讨了刺槐病原菌引起的病害与防治、昆虫病害与防治、刺槐的有性、无性繁殖培育以及资源的开发利用,如薪炭材料、饲料、防风固沙、蜜源植物等,讨论了刺槐入侵理论与生态风险处理措施。评述了刺槐的区域性研究进展。最后提出了针对刺槐的未来研究展望。

Assessing Adaptability of Planted Trees Using Leaf Traits: A Case Study with Robinia pseudoacacia L. in the Loess Plateau, China

Leaf trait patterns and their variations with climate are interpreted as an adaptive adjustment to environment.This study assessed the adaptability of planted black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) based on the analysis of leaf traits and the comparison of its leaf traits with inter-specific ones existing in the same area.We measured some water and N use related leaf traits: leaf dry mass per unit area (LMA) and N,P and K concentrations based on both leaf area (Narea,Parea and Karea) and leaf mass (Nmass,Pmass and Kmass) of R.pseudoacacia at 31 sites along a water stress gradient in North Shaanxi Province,China.The results show that leaves of R.pseudoacacia have high Nmass and low LMA in the study area.High Nmass and low LMA are usually representative of luxurious resource use,and will advance plant resource competitiveness in high-resource conditions.As a whole,LMA-nutrient relationships of R.pseudoacacia display patterns that are fairly similar to the inter-specific relationships in both direction and intensity.The tendency for LMA and Narea to increase with decreasing water availability and the positive correlation between LMA and Narea reflect the trend for R.pseudoacacia to enhance water use efficiency (WUE) at the expense of down-regulated photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) and high construction cost in dry conditions.However,the positive relationship between LMA and Narea in high mean annual precipitation (MAP) area is either unremarkable or reversed with decreasing water availability.This implies a lower photosynthetic capacity and a higher construction cost for high-LMA leaves.The inter-specific relationship between LMA and Narea is positive and does not change with water availability.This difference between inter-species and intra-species may be due to more diversified anatomies and more specialised structures for inter-species than intra-species.The failure of R.pseudoacacia adaption to dry conditions reflected by LMA-Narea relationship may be partially responsible for the emergence of rampike and dwarf forms found frequently in dry conditions.Incorporating intrinsic characteristics of planted trees into vegetation restoration project will be instructive and meaningful for species selection.

Propagation methods for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) improvement in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. Black locust plants are commonly produced by two methods, by seed and by root cuttings. Tissue culture propagation can be considered as a relatively new method. Growing trees from seed is a relatively sim-ple method for reliably producing seedlings on a large scale under a variety of circumstances. Mechanization of the method is easy and the production cost is relatively low. Propagation from root cuttings and tissue culture are valuable for reproduction of superior individuals or varieties. By applying these methods, superior traits of the selected trees can be preserved in the clones. Recent experiments demonstrated that micropropagated trees could be successfully transplanted into soil, hardened and grown in the field.

Selection and characterisation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from different origins for ensiling Robinia pseudoacacia and Morus alba L.leaves

The objective of this study was to isolate lactic acid bacteria（LAB） strains from different origins and to select the best strains for ensiling Robinia pseudoacacia（RB） and Morus alba L.（MB）leaves. The LAB strains were inoculated into the extracted liquid obtained from RB and MB leaves to evaluate the fermentation products. 11 LAB strains were selected for further experiments based on the highest products of lactic or acetic acid, including 1 strain of Weissella confusa, 2 of Lactobacillus reuteri and 8 of Lactobacillus plantarum.The API 50 CH fermentation experiment indicated that all of the selected 11 LAB strains utilised most of the carbohydrates. All the strains grew at temperatures between 10 and 45℃ and at a p H of 3.5 to 4.5; however, L. reuteri F7 and F8 tolerated a p H as low as 3.0. All 11 LAB strains showed antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogens, Escherichia coil, Salmonella sp. and Acetobacter pasteurianus; however, after excluding the effect of organic acids, only F7 and F8 still exhibited antibacterial activity. The present study indicated that the selected 11 LAB strains could be used to prepare silages of RB and MB leaves, especially L. reuteri F7 and F8.

Early evaluation of micropropagated black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) clones in Hungary

In Hungary, black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） is one of the most important exotic species, forming entire stands. Its importance is increasing in many other countries. As a result of a new selection program eight black lo- cust clones have been improved for establishing clone trials and a seed orchard. In this study juvenile growth and stem quality of micropropagated clones of black locust were evaluated on a marginal site in central Hungary. At ten years old, the clones ＇MB17D3/4＇ and ＇PV201E2/4＇ appeared to be especially promising for high quality wood production under arid hydrological conditions. A tissue culture method can be considered a suitable tool of propagating superior individual trees and offers new prospects for the rapid cloning of selected genotypes.

Management of black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) stands in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was the first forest tree species to be imported from North America to Europe at the beginning of the 17th century. It is the most important fast-growing stand-forming tree species in Hungary. Black locust planta-tions can be successfully established in response to a range of economic and ecological opportunities. Plantation survival and productivity are maximized by matching the species' growth characteristics with silvicultural options and land management needs. In the paper the sequence of forest tending operations in black locust stands is proposed, based on results of long-term stand structure and forest yield trials. Implementing good silvicultural plans and models will lead to profitable black locust stands and greater ac-ceptance of the species by land managers. Black locust would also be a very useful species for energy productions as the related research results have been shown in the paper.

基于光周期和温度的物候模型对华北平原刺槐始花期的模拟

光周期和温度是影响木本植物开花的两大关键气象因素。基于我国华北平原1963—2018年57个站点的刺槐始花期实测数据,构建了6种基于气温或光周期驱动的春季物候过程模型(积温模型、光周期模型、光周期-温度顺序模型、温度-光周期顺序模型、光周期-温度平行模型、光周期-温度乘法模型),并进行了参数率定和模型比较优选,以期明确刺槐开花的主导驱动因子以及潜在的光温作用机制。根据内部模拟的赤池信息准则(AIC)判定光周期-温度顺序模型的表现最佳,模拟值与观测值的相关系数(r)为0.86,均方根误差(RMSE)为4.81d,纳什效率系数(NSE)达到0.74,说明刺槐始花期的发生同时受到光周期和温度的作用。同时,在华北平原14个代表性站点上,光周期-温度顺序模型的表现普遍优于均值模型。基于光周期-温度顺序模型的参数率定结果,以下限温度6.5℃和下限日长4.5h来统计刺槐开花的实际有效积温量和实际有效日长累积量的年际变化情况,结果表明56年来刺槐开花的实际有效积温量呈现显著递增趋势,平均每10年增加4.5℃·d(P<0.05),而实际有效日长累积量却呈现极显著递减趋势,平均每10年减少23.9h·d(P<0.01),这说明在气候变暖背景下,刺槐开花的热量需求会更快速完成,引起刺槐开花日期的提前,但自然光周期的年内变化只与地理位置有关,日长累积需求则需要更长的时间完成,因此会在一定程度上抑制春季升温引起的开花日期提前。

Folin-Ciocaileu比色法测定刺槐花中的多酚含量

目的测定刺槐花中的多酚含量。方法以没食子酸为标准品,用Folin-Ciocaileu比色法测定刺槐花中的多酚含量。结果标准曲线的回归方程为:y=0.005 7 x-0.003 5(R2=0.999 6)。用比色法测定其稳定性、精密度、重现性、加样回收率,RSD在0.20%～4.67%范围内,刺槐花中多酚含量为1.083%,RSD=3.21%。结论用Folin-Ciocaileu比色法测定刺槐花中的多酚含量方法简便、快速、准确可靠。

刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)无性系种群结构与生长动态的研究

研究了刺槐克隆种群的种群结构和生长动态.结果表明,刺槐克隆种群中幼年分株数量较多,死亡率较高;成年个体数量较少,死亡率较低,而且相对稳定,种群数量结构成金字塔型;无性系产生分株的时间较晚,分株的数量正处于上升阶段.无性系中刺槐基株的基径、高度、冠幅远远大于分株.刺槐分株在幼年时期高生长和冠幅的生长均较快,当生长到一定的年龄逐渐缓慢下来.克隆分株的生长、数量动态主要受克隆整合的内部调节机制和外部环境中灌木层、草本层竞争的影响.

烯效唑对盐胁迫下刺槐生理特性的影响

通过研究烯效唑对盐胁迫下刺槐生理特性的影响规律,可以为科学合理应用烯效唑提高刺槐抗盐能力提供理论依据.试验以1a生刺槐为试材,设置2g·L^(-1)和4g·L^(-1)两个盐(NaCl)胁迫浓度,设置55mg·L^(-1)和80mg·L^(-1)两个烯效唑浓度,每个处理3次重复.结果表明:盐胁迫与对照相比显著提高了刺槐O_(2)^(-)和H_(2)O_(2)含量,烯效唑处理显著降低了两个盐浓度胁迫下的O_(2)^(-)和H_(2)O_(2)含量;两个浓度盐胁迫处理与对照相比显著提高了刺槐POD、CAT、APX、GR活性,烯效唑处理显著提高了盐胁迫下4种抗氧化酶活性;在相同盐浓度条件下,两个烯效唑浓度对4种酶活性的影响处于同一水平.综合分析认为,缓解刺槐盐胁迫的适宜烯效唑浓度为55mg·L^(-1).

NaCl处理对刺槐和丁香种子萌发的影响

设置0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%4种浓度的NaCl溶液,对刺槐和丁香种子的萌发进行盐胁迫处理。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度的升高,刺槐和丁香种子的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均呈下降趋势。综合分析认为:刺槐种子的耐盐性比丁香种子的耐盐性强,刺槐种子能忍耐的盐胁迫浓为0.6%以下,丁香种子能忍耐的盐胁迫浓为0.2%以下。

Stand structure and yield of the mixed white poplar and black locust plantations on sandy ridges between the Danube and Tisza rivers in Hungary

The paper deals with the stand structure and yield of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) forests mixed with white (Populus alba L.) in various proportions, partly applying a new methodological approach. The main stand structure and yield factors were determined separately for each species, measured stem by stem, using the volume functions prepared for each species. The ratio of the volumes of the species (A and B) in mixed and in pure stands (based on volume tables) was determined. A close relationship has been found between the ratio by relative total volume and the proportion (by the number of stems) of the species. The relative surplus in the volume of the mixed stands varied between 1.24-1.55 at the age of 16 compared to the control, i.e. the yield of pure stands of the species concerned. The trial has also proven that if two species have a fast initial growth rate and a similar rotation age, they can be planted in mixed stands resulting in mutual advantages.

刺槐的栽种养护及在社区景观设计中的运用

刺槐易于栽种,应用范围广,生命力旺盛,观赏价值、经济价值高,养护成本低的特点,是社区景观设计中价廉物美的观赏树种,它的花朵清雅别致,形态优美,清新的香气弥漫沁人心脾,浓密鲜绿的叶子赏心悦目,是社区景观设计中难得的阔叶乔木品种,也将越来越受到设计师的偏爱。将刺槐应用在社区景观设计中,不仅可以增加社区景观的层次感、立体感,还有利于传统文化的传承从而增加社区的文化底蕴。

刺槐人工林蓄积量模型筛选和影响因子

为了筛选出更精确的刺槐人工林林分蓄积量估算模型,减少林分调查成本,以河北省刺槐人工纯林为研究对象,选取海拔、坡度、坡向等立地因子,以及林龄、平均胸径、密度等测树因子,采用马氏距离法去除离群值,基于R语言建立多元回归、逐步回归、随机森林回归与BP神经网络模型,分析影响蓄积量分布各因子的重要性,筛选出最优模型。研究结果如下:(1)通过模型分析均得出测树因子重要性大于立地因子,平均胸径和密度对刺槐蓄积量影响较大,坡向和地貌影响最小;(2)通过4种模型的精度对比,非线性模型对林分单位蓄积量预测精准度较高,BP神经网络模型最优(R^(2)=0.9635)。影响刺槐人工林蓄积量的主导因子为平均胸径与密度,在构建刺槐人工林蓄积量模型方面,相比于线性模型,非线性模型更好且BP神经网络模型表现最好。

生物菌肥对四倍体刺槐植株生长的影响

【目的】研究施用生物菌肥对二倍体刺槐和四倍体刺槐生长的影响,为发展四倍体刺槐的广泛种植奠定基础。【方法】以大田中的2年生的二倍体刺槐和四倍体刺槐为试验材料,测定了施用EM生物菌肥后对刺槐的基本生长指标,光合作用参数以及呼吸作用参数的影响,为刺槐栽培的合理施肥提供参考。【结果】施肥的刺槐比未施肥的长势更好且较为粗壮。相对于二倍体而言,四倍体叶片颜色表现为更深且更饱满,长势更高且株幅更大。施肥后2种刺槐的株高、株幅、地径、叶长、叶宽、叶绿素均发生显著增长(P<0.05)。其中四倍体刺槐和二倍体刺槐实验组与其对照组相比,株高总增长量分别增加了23.90%、51.57%;株幅总增长量增加59.60%、14.06%;地径总增长量增加18.84%、10.20%;叶长总增长量分别增加13.75%、20.24%;叶宽总增长量分别增加11.70%,72.00%;叶绿素总增长量分别增加24.06%、45.24%。刺槐叶片中光合作用的相关指标净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO_(2)浓度以及蒸腾速率施肥组显著高于未施肥组(P<0.05),呼吸作用的相关数据总呼吸速率,交替呼吸速率以及细胞色素呼吸速率的变化趋势大体相同,随着施肥后时间的延长,各组均呈现先下降后上升的趋势,施肥后的刺槐呼吸作用显著优于未施肥的刺槐,四倍体刺槐显著优于二倍体刺槐。整体来看四倍体刺槐的生长状态以及生理参数均好于二倍体刺槐,与施肥前的四倍体和二倍体刺槐相比,存在株高分别增长42.60%、74.56%,地径分别增长99.80%、85.53%,叶片增长65.30%、75.94%等现象,并且施肥的刺槐的生长状态以及生理参数均好于未施肥的刺槐。【结论】综上所述,四倍体刺槐施肥后在形态生理指标上优于二倍体刺槐,因此适量施用生物菌肥对刺槐的生长有促进作用。

刺槐混交种植对林下植被生物量及土壤养分的影响

为探究刺槐混交种植对林下植被生物量及土壤养分的影响,在山东省蒙阴县某林场建立试验林,分别考察了不同刺槐纯林、杨树-刺槐混交林模式林下植被生物量、林分生长情况、土壤养分、土壤微生物以及土壤酶活性状况。结果表明:混交林林下生物量要高于刺槐纯林,树高、胸径的生长情况均优于刺槐纯林,对土壤养分的改善作用显著强于刺槐纯林,混交林更有利于土壤有机质含量和有益微生物群落增加,土壤酶活性要高于刺槐纯林。

刺槐根化学成分的研究

目的研究刺槐Robinia pseudoacacia L.根的化学成分。方法刺槐根95%乙醇提取物采用凝胶、硅胶、聚酰胺进行分离纯化,根据理化性质及波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的结构。结果从中分离到15个化合物,分别鉴定为齐墩果烷-12-烯-3β-醇硬脂酸酯(1)、羽扇豆烷-20(29)-烯-3β-醇硬脂酸酯(2)、羽扇豆醇乙酸酯(3)、β-香树脂酮(4)、羽扇豆酮(5)、β-谷甾醇(6)、豆甾醇(7)、3-羟基-9-甲氧基紫檀烷(8)、异甘草素(9)、甘草素(10)、1 H-吲哚-3-甲醛(11)、吲哚唑(12)、D-天冬氨酸(13)、蔗糖(14)、conicamin(15)。结论化合物1~5、8~9、11~12、15为首次从该植物中分离得到。

槐花提取物抗氧化性能研究

通过测定还原力和自由基清除率确定了槐花提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明:槐花提取物中黄酮类物质的含量为3.2596mg/ml。其还原力为强于VC而弱于TBHQ。槐花提取物清除羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基时均存在良好的量效关系且呈线性关系,其中清除超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基的能力较强,其IC50分别为66.55μg/ml和16.93μg/ml。

中国刺槐次生种源生长变异研究

对石家庄高邑、邢台沙河和保定的4年生19个产地的刺槐种源试验林进行了调查,研究了刺槐生长性状的种源差异、种源与环境互作、种源稳定性及地理变异模式。结果表明:刺槐树高性状不存在显著的种源差异,而胸径在种源之间差异显著;试验林的立地条件对不同种源刺槐生长有显著影响,胸径和树高均表现出显著的地点差异。运用AMMI模型及Eberhart&Russell联合回归分析,稳定性参数排名得出南方种源稳定性较北方种源差。稳定性参数与原产地环境因子的相关分析得出刺槐种源生长量及Bi与产地经纬度呈现显著负相关关系,表明刺槐种源间形成了明显的地理变异模式。

刺槐豆胶的流变性研究

对刺槐豆胶的流变性进行了研究。研究结论表明:刺槐豆胶的粘度随浓度的升高而升高,当浓度为2%时,其粘度为46.4MPa.s;刺槐豆胶为非牛顿流体,其粘度随切变速度的增加而降低;小于80℃加热时可使刺槐豆胶的粘度增加,60℃为刺槐豆胶的最佳加热温度;冷冻对刺槐豆胶溶液的粘度没有影响,而冷藏可使刺槐豆胶的粘度有所下降;pH对刺槐豆胶溶液的粘度影响不大,即刺槐豆胶在酸性溶液和碱性溶液中较为稳定;刺槐豆胶与黄原胶无协效性。