Robot-assisted radical cystectomy with neobladder diversion in females:Safety profile and functional outcomes

Objective Radical cystectomy(RC)is a standard treatment for localized muscle invasive bladder cancer and high-risk or very high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer not responding to adequate endovesical therapy.In women,traditionally RC is performed with hystero-adnexectomy and resection of the anterior vaginal wall,often resulting in sexual disorders.Vaginal-sparing techniques have been developed to improve functional outcomes.The present study explores the safety and the functional outcome of vaginal-sparing techniques.Methods We retrospectively analyzed all consecutive female patients undergoing robot-assisted RC(RARC)with neobladder diversion between October 2017 and February 2022.The indications for vaginal-sparing RC were absence of tumor on bladder neck or urethra and no sign of infiltration of posterior bladder wall at the preoperative MRI.Functional results were evaluated with the aid of five questions out of the Bladder Cancer Index questionnaire.Complications were reported according to the Clavien–Dindo classification and cancer control was evaluated by recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival.Results A total of 22 female patients underwent RARC with neobladder diversion.Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was given in 17(77%)cases.Clavien–Dindo grades III–IV complications occurred in four(18%)cases.After a mean follow-up of 29(interquartile range 16–44)months,six(27.3%)patients developed distant metastases,and one(4.5%)woman loco-regional relapse.Sexual-sparing surgery was performed in 19(86%)patients,and in the others the anterior vaginal wall was resected,but neobladder was still performed.During daytime,no patients reported total incontinence and 73%(11/15)reported total continence or only occasional leaks.Sexual results showed that seven of 15(47%)women regained sexual activity after surgery,with a quality reported as“good”or“very good”in 40%of all 19 cases.Conclusion RARC in female with anterior vaginal wall preservation is feasible.The approach showed a good safety profile,with satisfying results on continence and sexual activity.Sexual-sparing approaches should be carried out after correct patient selection.

Current status of laparoscopic and robotassisted nerve-sparing radical cystectomy in male patients

During radical cystectomy(RC),the neurovascular bundles are easily removed or damaged,leading to varying rates of incontinence and erectile dysfunction.The nervesparing technique was developed to preserve urinary and erectile function.The adoption of laparoscopic and robot-assisted technology has improved visualization and dexterity of pelvic surgeries,thus facilitate the nerve-sparing technique.Although nerve-sparing RC is technically similar with nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy,there are still some anatomical differences.There are mainly three different types of nerve-sparing techniques.Pelvic lymph node dissection(PLND)is another important factor to influence erectile function and urinary continence.Nerve-sparing laparoscopic radical cystectomy(LRC)and robot-assisted radical cystectomy(RARC)may be an optimal treatment choice in well-selected younger patients with lowvolume,organ-confined disease.We should attempt to do,whenever possible,a nerve-sparing cystectomy at least on oneside.However,due to the need of a well-refined surgical technique,nerve-sparing LRC and RARC is now being performed only by experienced urological surgeons.

Totally intracorporeal robot-assisted urinary diversion for bladder cancer(part 2).Review and detailed characterization of the existing intracorporeal orthotopic ileal neobladder

Objective:To review the most used intracorporeal orthotopic ileal neobladder(ICONB)after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer and create a unified compendium of the different alternatives,including new consistent images.Methods:We performed a non-systematic review of the literature with the keywords“bladder cancer”,“urinary diversion”,“radical cystectomy”,and“neobladder”.Results:Forty studies were included in the analysis.The most frequent type of ICONB was the modified Studer“U”neobladder(70%)followed by the Hautmann“W”modified neobladder(7.5%),the“Y”neobladder(5%),and the Padua neobladder(5%).The operative time to perform a urinary diversion ranged from 124 to 553 min.The total estimated blood loss ranged from 200 to 900 mL.The rate of positive surgical margins ranged from 0%to 8.1%.Early minor and major complication rates ranged from 0%to 100%and from 0%to 33%,respectively.Late minor and major complication rates ranged from 0%to 70%and from 0%to 25%,respectively.Conclusion:The most frequent types of ICONB are Studer“U”neobladder,Hautmann“W”neobladder,“Y”neobladder,and the Padua neobladder.Randomized studies comparing the performance of the different types of ICONB,the performance in an intra or extracorporeal manner,or the performance of an ICONB versus ICIC are lacking in the literature.To this day,there are not sufficient quality data to determine the supremacy of one technique.This manuscript represents a compendium of the most used ICONB with detailed descriptions of the technical aspects,operative and perioperative outcomes,and new consistent images of each technique.

Totally intracorporeal robot-assisted urinary diversion for bladder cancer(Part 1).Review and detailed characterization of ileal conduit and modified Indiana pouch

Objective:To review the most used robot-assisted cutaneous urinary diversion(CUD)after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer and create a unified compendium of the different alternatives,including new consistent images Methods:A non-systematic review of the literature with the keywords“bladder cancer”,“cutaneous urinary diversion”,and“radical cystectomy”was performed.Results:Twenty-four studies of intracorporeal ileal conduit(ICIC)and two of intracorporeal Indiana pouch(ICIP)were included in the analysis.Regarding ICIC,the patients’age ranged from 60 to 76 years.The operative time to perform a urinary diversion ranged from 60 to 133 min.The total estimated blood loss ranged from 200 to 1117 mL.The rate of positive surgical margins ranged from 0%to 14.3%.Early minor and major complication rates ranged from 0%to 71.4%and from 0%to 53.4%,respectively.Late minor and major complication rates ranged from 0%to 66%and from 0%to 32%,respectively.Totally ICIP data are limited to one case report and one clinical series.Conclusion:The most frequent type of CUD is ICIC.Randomized studies comparing the performance of the different types of CUD,the performance in an intra-or extracorporeal manner,or the performance of a CUD versus orthotopic ileal neobladder are lacking in the literature.To this day,there are not enough quality data to determine the supremacy of one technique.This manuscript represents a compendium of the most used CUD with detailed descriptions of the technical aspects,operative and perioperative outcomes,and new consistent images for each technique.

根治性膀胱切除术——从开放到腹腔镜到机器人

近年来，根治性膀胱切除术及尿流改道的方法不断优化和进步，手术安全性和疗效不断提高。从开放到腹腔镜到机器人，外科技术在不断进步，但目前尚无法互相取代。随着器械的发展，腹腔镜下根治性膀胱切除术／机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术可进一步改善围手术期效果，基本可以复制开放手术的原则，围手术期肿瘤指标不劣于开放手术。机器人辅助腹腔镜根治性膀胱切除术在盆腔淋巴结清扫方面似乎更有优势，远期肿瘤效果3种技术相近，对于晚期肿瘤开放手术疗效似乎更好。体外构建储尿囊目前仍然是主流，体内构建储尿囊很可能是未来的方向。腹腔镜手术目前仍然是最适合我国国情的微创根治性膀胱切除术的手段。

机器人根治性膀胱切除术后回肠-新膀胱瘘并右输尿管狭窄一例报告

根治性膀胱切除术+原位回肠新膀胱是治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌和高危非肌层浸润性膀胱癌的金标准,但手术步骤繁琐,并发症发生率很高。本文报告1例,男,50岁。机器人根治性膀胱切除术后3个月出现粪尿,诊断为回肠-新膀胱瘘和右输尿管新膀胱吻合口狭窄。膀胱镜检查见新膀胱顶壁瘘口直径5 mm。应用机器人辅助腹腔镜行回肠-新膀胱瘘修补+右输尿管新膀胱再植术。术后随访4个月余,效果满意。