Mechanical properties and fracture toughness of rail steels and thermite welds at low temperature

Brittle fracture occurs frequently in rails and thermite welded joints, which intimidates the security and reliability of railway ser- vice. Railways in cold regions, such as Qinghai-Tibet Railway, make the problem of brittle fi＇acture in rails even worse. A series of tests such as uniaxial tensile tests, Charpy impact tests, and three-point bending tests were carried out at low temperature to investigate the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of U71Mn and U75V rail steels and their thermite welds. Fracture micromechanisms were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） on the fracture surfaces of the tested specimens. The ductility indices （percentage elongation aider frac- ture and percentage reduction of area） and the toughness indices （Charpy impact energy Ak and plane-strain fracture toughness Kic） of the two kinds of rail steels and the corresponding thermite welds all decrease as the temperature decreases. The thermite welds are more critical to fracture than the rail steel base metals, as indicated by a higher yield-to-ultimate ratio and a much lower Charpy impact energy. U71Mn rail steel is relatively higher in toughness than U75V, as demonstrated by larger Ak and Klc values. Therefore, U71Mn rail steel and the corresponding thermite weld are recommended in railway construction and maintenance in cold regions.

Mechanics model of additional longitudinal force transmission between bridges and continuously welded rails with small resistance fasteners

A new mechanics model, which reveals additional longitudinal force transmission between the continuously welded rails and the bridges, is established on the fact that the influence of the mutual relative displacement (among) the rail, the sleeper and the beam is taken into account. An example is presented and numerical results are compared. The results show that the additional longitudinal forces calculated with the new model are less than those of the previous, especially in the case of the flexible pier bridges. The new model is also suitable for the analysis of the additional longitudinal force transmission between rails and bridges of ballastless track with small resistance fasteners without taking the sleeper displacement into account, and compared with the ballast bridges, the ballastless bridges have a much stronger additional longitudinal force transmission between the continuously welded rails and the bridges.

Mechanical deformation properties of Continuous Welded Rail on kilometer-span suspension bridge for high-speed railway

The complex bridge-track interaction between kilometer-span bridges and continuous Welded Rail(CWR)brings great challenges to CWR designing.Taking a suspension bridge with laying CWR as a case,the mechanical properties of CWR on the bridge are analyzed to reveal the sensitive areas of the track,and the design method of CWR and track structures on the beam ends are proposed.The results show that the unidirectional Rail Expansion Joints(REJ)need to be installed on the beam end of the kilometer-span bridge to reduce rail longitudinal force.Due to the bridge characteristics,there is no CWR fixed area on the kilometer-span bridge,and rail longitudinal force on the main span caused by bending loads needs to be concerned.The deformation of track on the beam end is complex,which is the weak area on the kilometer bridge,the large relative displacement between the stock rail of REJ and the main beam can cause poor stability of ballast bed on beam end,small resistance fasteners need to be laid on the sides of stock rail on the main beam to increase the stability of ballast and fasteners on the beam end.To improve the driving safety and comfort of beam end,the Sleeper-Supporting Apparatus(SSA)should be specially designed to ensure the uniform transition of track on beam ends.Temperature and wind loads have a significant impact on track regularity on the kilometer span bridge,the dynamic response of trains and bridges under those loads needs to be attended to.

Mechanical Analyses of Rails and Panels in a Rectangular Electromagnetic Rail Launcher

In the present work,rails and panels in a rectangular electromagnetic rail launcher were simulated as finite-length bi-layer elastic foundation beams. Mechanical equilibrium equations were established for these bi-layer beams under the electromagnetic and contact forces between armatures and rails. With the application of Generalized Krylov function,analytical expressions of rails( upper beam) and panels( lower beam) 'deformation and stress were generated. The analytical results agree well with ANSYS calculations even in the presence of electromagnetic and armature's forces,a strong indication of the reliability of the analytical approach. The current work lays the foundation for mechanical analyses of rectangular electromagnetic rail launchers,and offers help in future designs and calculations in marine,aerospace,and civil engineering.

Preface: Current research progress on mechanics of high speed rail

The construction and operation of high-speed rail（HSR）grid within the past two decades in China,in terms of the scale,may be possibly comparable to any national-wide construction in the history of China,even the Great Wall.By counting railways with commercial train service at the speed of200 km/h,China has the world’s longest HSR network with over 19 369.8 km of track in service today and this number

Sepiolite:A new component suitable for 380 km/h high-speed rail brake pads

To enhance the high-temperature adaptability of copper-based composite materials and C–C/SiC discs,this article innovatively introduces a method of replacing graphite with sepiolite,resulting in the successful fabrication of samples with exceptional mechanical and friction properties.The results reveal that moderate incorporation(less 6%)of sepiolite provides a particle reinforcement effect,resulting in an improvement of mechanical properties.Interestingly,the addition of sepiolite causes a change in the traditional saddle-shaped friction curve due to high temperature lubrication.Meanwhile,the primary advantage of sepiolite lies in its superior abrasion resistance,evident in the increased friction coefficient and altered wear mechanisms with higher sepiolite content.The wear resistance is optimal at 200 Km/h(400℃).Particularly,the unique composition of the friction layer(outermost layer:a composite film consisting of B2O3,sepiolite,graphite,and metal oxide films;intermediate layer:metal oxide films)plays a pivotal role in improving friction stability.Finally,there are significant optimizations in the GA algorithm,especially GA-GB model has the best prediction effect on the maximum friction temperature.

基于ADAMS/Rail的直线电机轨道交通安全性研究

阐述了直线电机轨道交通的技术特点,并就其安全评价体系做了介绍,应用ADAMS/Rail软件分别建立了轮对、构架、悬挂系统、止挡、自导向径向转向架、直线电机以及车体的模型,并考虑轮轨关系组合为直线电机轨道交通的车辆-轨道耦合动力学整体模型,进行了大量的计算仿真。笔者主要以脱轨系数为例进行了动力响应分析,给出考虑了径向转向架和直线电机后的安全评判指标,比较了与径向转向架和未安装直线电机的区别,验证了模型的正确性和有效性。为后续研究直线电机轨道交通车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型提供了理论基础,从而可以进一步从安全性角度研究线路设计参数。为我国今后直线电机轨道交通建设就线路参数对车辆运行安全性的影响研究方面起到理论指导作用。

Internal Friction in Rail Waist of BNb and BNbRE Steels

The internal frictions of the specimens in the waist centre of the commercial BNb and BNbRE rails, which were left in air for two years, were measured. It is found that there is an obvious Snoek-Kê-Koester （SKK） peak in both steels, and still exists a measurable deformation-enhanced Shock peak（DESP） in the specimens of the BNbRE steel. The internal frictions in the deformed specimens of the both steel rails were also measured. Unlike the case of the tread specimens showing a decrease of SKK damping due to deformation, the SKK damping of the rail waist specimens increases after deformation; and the specimens containing rare earth（RE） show more noticeable damping increase than those without RE. The results of the internal friction measured during ascending and descending temperature under 700℃ show that there is a high temperature damping which can be completely disappeared during descending temperature for both steels.

Damage tolerance of fractured rails on continuous welded rail track for high-speed railways

Broken gap is an extremely dangerous state in the service of high-speed rails,and the violent wheel–rail impact forces will be intensified when a vehicle passes the gap at high speeds,which may cause a secondary fracture to rail and threaten the running safety of the vehicle.To recognize the damage tolerance of rail fracture length,the implicit–explicit sequential approach is adopted to simulate the wheel–rail high-frequency impact,which considers the factors such as the coupling effect between frictional contact and structural vibration,nonlinear material and real geometric profile.The results demonstrate that the plastic deformation and stress are distributed in crescent shape during the impact at the back rail end,increasing with the rail fracture length.The axle box acceleration in the frequency domain displays two characteristic modes with frequencies around 1,637 and 404 Hz.The limit of the rail fracture length is 60 mm for high-speed railway at a speed of 250 km/h.

我国城市轨道交通既有线改造投融资机制研究

我国城市轨道交通现已进入从“增量扩张”向“存量优化”转型的新发展阶段,既有线改造的现实紧迫性催生了庞大的资金需求,同时对资金长期可持续提出更高要求,构建与既有线改造需求相适应和匹配的投融资机制对于保障我国城轨交通高质量发展具有重要价值。然而,既有线改造类型多样且利益主体复杂,目前实践层面缺乏统一且完整的指导规划,理论层面也亟需为投融资模式创新提供充分研究支撑。本文在总结伦敦、日本、北京、上海、深圳、天津等典型案例经验的基础上,结合项目的经济属性、周期属性、多主体特征,探究分级分类的投融资体系和实践思路,并构建财政补贴与激励协同、存量资产与新增投资互促融合的投融资机制。以期为完善既有线改造顶层设计、形成多主体协同且面向中长期的投融资机制体系提供参考与决策依据。

城市轨道交通低碳效应研究综述

城市轨道交通低碳效应研究是科学认识其环境效益,为行业政策补贴提供理论依据的重要基础。通过文献计量方法,全面梳理了城市轨道交通低碳效应相关研究问题,为该领域进一步研究明确了方向。基于VOSviewer软件对轨道交通碳排放相关研究进行了文献计量学分析,详细阐述城市轨道交通低碳效应的研究边界和碳减排机理,在探究城市轨道交通碳减排潜力量化评估视角及方法的基础上,系统性剖析影响城市轨道交通低碳效应的要素,涉及城市轨道交通基础设施建设、客流量、交通模式转移等多方面。最后,基于城市轨道交通碳减排潜力影响因素分析结果,研究提出提升城市轨道交通低碳效应的对策措施。研究可为城市轨道交通低碳效应研究提供学术参考。

考虑材料温变特性的三维轮轨接触热分析

为研究材料温变特性对轮轨接触行为和摩擦温升的影响,提出了一种考虑材料温变特性的三维轮轨热力耦合模型,能够考虑纵、横向蠕滑率和自旋的影响,更为真实地模拟轮轨系统的服役状态.首先,研究了热力耦合建模方式对轮轨界面摩擦温升及接触应力的影响;随后,将该模型应用于地铁小半径曲线处车辆-轨道相互作用模拟.结果表明:当轮轨界面温度达到450℃时,轮轨接触应力显著降低,降幅可达20%;考虑热力耦合建模后,轮轨界面的预测温升明显低于不考虑热力耦合建模时的结果,在蠕滑率为0.16时,两者的差异可达51%;地铁车辆在小半径曲线线路上运行时轮轨摩擦温升因过大的蠕滑率与自旋会急剧增大到750℃,应考虑轮轨热力耦合建模以避免过高估计轮轨摩擦温升以及轮轨接触应力.

埋头弹步枪导轨曲线槽的设计分析

为研究不同导轨曲线槽形状对埋头弹步枪导轨-弹膛机构运动特性以及弹膛突耳与导轨曲线槽接触力的影响,以某中口径埋头弹步枪为对象,基于一次函数、二次函数、三次函数和五次多项式函数设计了4种导轨曲线槽,建立了相应的导轨-弹膛机构的三维模型,采用Adams建立了导轨-弹膛机构的虚拟样机模型,利用Abaqus建立了导轨-弹膛机构有限元模型,并进行了仿真研究与分析。仿真结果表明:选用不同导轨曲线槽时,活动弹膛升降速度、导轨曲线槽与突耳间的接触力、以及导轨曲线槽的接触应力明显不同,最大接触应力主要分布在导轨曲线槽起始位置和终止位置;选择五次多项式函数作为导轨轮廓曲线时,导轨曲线槽起始位置和终止位置的接触应力较其他导轨曲线槽的接触应力小。

非均衡数据下基于注意力网络和代价敏感学习的轨面状态识别

准确识别轨面状态,可为列车牵引/制动性能提升提供关键依据。重点针对传统代价敏感学习应用在非均衡轨面状态识别中存在的同类别样本重要性不同和多数类精度下降等问题,提出一种基于注意力网络和代价敏感学习的轨面状态识别方法。该法首先利用迁移学习思想将均衡数据集的特征迁移到非均衡轨面状态数据集,减轻少数类样本误分类影响;其次在骨干网络ResNet18中引入卷积注意力机制模块,增强网络对目标区域的特征学习能力和全局特征信息的感知性能,调整优化网络权重参数;最后构造依据轨面状态样本重要性大小的自适应加权平衡损失函数,降低决策边界对困难样本中多数类的过拟合,获得更加平滑的决策边界。非均衡数据下的实验结果表明,在3种非均衡比下,所提方法的准确率和召回率分别达到96.00%、90.67%、86.33%,与目前常用的方法Focal相比,分别提升了7.00%、2.34%、3.00%。此外,该方法在提高少数类召回率的同时可有效维持多数类的召回率,并且降低了网络训练时间成本。

轨道交通锥型橡胶弹簧力学性能试验设计及研究

针对轨道交通锥型橡胶弹簧刚度和疲劳试验,分析橡胶弹簧结构及试验标准,设计新型的橡胶弹簧垂向性能、横向性能和疲劳试验方案,研究疲劳次数对垂向刚度、压缩高、横向刚度的影响以及不同压缩载荷对不同橡胶层应变的影响。结果表明:试验设计满足试验要求,1000万次疲劳试验后,该结构橡胶弹簧垂向刚度减小2.5%、压缩高下降2.56%、横向刚度减小6.7%;垂向分别加载16 kN和28.5 kN工况下,橡胶弹簧第1层和第2层橡胶的应变值基本一致,达到等应变设计目的。

大跨度公铁合建斜拉桥钢混板-桁组合梁关键节点空间受力特性

针对大跨度公铁合建斜拉桥—主跨808 m洪奇沥特大桥新型钢混板-桁组合梁的关键节点—辅助墩顶钢混节点,采用ANSYS软件建立钢桁-混凝土板组合梁部分节段细化的全桥多尺度有限元模型,分析边跨组合梁节点在受力最不利工况下的受力规律及传力特性,并讨论下弦杆等杆件截面等结构参数变化对节点受力、传力的影响规律。结果表明:最不利组合工况下,边跨组合梁辅助墩顶钢混节点处钢结构最不利Mises应力为265.9 MPa,混凝土局部最大名义拉应力为9.2 MPa,导致局部开裂而受力转移至钢结构;在辅助墩顶局部负弯矩影响下,内外节点板处应力总体呈“倒V”形分布,混凝土顶面及底面分别呈“鞍形”及“倒鞍”形分布;节点处下弦杆(含管内混凝土)、竖杆分别传递77.86%和40.15%荷载,为纵向、竖向主要传力构件;混凝土桥面厚度变化对自身应力影响明显,其厚度和下弦杆截面面积对纵向传力比影响大,竖杆截面面积对自身竖向传力影响相对明显;混凝土厚度及下弦杆、斜腹杆、竖杆截面为节点受力、传力的主要影响因素,其系数在0.8~1.1时,组合梁关键节点各构件应力及传力比均较为合理。

面向轨道智能交通大学生创新训练实践教学平台设计

以轨道智能交通中的入侵异物智能检测为对象,设计了一种新型的大学生创新训练实践教学平台,提出了一种基于深度学习的轨道异物入侵检测模型,并结合人工智能和机械设计等交叉学科专业知识,自主研发了一种小型轨道异物入侵智能检测系统物理样机,实现了复杂环境下的高效轨道异物入侵检测。实验和实践结果表明,该模型很好地平衡了检测速度和精度,在NVIDIA GTX1080Ti平台上对自建轨道异物入侵数据集的平均检测精度为96.1%,检测速度为209 FPS。通过上述大创实践教学平台的设计、实施和考核,培养和激发了大学生的创新实践和团队协作能力。

改进YOLOv5s的钢轨表面缺陷检测算法

针对钢轨多类别缺陷识别任务中样本不平衡、尺度差异大,提出一种改进YOLOv5s的钢轨表面缺陷检测算法。在骨干网络中嵌入全局注意力机制,增强网络对缺陷特征的提取能力;构建加权双向特征融合网络,减少缺陷目标特征信息的丢失;在颈部采用改进的卷积结构,降低模型复杂度,同时提升检测精度;最后引入WIoU损失函数提升低质量样本预测能力。该方法在2种不同类别的数据集中都具有较好的表现,在RailDefect公共数据集上,其平均精度均值(mAP)达到91.2%,较YOLOv5s网络提高了3.6%,准确率(precision)和召回率(recall)分别提高了3.3%和3.9%。该算法在保证较高检测精度的同时降低了模型复杂度,更适合部署于算力有限的移动端轨道检测设备中,具有一定的实用价值。

基于异构数据特征的城市轨道交通OD客流短时预测方法

城市轨道交通起讫点(origin-destination,OD)客流短时预测在智能交通系统中意义重大,它为交通管控策略实施以及出行者出行选择提供了重要的决策依据。卷积神经网络被广泛用于交通数据空间相关性提取,但其平移不变性与局部敏感性导致该方法更重视局部特征而忽视全局特征。本研究构建了基于注意力机制的异构数据特征提取机模型(heterogeneous data feature extraction machine,HDFEM)以实现OD矩阵空间相关性的全局感知。该模型从时空特征和用地属性特征出发,构造异构数据OD时空张量与地理信息张量,依托模型张量编码层对异构数据张量进行分割与编码,通过注意力机制连接各张量块特征,提取OD矩阵中各个部分间的空间相关性。该方法不仅实现了异构数据与OD客流数据的融合,还兼顾了卷积神经网络模型未能处理的OD矩阵远距离特征,进而帮助模型更全面地学习OD客流的空间特征。对于OD时序特性,该模型使用了长短时记忆网络来处理。在杭州地铁自动售检票系统(auto fare collection,AFC)数据集上的实验结果表明:HDFEM模型相对于基于卷积神经网络的预测模型,其均方误差、平均绝对误差与标准均方根误差分别下降了4.1%,2.5%,2%,验证了全局OD特征感知对于城市轨道交通OD客流预测的重要性。

高铁建设对区域协同创新能力的影响效应

采用多期双重差分方法和中介机制模型,探究高铁建设对区域协同创新能力的影响效应,对建设现代化经济体系战略布局具有重要意义。研究发现:高铁建设对区域协同创新能力具有提升推动效应,高铁开通线路增多具有强化效果;异质性检验中,在我国中西部地区、中小城市、科教规模较小城市、科教质量较低城市和市场化程度较低城市中,高铁建设对协同创新的影响具有显著性;高铁建设通过促进人才和投资集聚、提高经济增长质量、推动产业结构升级提升了区域协同创新能力;高铁建设助力区域协同创新能力存在正向空间外溢性。应加强高铁网络化建设,完善交通基础设施,助力区域协同创新能力提升。