Seismic performance of isolation system of rolling friction with springs

In order to study an isolation system of rolling friction with springs, computer programs were compiled to evaluate the seismic performance based on its movement characteristics. Through the programs, the influences of various seismic performance factors, e.g., rolling friction coefficient, spring constant, were systematically investigated. Results show that by increasing the rolling friction coefficient, the structural relative displacement due to seismic load effectively decreases, while the structural response magnitude varies mainly depending on the correlations between the following factors: the spring constant, the earthquake intensity, and the rolling friction coefficient. Furthermore, increasing the spring constant can decrease the structural relative displacement, as well as residual displacement, however, it increases the structural response magnitude. Finally, based on the analyses of various seismic performance factors subjected to the scenario earthquakes, optimized theoretical seismic performance can be achieved by reasonably combining the spring constant and the rolling friction coefficient.

Calibration of the DEM sliding friction and rolling friction parameters of a cohesionless bulk material

The discrete element method(DEM)has become a valuable tool for understanding the mechanical behaviour of granular assemblies,however,the accuracy of the DEM simulations depends on several interaction parameters such as the sliding friction and rolling friction coefficients.Generally,these parameters are estimated using bulk calibration approach(BCA)where the draw down test has been suggested as an effective way to approach these coefficients.This test provides up to four bulk criteria,the angle of repose,shear angle,mass flow rate and the mass loss which are used to narrow down the possible coefficients.However,there is still more research needed around it to fully understand how this methodology works.An experimental and numerical study was carried out using the draw down test to assess the influence of different mass flow rates and particle shapes on DEM parameters for a cohesionless bulk material.It is concluded that use of multi-sphere particles and three aperture sizes in the draw down test to calibrate the sliding and rolling friction parameters of a cohesionless bulk material can converge to a small feasible region in which a single combination of the friction coefficients can be selected.The calibrated sliding and rolling friction coefficients were validated using multi-sphere particles,where the maximum deviation was 5.9%from the experimental values.

Determination of the coefficient of rolling friction of an irregularly shaped maize particle group using physical experiment and simulations

The coefficient of rolling friction is an important physical property of a maize particle. It is difficult to obtain the value of this coefficient because of the irregular shape of maize particles. This paper describes an approach that combines the discrete-element method （DEM） and a physical test to determine the coefficient of rolling friction of irregularly shaped maize particles. A novel test platform was used to obtain the maize particle＇s coefficient of restitution and the coefficient of static friction. EDEM software （DEM- Solutions, United Kingdom） was used to simulate the accumulation of maize particles on particles and on a zincified plate. The golden-section method was used to determine the range of the maize particle＇s coefficient of roiling friction. A single-factor test was used to determine the relationship between the maize particle＇s coefficient of rolling friction and their angle of repose. The results obtained from the EDEM simulation were compared with physical test results to determine the intergranular coefficient of rolling friction and the coefficient of roiling friction between maize particles and the zincified plate. Our study demonstrates that the angle of repose increases linearly with the coefficient of rolling friction of maize particles. The effect of the coefficient of rolling friction on the particle movement is studied. The physical verification test indicates that the obtained rolling friction of the maize particles is accurate. The findings of this paper provide a theoretical basis for maize-processing machine design and a discrete-element studv of the motion of maize particles inside such machines.

Determination of the coefficient of rolling friction of irregularly shaped maize particles by using discrete element method

The coefficient of rolling friction is a foundation parameter for conducting particles simulation,however,which of irregularly shaped maize seeds is difficult to measure.Furthermore,the coefficient of rolling friction between the simulation particles and the actual seeds is inconsistent due to the shaped difference of model and different position of gravity center.This paper use two methods to determinate the coefficient of rolling friction based on discrete element method(DEM)and physical experiments.Three types of maize models from five different shaped maize samples(including horse-tooth shape,spherical cone shape,spherical shape,oblate shape,irregular shape)were developed with the help of slice modeling and 3D modeling technology.Aluminum cylinder container is used to arrange the simulation experiments of angle of repose with taking the coefficient of rolling friction as independent variables and the simulation angle of repose as target values.After predicting detailed the coefficient of rolling friction(including horse-tooth shape,spherical cone shape,spherical shape,between horse-tooth shape and spherical cone shape,between horse-tooth shape and spherical shape,between spherical shape and spherical cone shape maize models),and forecasting a unified the coefficient of rolling friction among horse-tooth shape,spherical cone shape and spherical shape maize models,two types of materials(aluminum cylinder container and organic glass container)were used to validate the difference the angle of repose between the simulation maize models and actual maize seeds.Results show the relative error of the angle of repose between the maize models controlled by the coefficient of rolling friction through the detailed method and the actual maize seeds is 0.22%,0.33%in aluminum cylinder,organic glass container,respectively.The relative error of the angle of repose between the simulation maize models controlled by the coefficient of rolling friction through the united method and actual maize seeds is 2.47%,2.97%in aluminum cylinder,organic glass container,respectively.Although the difference of the angle of repose between two method is smaller,the detailed method is better.Moreover,From the accumulation process of the angle of repose we found that the difference on the contacts number between maize models and bottom plate,the change curve of the rotational kinetic energy,the potential energy of maize models controlled by the coefficient of rolling friction through the detailed and the united method are evidently.We can choose a better method to predict the coefficient of rolling friction of maize seeds according to the application situation and investigation objective of irregular maize seeds.The results can provide a theoretical basis for designing and optimizing the structure of the seed-metering machine with DEM.

Investigation of interaction effect between static and rolling friction of corn kernels on repose formation by DEM

The coefficient of static friction(SF),the coefficient of rolling friction(RF)for particles are two key parameters affecting the repose angle formation and flow characteristics.In this paper,the interaction effects of SF and RF on the formation process of corn repose angle was investigated by the discrete element method.Firstly,five shape kinds of corn models(horse tooth,spherical cone,spheroid,oblate,and irregular shape)were established.Secondly,aluminum cylinder and organic glass box were used to conduct the simulation experiments with taking SF and RF as independent factors and seeing the repose angle as dependent value.Based on simulation results the regression equations were established.Simulation results showed the relation between two factors and the rotational kinetic energy is not nonlinear,and SF does not significantly restrict the flow of corn models after increasing the flow direction,and the effect of SF on the contact number between corns and the bottom plate is remarkable,while the effect of RF on the contact number is not remarkable.Finally,the interaction effect of two factors on the repose angle was analyzed by variance analysis and results showed SF and RF all have a significant impact on the repose angle.Moreover,their interaction effect has an impact on the repose angle.

Effect of rolling friction on wall pressure,discharge velocity and outflow of granular material from a flat-bottomed bin

The present paper provides both experimental and DEM analyses of the filling and discharge of pea grains from a 3D flat-bottomed bin. In the DEM model, the fixed mean values of the experimentally determined single particle data, such as the particle density, Young＇s modulus, Poisson＇s ratio as well as the sliding and rolling friction coefficients were incorporated to analyse their effects on the macroscale indicators, such as the wall pressure, discharge velocities and material outflow parameters. The effect of rolling friction was studied based on the experimentally measured single particle rolling friction coefficient. This analysis is aimed at the quantitative prediction of flow parameters as related to the identification of material parameters.

Effects of friction variability on isolation performance of rolling-spring systems

By taking a rolling-spring isolation system as the study object, the effects of the non-uniform distribution of rolling friction coefficient on its isolation performance were analyzed by a compiled computer program. The results show that the errors associated with the structural maximum relative displacement, acceleration and residual displacement due to ignoring the friction variability sequentially grow. This rule is weakened by the spring action, however, the unreasonable spring constant will cause sympathetic vibration. Under the condition of large friction variability, in the calculation of the structural maximum relative displacement and acceleration, the friction variability should be considered. When the structural residual displacement is concerned, the variability of rolling friction coefficient should be fully considered regardless of the friction variability.

Microstructure and texture evolution in titanium subjected to friction roll surface processing and subsequent annealing

Commercial purity and high purity titanium sheets were initially strained by a new technique, named as friction roll surface processing （FRSP）. Severe strain was imposed into the surface layer and strain gradient was formed through the thickness of the sheet. The microstructure and texture in as-strained state were investigated by optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction technique On the surface of the sheets, ultra-fine grains were found to have a sharp texture with a preferred orientation strongly related to the FRSP direction. The evolution of microstructure and crystallographic texture of FRSPed samples during recrystallization were also studied by electron back-scattered diffraction （EBSD） technique after being annealed at selected temperatures and time. The results indicated that the preferred orientations resulting from FRSP and annealing in the surface layer were formed during rolling and its recrystallization textures were reduced by FRSP. In addition, the texture evolved stably without change in main components during the annealing.

Rolling velocity and relative motion of particle detector in local granular flow

The velocity of a particle detector in granular flow can be regarded as the combination of rolling and sliding velocities.The study of the contribution of rolling velocity and sliding velocity provides a new explanation to the relative motion between the detector and the local granular flow.In this study,a spherical detector using embedded inertial navigation technology is placed in the chute granular flow to study the movement of the detector relative to the granular flow.It is shown by particle image velocimetry(PIV)that the velocity of chute granular flow conforms to Silbert’s formula.And the velocity of the detector is greater than that of the granular flow around it.By decomposing the velocity into sliding and rolling velocity,it is indicated that the movement of the detector relative to the granular flow is mainly caused by rolling.The rolling detail shown by DEM simulation leads to two potential mechanisms based on the position and drive of the detector.

High-precision Thickness Setting Models for Titanium Alloy Plate Cold Rolling without Tension

Due to its highly favorable physical and chemical properties,titanium and titanium alloy are widely used in a variety of industries.Because of the low output of a single batch,plate cold rolling without tension is the most common rolling production method for titanium alloy.This method is lack of on-line thickness closed-loop control,with carefully thickness setting models for precision.A set of high-precision thickness setting models are proposed to suit the production method.Because of frequent variations in rolling specification,a model structural for the combination of analytical models and statistical models is adopted to replace the traditional self-learning method.The deformation resistance and friction factor,the primary factors which affect model precision,are considered as the objectives of statistical modeling.Firstly,the coefficient fitting of deformation resistance analytical model based on over-determined equations set is adopted.Additionally,a support vector machine（SVM）is applied to the modeling of the deformation resistance and friction factor.The setting models are applied to a 1450 plate-coiling mill for titanium alloy plate rolling,and then thickness precision is found consistently to be within 3%,exceeding the precision of traditional setting models with a self-learning method based on a large number of stable rolling data.Excellent application performance is obtained.The proposed research provides a set of high-precision thickness setting models which are well adapted to the characteristics of titanium alloy plate cold rolling without tension.

A Novel Engineering Spherical Bearing, with Potential Application for a Hip Implant

It is a research which could enter into contradiction with the current trend concerning the hip implants. It is known as sliding friction, which is characteristic of present artificial hip joints, is higher than in the case of rolling friction. The paper reports the studies of the functioning mode of a novel spherical bearing MoM （metal on metal） with rolling friction, with potential application for an artificial hip joint obtained by introducing a number of balls between the femoral head and the acetabular cup. After over 15 years of research upon the functional principle and constructive solution, a version that offered a coefficient of minimum friction in the hip joint came to light. This version was based on a constructive solution of motion with lower friction, ＂Omnitrack~ movement solutions＂, which has been modified and rebuilt to be used as a joint of a total hip prosthesis--MOMJ. The joint was built entirely in stainless steel, SS316L medical grade. Tests have been carried out on the experimental laboratory devices that showed very low values of the coefficient of friction （μ = 0.0225）. For validation, the prosthesis had to be put through tests for 500,000 cycles, in terms of physiological motion and dynamic loading, according to ISO 14242-3. Testing was conducted on a multiaxial dynamics machine, MTS Bionix, equipped with system for hip implant testing. The testing results of this total hip prosthesis with rolling friction have been successful in signing up for a friction moment of 0.525 kNmm which means a coefficient of friction la = 0.0143, for a joint with femoral head diameter 28 mm.

ERRATUM TO “CHARACTERISTICS OF PRESSURE DROP AND CORRELATION OF FRICTION FACTORS FOR SINGLE-PHASE FLOW IN ROLLING HORIZONTAL PIPE”

This is the erratum to the article [zhang Jin-hong, Yan Chang-qi, Gao Pu-zhen, Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2009, 21(5)]. The Fig.5 is corrected.

Impact of bending dies with different friction forms on forming force and quality of tubes manufactured by free bending technology

In the 3 D free bending forming system,the bending die can be designed either in a sliding type or rolling friction type.Bending die-based sliding friction type is often called normal bending dies;however,the bending dies-based rolling friction type includes bending die-based roller type and ball type in structure.In the current study,the impact of three bending dies on the forming force,and the bent tube quality was investigated.The obtained results showed that the tangential stresses and strains of the tubes formed by the bending die-based roller type were the smallest among the three bending dies.Besides,the spherical bearing force PUwas reduced drastically after using the roller type and ball type compared to the sliding friction type.Moreover,the uniformity of the wall thickness distribution of the tubes formed by the roller type and ball type was better than those obtained from the sliding friction type.In addition,the cross-section distortion rate was reduced by 2.8%using the roller type,and 1.8%using ball-type compared to the sliding friction type.

Implementation of Caterpillar Inspired Rolling Gait and Nonlinear Control Strategy in a Spherical Robot

This paper presents a novel Central Pattern Generator （CPG） based rolling gait generation in a small-sized spherical robot and its nonlinear control mechanism. A rhythmic rolling pattern mimicking Pleurotya caterpillar is produced for the spherical robot locomotion. A synergetically combined feedforward-feedback control strategy is proposed. The feedforward component is generated from centrally connected network of CPGs in conjunction with nonlinear robot dynamics. Two nonlinear feedback control methods namely integral （first order） Sliding Mode Control （SMC） and High （or second） Order Sliding Mode Control （HOSMC） are proposed to regulate robot stability and gait robustness in the presence of matched parameter uncertainties and bounded external disturbances. Design, implementation and experimental evaluation of both roll gait control strategies for the spherical robot are done on smooth （indoor） and irregular （outdoor） ground surfaces, The performance of robot control is quantified by measuring the roll angle stability, phase plane convergence and wheel velocities. Experimental results show that proposed novel strategy is efficient in producing a stable rolling gait and robust control of a spherical robot on two different types of surfaces. It further shows that proposed high HOSMC strategy is more efficient in robust rolling gait control of a spherical robot compared to an integral first-order SMC on two different ground conditions.

Determination of the physical and interaction properties of sorghum grains:Application to computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method simulations of the fluid dynamics of a conical spouted bed

Computational simulation is an important tool for design and improvement of industrial units.Computational fluid dynamics(CFD)coupled with the discrete element method(DEM)has been applied to simulate drying equipment that usually involves gas-solid flow.For reliable results of CFD-DEM simulations,the properties related to the interactions of the material within the industrial equipment,such as the restitution or friction coefficients,must be known.In this study,CFD-DEM was applied to simulate the fluid dynamics inside a conical spouted bed operating with sorghum grains.The physical properties of the particulate phase and the particle-particle and particle-wall interaction parameters were determined by the direct measurement approach and applied to CFD-DEM.The interaction parameters were experimentally determined,including the particle-particle interaction parameters ofη=0.46,μ^(S)=0.79,andμ_(R)=0.70,and the particle-wall interaction parameters ofη=0.56,μ_(S)=0.75,andμ_(R)=0.40.The simulated minimum spouting velocity and characteristic curves were compared with the experimental results.There was good agreement between the simulated and experimental results.

Combined effect of surface microgeometry and adhesion in normal and sliding contacts of elastic bodies

In this study,models are proposed to analyze the combined effect of surface microgeometry and adhesion on the load-distance dependence and energy dissipation in an approach-separation cycle,as well as on the formation and rupture of adhesive bridges during friction.The models are based on the Maugis-Dugdale approximation in normal and frictional (sliding and rolling) contacts of elastic bodies with regular surface relief.For the normal adhesive contact of surfaces with regular relief,an analytical solution,which takes into account the mutual effect of asperities,is presented.The contribution of adhesive hysteresis into the sliding and rolling friction forces is calculated for various values of nominal pressure,parameters of microgeometry,and adhesion.

Effect of surface roughness on the angular acceleration for a droplet on a super-hydrophobic surface

The motion of droplets on a super‐hydrophobic surface,whether by sliding or rolling,is a hot research topic.It affects the performance of super‐hydrophobic materials in many industrial applications.In this study,a super‐hydrophobic surface with a varied roughness is prepared by chemical‐etching.The adhesive force of the advancing and receding contact angles for a droplet on a super‐hydrophobic surface is characterized.The adhesive force increases with a decreased contact angle,and the minimum value is 0.0169 mN when the contact angle is 151.47°.At the same time,the motion of a droplet on the superhydrophobic surface is investigated by using a high‐speed camera and fluid software.The results show that the droplet rolls instead of sliding and the angular acceleration increases with an increased contact angle.The maximum value of the angular acceleration is 1,203.19 rad/s^(2) and this occurs when the contact angle is 151.47°.The relationship between the etching time,roughness,angular acceleration,and the adhesion force of the forward and backward contact angle are discussed.

A simple approach for determining the preload of a wire race ball bearing

Wire race ball bearings have been widely used in high-tech weapons. The preload of a wire race ball bearing is crucial in engineering applications. In this study, a more effective approach is proposed for exact determination of the wire race ball bearing preload. A new mathematical model of the preload and the starting torque of the wire race ball bearing was built using the theorem of the 3D rolling friction resistance and the non-conforming contact theory. Employing a wire race ball bearing with a 1000 mm diameter used in a specific type of aircraft simulating rotary table, the numerical analysis in MATLAB～ showed that the preload magnitude can be controlled in the range of 130–140 μm. As verification, the experimental results were in agreement with the theoretical results, and confirm the feasibility of this method. This new approach is more exact in the preload range of 10–158 μm than that computed by the numerical method reported in our previous work (Shan et al., 2007b). This implies that the present method contributes to more effectively preventing rolling noise, overturning moments and wear of the wire race ball bearing. The current research provides critical technical support for the engineering application of wire race ball bearings with large diameters.