宪政产生根源探讨

宪政是以宪法为前提,以民主为基础,以法治为载体,以权力制约权力,以实现人权为宗旨的政治组织形态。宪政制度是西方社会演进的产物,发端于古希腊的契约文化、古罗马的法律制度。

是君主喜好还是元首决定具有法律效力——对元首制时期和优士丁尼时代罗马宪政的考察

本文以对Quod principi placuit,legis habet vigorem的正确翻译为起点,还原了帝政分权时期元首与元老院分权、共治的宪政局面,批驳了罗马无宪法论以及私法巨人、公法矮子论,揭示了某些英语世界的作家故意误译上述拉丁短语以彰显英国宪政优越论的阴谋,展示了短语作者乌尔比安的思想体系中的宪政倾向,对延长西方宪政史的时间链条具有特别的意义。

Tacitus on the Nature of the Roman Imperial Power(Annals 1.1-4)

In his Annals(1.1-4),Tacitus highlights his own view on principes viri in different historical periods.During the period of kingdom,people had no freedom,hence the author holds a very negative stance on kingship.Right from the start of the Roman Republic,people's freedom began to be dominated and tamed by the consuls.Other ruling authorities such as decemvirs and military tribunes did not exercise longer command,and the several commanders of the Late Republic who held military power failed to turn dominatio and potentia into auctoritas.Yet,in the Principate,people's freedom has begun to be directed by the princeps.Augustus eventually converted balanced rule within the framework res publica into imperium and dominatio centered on the emperor,the new core of the imperial res publica.And in this hereditary imperial rule,the princeps is the master of the state,similar to a king.Hence,the Principate perverted and degenerated into another form of regnum.Through Tacitus'comments on Tiberius and Agrippa Postumus,the identification of imperial authority as similar to kingship but on a more sophisticated level becomes visible and includes two interrelated aspects:great deeds and temperament of the ones exercising them.

注释法学的“拜占庭血统”与“波伦那气质”——以《优士丁尼新律》三个版本的传播史为中心

学界通常认为,注释法学发轫于12世纪的波伦那,是现代西方法学的源头。然而,值此之时,以罗马法注释为载体的法学教育在君士坦丁堡已经存在了五百年之久,并发展出形式多样的注释体例。从《优士丁尼新律》的三个版本在意大利迭次传播的历史中不难发现,波伦那的注释法学与君士坦丁堡既有的法学注释活动之间存在着紧密的"连续性"。但是,从12世纪开始,波伦那在"自我认知"的过程中逐渐树立起区隔于君士坦丁堡的"西方"形象。尽管16至17世纪的学者们明确意识到注释法学有着一脉来自拜占庭的血统,但是大部分学者仍强调注释法学的"波伦那气质"。此种气质在19世纪的欧洲知识界得到了进一步的塑造。整体来看,围绕注释法学的客观历史描述与主观历史想象之间存在着相当大的矛盾。通过重现这一矛盾的形成过程,"连续性"之于当代法律史学的意义才能得到揭示。