RUSAS: Roman Urdu Sentiment Analysis System

Sentiment analysis, the meta field of Natural Language Processing (NLP), attempts to analyze and identify thesentiments in the opinionated text data. People share their judgments, reactions, and feedback on the internetusing various languages. Urdu is one of them, and it is frequently used worldwide. Urdu-speaking people prefer tocommunicate on social media in Roman Urdu (RU), an English scripting style with the Urdu language dialect.Researchers have developed versatile lexical resources for features-rich comprehensive languages, but limitedlinguistic resources are available to facilitate the sentiment classification of Roman Urdu. This effort encompassesextracting subjective expressions in Roman Urdu and determining the implied opinionated text polarity. Theprimary sources of the dataset are Daraz (an e-commerce platform), Google Maps, and the manual effort. Thecontributions of this study include a Bilingual Roman Urdu Language Detector (BRULD) and a Roman UrduSpelling Checker (RUSC). These integrated modules accept the user input, detect the text language, correct thespellings, categorize the sentiments, and return the input sentence’s orientation with a sentiment intensity score.The developed system gains strength with each input experience gradually. The results show that the languagedetector gives an accuracy of 97.1% on a close domain dataset, with an overall sentiment classification accuracy of94.3%.

IMAGE-BUILDING AND FRAMING PROCESSES OF AN ANTI-MOTHER/-WOMAN IN CICERO’S PRO CLUENTIO

In this case study we explore Cicero’s processes of framing and image-building regarding the concept of an anti-mother/-woman.For this we examine Cicero’s portrayal of Sassia,a woman who features as one of the main antagonists of his speech Pro Cluentio.We analyse Cicero’s depiction of Sassia’s evilness towards her son,Cluentius,through the lens of frame and framing theories.By doing so,this case study aims to present a deeper understanding of Cicero’s stratagems(e.g.,priming,calling for action;nudging,pushing someone towards action;and affordance,offering a frame to act outside of or within)which were employed in order to devise a negative characterisation of Sassia.The application of this methodological approach to Cicero’s framing of Sassia provides a new scope for analysing not only the classical text itself but also for the analysis of ancient human society to which it belonged.

LE DEMI-SICLE, DE MOÏSE AU FISCUS IUDAICUS. HISTOIRE D’UNE TÉLÉOLOGIE

Many sources are brought together in scholarship in order to write the linear story of a specific tax,the half shekel tax paid each year by the Jews to the Temple of Jerusalem and,then,confiscated by the fiscus Iudaicus in Roman times.But do these sources refer to the same tax?In this paper,I defend the idea that the linearity of this story is a fiction.Many taxes were levied and justified by the memory of a Biblical tax,but they are all different in meaning,in administration and sometimes even in value.The story is a political one:how to justify a tax in ancient Judaism?

Complete Cototal Roman Domination Number of a Graph for User Preference Identification in Social Media

Many graph domination applications can be expanded to achieve complete cototal domination.If every node in a dominating set is regarded as a record server for a PC organization,then each PC affiliated with the organization has direct access to a document server.It is occasionally reasonable to believe that this gateway will remain available even if one of the scrape servers fails.Because every PC has direct access to at least two documents’servers,a complete cototal dominating set provides the required adaptability to non-critical failure in such scenarios.In this paper,we presented a method for calculating a graph’s complete cototal roman domination number.We also examined the properties and determined the bounds for a graph’s complete cototal roman domination number,and its applications are presented.It has been observed that one’s interest fluctuate over time,therefore inferring them just from one’s own behaviour may be inconclusive.However,it may be able to deduce a user’s constant interest to some level if a user’s networking is also watched for similar or related actions.This research proposes a method that considers a user’s and his channel’s activity,as well as common tags,persons,and organizations from their social media posts in order to establish a solid foundation for the required conclusion.

Anti-tumor effect of coix seed based on the theory of medicinal and food homology

Coix seed is a dry and mature seed of Coix lacryma-jobi L.var.ma-yuen(Roman.)Stapf in the Gramineae family.Coix seed has a sweet,light taste,and a cool nature.Coix seed enters the spleen,stomach,and lung meridians.It has the effects of promoting diuresis and dampness,strengthening the spleen to prevent diarrhea,removing arthralgia,expelling pus,and detoxifying and dispersing nodules.It is used for the treatment of edema,athlete's foot,poor urination,spleen deficiency and diarrhea,dampness and obstruction,lung carbuncle,intestinal carbuncle,verruca,and cancer.The medicinal and health value is high,and it has been included in the list of medicinal and food sources in China,which has a large development and application space.This article reviews the current research achievements in the processing methods and anti-tumor activities of Coix seed and provides examples of its clinical application in ancient and modern times,aiming to provide reference for further research on Coix seed and contribute to its clinical application and development.Through the analysis of the traditional Chinese patent medicines,and simple preparations and related health food of Coix seed queried by Yaozhi.com,the source,function,and dosage form of Coix seed were comprehensively analyzed,with a view of providing a reference for the development of Coix seed medicine and food.

8种中药提取物对薏苡灰霉病菌的抑制作用

采用生长速率法和倍比稀释法测定了8种中药提取物对薏苡(Coix lacroyma-jobi L.var.ma-yuen(Roman.))灰霉病菌(Botrytis cinerea)的生物活性。结果表明,在浓度为1.0 g/mL时,丁香(Eugenia aro-matica Baill)、辛夷(Magnolia biondii Pamp.)、商陆(Phytolacca acinosa Roxb.)提取物对薏苡灰霉病菌抑菌率达100%;北豆根(Menispermum dahuricmn DC.)、萝藦[Metaplexis japonica(Thunb.)Mark.]、甘草(Gly-cyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.)、艾蒿(Artemisia argyi Levl.et Van.)提取物的抑菌率分别为76.3%、76.3%、69.7%、33.8%;天南星(Arisaema amurense Maxim.)提取物对薏苡灰霉病菌没有抑制作用;丁香、辛夷、商陆的最小抑制浓度依次为0.062 5、0.125 0、0.500 0 g/mL。

基于扩展WSDL行为描述的Web服务组合

互联网上存在丰富的Web服务以及自动服务组合方法,但这些自动组合方法(如经典的Roman模型)均要求服务暴露其行为,以此作为服务是否可自动合成的先决条件。现有的Web服务描述文档(如W3C的WSDL标准)缺乏对服务行为的有效描述,使得这些自动化服务组合方法在实际中不可行。针对该问题,提出一种在WSDL中扩展服务行为描述的服务接口方案,基于GMF实现服务行为编辑器,帮助用户在WSDL中协同添加或编辑服务行为,并利用Axis2开源框架开发客户端生成器,根据WSDL中的服务行为反向自动生成具有服务行为的客户端。以k-lookahead算法为例在Seekda服务库中应用该服务方案,实验结果验证了其可行性。

薏苡仁与泰国米仁的鉴别

薏苡仁是传统健脾胃中药,为药食两用品,长期以来一直为人们所喜爱。目前,上海、南京等市的一些食品商店出售一种称为泰国米仁的商品。为此,笔者从性状、显微、理化三方面对泰国米仁与国产薏苡仁进行了比较研究。

Roman控制数的一些结果

利用图论的方法研究了图G同其补图-G的Roman控制数,得到了完全图和完全多部图的补图的Ro-man控制数及图G同其补图G-的Roman控制数的关系;还研究了图G的生成子图H同G的Roman控制数的关系和极大无完美匹配的简单图G的Roman控制数.

指向学科核心素养的高中学生英语自主泛读探究——以Roman holiday剧本阅读为例

分析英语学科核心素养与高中英语自主泛读、高中英语自主泛读与影视剧本阅读的关系。以Roman holiday剧本阅读为例,从读前、读中、读后三个环节探究学科核心素养下高中学生英语自主泛读的方法。认为英语自主泛读不仅能培养学生的学习能力、思维品质,还能发展学生的鉴赏能力,提高学生的人文素养。

自由青春释放,责任担当诠释——多维度视域下赏析《罗马假日》(Roman Holiday)

《罗马假日》(Roman Holiday)20世纪经典剧本,百看不厌,看后回味无穷,感受到公主青春无限,感叹公主激情四射,感觉公主光彩照人和感触公主精湛演绎,这部浪漫晦涩的经典爱情剧本改编成电影在电影史获得3项奥斯卡大奖,可谓经典当中的典范。该文从女主角高雅纯洁的爱情作基石,启迪青年人对和谐美满自由幸福的爱情生活追求和向往的同时,赞扬年轻人自律后的民族大义精神,诠释敢于担当自己肩上责任。

英国的烟火节

每年的11月5日是英国的烟火节(Guy FawkesDay 或 Guy Fawkes Night)。在这一天的夜里,人们燃放烟花(let off fireworks),点篝火(make abonfire),并将一个衣衫褴缕的假人(a raggeddummy)扔进篝火。Guy Fawkes Day 可直译为“盖伊·福克斯日”,根据这个节日中人们的活动内容,也有人将其译为“烟火节”。 ’

趋向动词“起来”的维译

“起来”作为趋向动词,在句中其汉翻维较为复杂,本文想就此做以肤浅探讨。一、以“动词+起来+(了)”或“动词+了+起来“的结构式出现。a.以谓补结构出现于句末。例如:(1)大家立刻干起来了。/(干了起来)kθpqilik d(?)rhal ixl(?)xk(?) baxlidi.(2)群众动员起来了。

Signed Roman (Total) Domination Numbers of Complete Bipartite Graphs and Wheels

A signed(res. signed total) Roman dominating function, SRDF(res.STRDF) for short, of a graph G =(V, E) is a function f : V → {-1, 1, 2} satisfying the conditions that(i)∑v∈N[v]f(v) ≥ 1(res.∑v∈N(v)f(v) ≥ 1) for any v ∈ V, where N [v] is the closed neighborhood and N(v) is the neighborhood of v, and(ii) every vertex v for which f(v) =-1 is adjacent to a vertex u for which f(u) = 2. The weight of a SRDF(res. STRDF) is the sum of its function values over all vertices.The signed(res. signed total) Roman domination number of G is the minimum weight among all signed(res. signed total) Roman dominating functions of G. In this paper,we compute the exact values of the signed(res. signed total) Roman domination numbers of complete bipartite graphs and wheels.

“随便”一词的翻译

“随便”在结构上虽属于动宾短语,中间可以加入定语成分,但在现代汉语中,通常已将它当作一个固定的词语来看待和使用,在句子中可作形容词和连词,它的含义一般有三个。

Roman Urdu News Headline Classification Empowered with Machine Learning

Roman Urdu has been used for text messaging over the Internet for years especially in Indo-Pak Subcontinent.Persons from the subcontinent may speak the same Urdu language but they might be using different scripts for writing.The communication using the Roman characters,which are used in the script of Urdu language on social media,is now considered the most typical standard of communication in an Indian landmass that makes it an expensive information supply.English Text classification is a solved problem but there have been only a few efforts to examine the rich information supply of Roman Urdu in the past.This is due to the numerous complexities involved in the processing of Roman Urdu data.The complexities associated with Roman Urdu include the non-availability of the tagged corpus,lack of a set of rules,and lack of standardized spellings.A large amount of Roman Urdu news data is available on mainstream news websites and social media websites like Facebook,Twitter but meaningful information can only be extracted if data is in a structured format.We have developed a Roman Urdu news headline classifier,which will help to classify news into relevant categories on which further analysis and modeling can be done.The author of this research aims to develop the Roman Urdu news classifier,which will classify the news into five categories(health,business,technology,sports,international).First,we will develop the news dataset using scraping tools and then after preprocessing,we will compare the results of different machine learning algorithms like Logistic Regression(LR),Multinomial Naïve Bayes(MNB),Long short term memory(LSTM),and Convolutional Neural Network(CNN).After this,we will use a phonetic algorithm to control lexical variation and test news from different websites.The preliminary results suggest that a more accurate classification can be accomplished by monitoring noise inside data and by classifying the news.After applying above mentioned different machine learning algorithms,results have shown that Multinomial Naïve Bayes classifier is giving the best accuracy of 90.17%which is due to the noise lexical variation.

Sentiment Analysis of Roman Urdu on E-Commerce Reviews Using Machine Learning

Sentiment analysis task has widely been studied for various languages such as English and French.However,Roman Urdu sentiment analysis yet requires more attention from peer-researchers due to the lack of Off-the-Shelf Natural Language Processing(NLP)solutions.The primary objective of this study is to investigate the diverse machine learning methods for the sentiment analysis of Roman Urdu data which is very informal in nature and needs to be lexically normalized.To mitigate this challenge,we propose a fine-tuned Support Vector Machine(SVM)powered by Roman Urdu Stemmer.In our proposed scheme,the corpus data is initially cleaned to remove the anomalies from the text.After initial pre-processing,each user review is being stemmed.The input text is transformed into a feature vector using the bag-of-word model.Subsequently,the SVM is used to classify and detect user sentiment.Our proposed scheme is based on a dictionary based Roman Urdu stemmer.The creation of the Roman Urdu stemmer is aimed at standardizing the text so as to minimize the level of complexity.The efficacy of our proposed model is also empirically evaluated with diverse experimental configurations,so as to fine-tune the hyper-parameters and achieve superior performance.Moreover,a series of experiments are conducted on diverse machine learning and deep learning models to compare the performance with our proposed model.We also introduced the largest dataset on Roman Urdu,i.e.,Roman Urdu e-commerce dataset(RUECD),which contains 26K+user reviews annotated by the group of experts.The RUECD is challenging and the largest dataset available of Roman Urdu.The experiments show that the newly generated dataset is quite challenging and requires more attention from the peer researchers for Roman Urdu sentiment analysis.

Roman Domination Number and Domination Number of a Tree

图 G = 上的罗马统治功能(V， E ) 是功能 f : V { 0， 1， 2 } 令人满意条件为的每顶点 u 0 是的 f (u)= 邻近至少一顶点 v 为它 f (v)= 2。罗马统治功能的重量是价值 f (V)= uVf (u) 。graphG 上的罗马统治功能的最小的重量，由 R (G) 表示了，被称为 G 的罗马统治数字。在这份报纸，我们将与 R (T)=(T)+ 描绘树 T 3。

Historical Bibliometrics Using Google Scholar: The Case of Roman Law, 1727–2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the historical and linguistic coverage of Google Scholar, using publications in the field of Roman law as an example.Design/methodology/approach: To create a dataset of Roman law publications, we retrieved a total of 21,300 records of publications, published between years 1500 and 2016, with title including words denoting "Roman law" in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Findings: We were able to find publications dating back to 1727. The largest number of publications and authors date to the late 19th century, and this peak might be explained by the role of Roman law in French legal education at the time. Furthermore, we found exceptionally skewed concentration of publications to authors, as well as of citations to publications. We speculate that this could be explained by the long time-frame of the study, and the importance of classic works. Research limitation: Major limitations, and potential future work, relate to data quality, and cleaning, disambiguation of publications and authors, as well as comparing coverage with other data sources. Practical implications: We find Google Scholar to be a promising data source for historical bibliometrics. This approach may help bridge the gap between bibliometrics and the "digital humanities".Originality/value: Earlier studies have focused mainly on Google Scholar's coverage of publications and citations in general, or in specific fields. The historical coverage has, however, received less attention.