Effects of proper drilling control to reduce respirable dust during roof bolting operations

Dust generated from bolt hole drilling in roof bolting operation could have high quartz content. As a dust control measure, vacuum drilling is employed on most of the roof bolters in US underground mines. However, fine rock partic- ulates from drilling could escape from the dust collection system and become airborne under some circumstances causing the roof bolter operators expose to quartz-rich respirable dust. A previous research shows that drilling can be controlled through properly selected penetration and rotational rates to reduce the specific energy of drilling. Less specific energy means less energy is wasted on generating noise, heat and over-breakage of rock. It implies that proper control of drilling has a great potential to generate significantly less fine rock dust during drilling. The drilling experiments have been conducted to study the effect of controlling drilling on reducing respirable dust. The preliminary results show that the size distributions of respirable dust were different when controlling drilling in different bite depths. This paper presents the findings from laboratory experimental studies.

A robust approach to identify roof bolts in 3D point cloud data captured from a mobile laser scanner

Roof bolts such as rock bolts and cable bolts provide structural support in underground mines.Frequent assessment of these support structures is critical to maintain roof stability and minimise safety risks in underground environments.This study proposes a robust workflow to classify roof bolts in 3 D point cloud data and to generate maps of roof bolt density and spacing.The workflow was evaluated for identifying roof bolts in an underground coal mine with suboptimal lighting and global navigation satellite system(GNSS)signals not available.The approach is based on supervised classification using the multi-scale Canupo classifier coupled with a random sample consensus(RANSAC)shape detection algorithm to provide robust roof bolt identification.The issue of sparseness in point cloud data has been addressed through upsampling by using a moving least squares method.The accuracy of roof bolt identification was measured by correct identification of roof bolts(true positives),unidentified roof bolts(false negatives),and falsely identified roof bolts(false positives)using correctness,completeness,and quality metrics.The proposed workflow achieved correct identification of 89.27%of the roof bolts present in the test area.However,considering the false positives and false negatives,the overall quality metric was reduced to 78.54%.

Fundamental principles of an effective reinforcing roof bolting strategy in horizontally layered roof strata and areas of potential improvement

It is arguable that the development of reinforcing roof bolting systems has largely stagnated in recent times, primarily due to the prevailing industry view that few, if any, further improvements can be made to what currently exists.However, this paper contends that reinforcing roof bolting systems can be further refined by considering both the specific manner by which horizontally bedded roof strata loses its natural self-supporting ability and the specific means by which reinforcing roof bolts act to promote or retain this natural self-supporting ability.The Australian coal industry has insisted on minimising bolt-hole diameter to maximise load transfer and on targeting full-encapsulation by any means necessary for many years.This has led to a significant, albeit unintended, consequence in terms of overall roof bolting effectiveness, namely increased resin pressures during bolt installation and the associated potential for opening bedding planes that may have, otherwise, remained closed during the bolt installation process.Given that the natural self-supporting ability of roof strata is strongly linked to whether bedding planes are open or closed, logically, minimising resin pressures should be a significant benefit.This paper focuses primarily on three key issues that relate directly to the function of the roof bolting system itself:(1) the importance of proper resin mixing in the context of maximising load transfer strength and stiffness,(2) the importance of minimising resin pressures developed during bolt installation, and(3) the importance of maximising the effectiveness of the available bolt pre-tension.All mine operators should be invested in improving the individual effectiveness of each installed roof bolt, even by relatively small incremental amounts, so this is an important topic for discussion within the mining community.

Numerical simulation and analysis of drill rods vibration during roof bolt hole drilling in underground mines

Structural deterioration in the roof in an underground mine can easily cause roof fall, and deterioration is difficult to detect. When drilling holes for roof bolts, there is a relationship between the vibration of the drill rod and the properties of the rock being drilled. This paper analyzes transverse, longitudinal, and torsional vibrations in the drill rod by using vibration theory. Characteristic indexes for three kinds of vibration are determined. Using the finite element analysis software ABAQUS, a model for drill rod vibration during the drilling of roof bolt holes was established based on the geological and mining conditions in the Guyuan Coal Mine, northern China. Results from the model determined that the transverse and the longitudinal vibration decrease as the rock hardness decreases. In descending order, sandstone,sandy mudstone, mudstone, and weak interbeds cause progressively less vibration when being drilled.The ranking for strata that cause decreasing torsional vibration is slightly different, being, in descending order, mudstone, sandstone, sandy mudstone, and weak interbeds. These results provide a theoretical basis for predicting dangerous roof conditions and the presence of weak interbeds to allow for adjusting bolt support schemes.

Roof bolting and underground roof falls

Roof bolting has been used in underground entry(roadway)support in U.S.coal mines since the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969(US Congress,1977)recognized roof bolting as the only means of underground entry(roadway)support.For U.S.underground coal mines,roof bolting pattern is fixed at 4
4 ft(1.2
1.2 m),except in the Pittsburgh Seam where longwall mining is practiced,with occasional 3.6
4 ft(1.1
1.2 m)pattern.However,roof falls or roof failure often occurs in roof-bolted entries in U.S.coal mines.Roof falls can roughly be divided into four types:skin falls,large falls,cutter roofs,and massive falls.Based on this situation,the roof is initially strengthened by bolt based on suspension and friction mechanism.By comparing roof bolting patterns in different coal producing countries,bolt density in all other countries is much higher(except South Africa)than that used in the U.S.In spite of its long history of successful application with hundreds of millions of units installed,roof bolting design is still the lack of a commonly accepted method.

Anchoring eccentricity features and rectifying devices for resin grouted bolt/cable bolt

The anchoring eccentricity of the bolt and cable bolt is a common problem in geotechnical support engineering and affects the ability of the bolt and cable bolt to control the rock mass to a certain extent.This paper reports on numerical simulation and laboratory experiments conducted to clarify the effect of eccentricity on the anchoring quality of the bolt and cable bolt,and to establish an effective solution strategy.The results reveal that the anchoring eccentricity causes unbalanced stress distribution and the uncoordinated deformation of the resin layer,which results in higher stress and greater deformation of the resin layer at the near side of the rod body.Additionally,as the degree of anchoring eccentricity increases,the effect becomes more significant,and the resin layer of the anchoring system becomes more likely to undergo preferential failure locally,which weakens the load-bearing performance of the anchoring system.This paper develops an innovative bolt anchoring rectifying device(B-ARD)and cable bolt anchoring rectifying device(C-ARD)on the basis of the structural characteristics of the bolt and cable bolt to better ensure the anchoring effect of them.The working effects of these two devices were verified in detailed experiments and analysis.The experimental results show that the anchoring rectifying devices(ARD)improve and ensure the anchoring concentricity of the bolt and cable bolt,which will help improve the supporting performance of them.The paper provides a convenient and effective method for improving the anchoring concentricity of the bolt and cable bolt,and provides a concept and reference for technical research on improving the effect of roof bolting.

Bolt Supporting of Large-Span Soft Rock Roadway in Shaqu Colliery

The instability of trapezoidal Ⅰ-steel support is analysed for the compound roof of main coal seam in Shaqu Colliery, and the mechanism of bolt supporting is studied. A scheme of bolt supporting has been given and put into practice, remarkable technical and economic benefits have been got.

巷帮煤体整体滑脱型冲击地压锚杆防冲支护原理及工程实践

冲击地压是目前严重影响煤炭安全有效开采的灾害之一,研究锚杆防冲支护原理和技术对防治巷道冲击地压灾害具有重要意义和价值。通过对巷帮煤体整体冲入型冲击地压发生的地质条件以及破坏特征进行总结分析,认为坚硬顶板与坚硬煤层是此类型冲击地压的重要地质特征,而巷帮煤体整体滑脱是其主要冲击破坏特征。在此基础上,以巷帮滑脱煤体为研究对象,建立了顶板-巷道-底板复合结构体力学模型,建立了巷帮煤体发生水平滑移的极限平衡方程,并对各个参数进行分析。结果表明:由于顶板反弹使巷帮煤体竖直方向压力降低,巷帮煤体被构造应力推入巷道发生冲击地压。基于该发生机制模型,认为目前的锚杆支护设计体系在防治巷帮煤体冲入型冲击地压存在不足,并基于其发生和破坏特征,建立了针对巷帮煤体整体滑脱型冲击地压的锚杆防冲支护设计原则,即将顶和底帮锚杆锚固端分别穿层打入稳定的顶底板内,并使用长锚索取代中部帮锚杆,提供锚杆支护的防冲作用。基于新建立的锚杆防冲支护设计方法,以大屯矿区孔庄煤矿7305工作面防冲支护为工程背景,在宽煤柱段巷帮锚杆支护采取了防冲设计,帮顶、底部锚杆及补强锚索均锚固于顶底板内部,能够有效吸收煤体滑动动能,提高安全性。

煤矿软弱围岩锚固孔底部扩孔区锚固效果保障方法与实验

锚固孔扩孔锚固作为增强锚杆(索)对煤矿软弱围岩巷道支护效果的技术举措,对提升煤矿软弱围岩巷道主动支护质量及安全水平发挥了重要作用,然而,扩孔施工也明显增大了扩孔位置锚固孔的尺寸,导致按照锚杆(索)常规树脂锚固施工方式进行施工时扩孔区锚固剂固化及充填效果不理想等问题,显然这不利于锚固孔扩孔锚固性能的充分发挥。为明晰锚固孔扩孔锚固时扩孔区锚固问题及其影响,并寻找有效的解决途径,以确保锚固孔扩孔条件下锚杆(索)的锚固性能,采用数值模拟及实验室实验相结合的方法开展了系统研究。研究结果表明:施工过程中树脂锚固剂弯折(曲)进入扩孔区使锚索无法对它进行有效搅拌及破碎,以及扩孔位置锚固孔体积的增大使得锚固剂不能有效充满,是导致扩孔区锚固问题的主要原因;锚索拉拔模拟结果显示扩孔区锚固缺陷对锚索的锚固性能及锚固系统的失效形式有较大影响;为改善扩孔区的锚固效果,提出了锚固孔底部扩孔区锚固效果保障方法,并实验验证了该方法的有效性,实验结果表明该方法有效确保了软弱围岩锚固孔底部扩孔区的锚固效果,增强了锚索的锚固性能。本研究有效解决了锚固孔扩孔区的锚固问题,有助于煤矿软弱围岩条件下锚索高强支护能力的充分发挥,为确保锚索对软弱围岩巷道支护效果提供了技术途径。

浅埋厚煤层软岩巷道支护参数设计及应用

目前煤矿常采用锚杆(索)对巷道两帮及顶板进行主动支护,但受巷道所处力学环境、地质条件等多种因素影响,针对软岩巷道锚杆支护参数设计及理论选择较为困难,使巷道支护环境较差。本文结合理论与现场工程地质条件,针对五举煤矿13207工作面软岩巷道中存在的顶板破碎严重问题,对两巷道支护参数进行设计及应用。参数选择为顶板及帮部均采用左旋无纵筋螺纹钢锚杆,规格分别为φ22 mm×2 800 mm、φ22 mm×2 400 mm,顶板及帮部分别采用φ21.8 mm×7 300 mm的1×19股高强度锚索与φ21.6 mm×5 300 mm的1×7股高强度锚索,锚杆预紧扭矩不小于300 N·m,锚索张拉力不小于200 k N。现场应用结果表明,巷道围岩变形得到有效控制,整体支护效果良好,为附近相似条件矿井提供借鉴。

顶强帮弱半煤岩巷道围岩变形特性及控制对策

针对“顶强帮弱”半煤岩巷道巷帮围岩塑性破坏范围大、锚杆支护强度不足等围岩控制难题,以某矿8#煤层回采巷道为工程背景,在围岩力学性能测试、钻孔可视化观测及声波法实测巷帮不同高度松动圈的基础上,对该类巷道围岩的力学及宏观变形特征进行了研究,得出巷帮煤层既是影响巷道整体稳定的“短板”,又是支护的“关键”。建立数值模型分析了“顶强帮弱”半煤岩巷道围岩受采动影响的变形特征、应力分布规律及承载特性,提出了强化帮部薄弱部位的围岩控制对策,并进行了工业性试验。结果表明:对“顶强帮弱”半煤岩巷道帮部煤层采用“锚杆+斜拉穿层锚索+强护表构件”的支护对策可使其处于三向压缩受力状态,约束其向巷道内挤出变形,发挥封闭及主动促稳作用。

层理劣化影响下破碎顶板巷道变形机理及控制研究

为解决层理劣化的破碎顶板下巷道支护难题,以辛置煤矿东四运输延伸巷为工程背景,研究了该巷道层理劣化的顶板变形破坏规律,提出了相应的支护对策,并进行了现场应用。采用FLAC3D中的interface单元,建立了含层理的巷道顶板模型,分析了层理影响下破碎顶板变形破坏特征,对比了不同支护方案的巷道围岩变形规律。对层理劣化的顶板,高预应力锚杆能充分提高顶板自承载能力,进而降低锚杆支护密度,既能控制巷道围岩变形,亦能提高掘进速度。最终,将提出的支护对策应用于现场,监测数据表明:该支护对策能保证巷道围岩稳定,且有利于提高巷道掘进速度,对类似的层理劣化的破碎顶板下巷道支护提供了参考。

厚油页岩顶板巷道支护参数设计及优化分析

随着煤矿开采深度的增加,厚油页岩顶板地质条件下的巷道支护问题日益凸显。针对这一问题,对煤矿厚油页岩顶板的地质特性进行了深入分析,并通过理论计算确定了巷道顶板围岩松动圈的范围,为支护参数的确定提供了科学依据,还确定了锚杆和锚索的支护参数,并建立了数值模型以进一步优化锚杆和锚索的间排距参数,旨在提高支护效果并达到降本增效的目的。研究结果表明,优化后的锚网索支护方案能够更有效地控制巷道围岩的变形和破坏,提高巷道的稳定性和安全性,研究成果不仅为厚油页岩顶板地质条件下的巷道支护提供了科学依据,也为类似地质条件下的巷道支护设计提供了借鉴和参考。

煤岩交互复合顶板跨界锚固支护研究

任家庄煤矿110902风巷为煤岩交互复合顶板,根据该巷实际地质赋存条件和应力实测值,进行UDEC模型设计,建立了巷道位移运算步数模型,得出当应力释放值R为1.0时,顶煤出现非常明显的裂隙,并向煤层深部、巷道两帮延伸。在应力释放系数R为1.0时,分别采用长度为1.0 m、2.0 m、3.0 m的锚杆模拟,揭示了随着锚杆长度从1.0 m增加到合理长度,围岩松动圈逐渐缩小,且裂隙数量大幅下降,裂隙深度控制在锚固区内。基于煤岩交互复合顶板支护技术,确定110902风巷锚杆长度为2.4 m,并重新设计了110902风巷支护方案。十字布点监测结果表明,巷道支护圈抑制了巷道围岩变形,断面尺寸完全可以满足安全生产使用。

复合顶板回采巷道稳定控制技术研究

复合顶板岩层各层之间容易产生不同的变形,导致黏结力变小,在实际生产中易出现离层破坏。通过使用锚杆(索)进行支护,可以改变围岩力学状态,有效控制围岩变形。以山西省四侯矿为研究背景,采用理论分析、数值模拟、现场监测等方法研究了复合顶板回采巷道稳定控制技术。对比锚杆应力变化曲线可知,所选用的支护方式可以有效控制围岩变形;对回风顺槽动压条件下锚固支护现状进行评价,便于优化支护方案,并为下区段工作面进、回风顺槽支护方案设计提供理论依据。

矿用顶板无源光纤智能远程监测系统应用研究

矿山需高可靠性的安全监控及应急信息系统,本文依据光纤光栅测量原理,结合顶板离层、锚杆应力、围岩应力3种光纤光栅传感器,研究了一种基于光纤光栅测量原理的矿用顶板无源光纤智能远程监测系统,达到了传感器本身不带电、安全且能满足煤矿监测现场就地显示的标准要求。在华阳新景矿3109辅助进风巷进行了试验应用,结果表明,顶板离层、锚杆应力、围岩应力均随距工作面距离减小而增大,符合矿压显现规律,最大围岩应力23.3 MPa,最大锚杆受力81 k N,最大顶板离层40 mm,锚杆抑制顶板离层效果显著。

巷道中锚网索联合支护方案的应用分析

以一煤矿12162作业面为例,介绍一种巷道中锚网索联合支护方案。通过相关计算确定出锚网索支护体系中锚杆与锚索的参数,并以此为基础设计出多种不同的支护方案,之后利用有限元分析的方式对各方案进行模拟分析,以此选取出最佳的锚网索联合支护方案。通过锚网索联合支护方案的应用,可显著提升巷道作业面的稳定性。确认该方案具有一定应用价值。

熟料库库顶房平台网架结构改良节点研究

在熟料库网架建造工程中,随着工艺、环境等条件的改变,迫使熟料库网架结构设计水平亟需提升,熟料库结构构造亟需改良,提出一套改良的新型熟料库网架设计方案是非常必要的。设计一种新型熟料库库顶房平台结构节点形式,分析钢梁、节点连接钢板、螺栓球和腹杆之间的复杂接触关系,验证节点传力路径和整体受力机制的有效性,并与传统结构节点形式对比,分析两种结构的破坏特性。研究表明,在极限荷载作用下,结构满足承载能力要求,节点传力可靠,传力路径符合实际。与传统结构形式相比,节省了大量钢材,减少了高空焊接作业,缩短了工程工期,可为熟料库库顶房平台改良设计提供参考。

玻璃钢锚杆的试验研究

介绍一种新型的玻璃钢锚杆结构 ,并对其杆体原材料、生产工艺与性能进行了试验研究。试验表明该锚杆性能良好 。

弱胶结软岩巷道锚网索耦合支护技术研究

为解决弱胶结软岩巷道支护困难的问题,以伊犁一矿弱胶结软岩巷道为研究对象,结合煤岩物理力学性质及原岩应力测试结果,在分析巷道围岩变形破坏原因的基础上,通过优化支护参数提出了锚网索耦合支护方案。在利用数值模拟验证新支护方案可靠性的基础上,通过现场观测分析总结了采用新支护方案后巷道围岩变形有巷道开挖影响、变形限制、稳定变形3个阶段。结果表明:顶底板移近量平均为50 mm,两帮移近量平均为23 mm,变形稳定时间缩短为15 d;锚网索耦合支护能有效控制巷道围岩变形,改善围岩应力状态,充分利用深部围岩的自承载力。