Green Roof Performance for Stormwater Management in Equatorial Urban Areas Using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)

Many Low Impact Developments (LIDs) have recently been developed as a sustainable integrated strategy for managing the quantity and quality of stormwater and surrounding amenities. Previous research showed that green roof is one of the most promising LIDs for slowing down rainwater, controlling rainwater volume, and enhancing rainwater quality by filtering and leaching contaminants from the substrate. However, there is no guideline for green roof design in Malaysia. Hence, Investigating the viability of using green roofs to manage stormwater and address flash flood hazards is urgently necessary. This study used the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to evaluate the effectiveness of green roof in managing stormwater and improving rainwater quality. The selected study area is the multistory car park (MSCP) rooftop at Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus. Nine green roof models with different configurations were created. Results revealed that the optimum design of a green roof is 100 mm of berm height, 150 mm of soil thickness, and 50 mm of drainage mat thickness. With the ability to reduce runoff generation by 26.73%, reduce TSS by 89.75%, TP by 93.07%, TN by 93.16%, and improved BOD by 81.33%. However, pH values dropped as low as 5.933 and became more acidic due to the substrates in green roof. These findings demonstrated that green roofs improve water quality, able to temporarily store excess rainfall and it is very promising and sustainable tool in managing stormwater.

Analysis and control on anomaly water inrush in roof of fully-mechanized mining field

Caving of mine roofs from water inrush due to anomalous pressure is one of the major disasters and accidents that can occur in mines during production.Roof water inrush can trigger a wide range of roof collapse,causing major accidents from breaking roof supports while caving.These failures flood wells and do a great deal of damage to mines and endanger mine safety.Our objective is to analyze the anomalies of water inrush crushing the support at the #6301 working face in the Jisan Coal Mine of the Yanzhou Mining Group.Through information of water inrush to the roof,damage caused by tectonic movements,information on the damage caused by roof collapse and the theory about the distribution of pressure in mine abutments,we advice adjusting the length of the working face and the position of open-off cut relatively to the rich water area.In the case of anomalous roof pressure we should develop a state equation to estimate preventive measures with＂transferring rock beam＂theory.Simultaneously, we improve the capacity of drainage equipment and ensured adequate water retention at the storehouse. These are all major technologies to ensure the control and prevention against accidents caused by anomalous water inrush in roofs,thus ensuring safety in the production process of a coal mine.

Application of Automatic Water-saving Irrigation System in Roof Gardens

Based on the special site conditions of roof gardens,it was put forward to introduce automatic water-saving irrigation system into the roof garden constructions,such as the solar energy and microcomputer auto water-saving irrigation system,aiming to solve the photosynthetic noon break phenomenon of plants and relieve the stress from high temperature.

Relationship between water inrush from coal seam floors and main roof weighting

A water-resistant key strata model of a goaf floor prior to main roof weighting was developed to explore the relationship between water inrush from the floor and main roof weighting. The stress distribution,broken characteristics, and the risk area for water inrush of the water-resistant key strata were analysed using elastic thin plate theory. The formula of the maximum water pressure tolerated by the waterresistant key strata was deduced. The effects of the caved load of the goaf, the goaf size prior to main roof weighting, the advancing distance of the workface or weighting step, and the thickness of the waterresistant key strata on the breaking and instability of the water-resistant key strata were analysed.The results indicate that the water inrush from the floor can be predicted and prevented by controlling the initial or periodic weighting step with measures such as artificial forced caving, thus achieving safe mining conditions above confined aquifers. The findings provide an important theoretical basis for determining water inrush from the floor when mining above confined aquifers.

Overburden fracture evolution laws and water-controlling technologies in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof

Considering the danger of water inrush in mining very thick coal seam under water-rich roof in Majialiang Coal Mine,the universal discrete element(UDEC)software was used to simulate the overburden fracture evolution laws when mining 4#coal seam.Besides,this study researched on the influence of face advancing length,speed and mining height on the height of the water flowing fractured zones(HWFFZ),and analyzed the correlation of face advancing length and change rules of aquifer water levels and goaf water inflow.Based on those mentioned above,this research proposed the following water-controlling technologies:draining the roof water before mining,draining goaf water,reasonable advancing speed and mining thickness.These water-controlling technologies were successfully used in the feld,thus ensured safely mining the very thick coal seam under water-rich roof.

Roof pre-blasting to prevent support crushing and water inrush accidents

Support crushing and water inrush when mining under an unconsolidated confined aquifer in the Qidong Coal Mine was prevented by roof pre-blasting. The mechanism and applicable conditions for this method have been studied. The results show that when an overburden structure that may cause support crushing and a water inrush accident exists the weakening of the primary key stratum, which thereby reduces its weighting step, roof pre-blasting is both feasible and effective. If the position of the primary key stratum can be moved upward to exceed 10 times the mining height the possibility of support crushing and water inrush disaster caused by key stratum compound breakage will be lowered. The overburden structure of the number 7121 working face was considered during the design of a technical proposal involving roof pre-blasting. After comprehensively analyzing the applicability of roof pre-blasting the resulting design prevented support crushing and water inrush disasters from happening at the number 7121 working face and laid a solid foundation for mining safely.

Ensuring water security by utilizing roof-harvested rainwater and lake water treated with a low-cost integrated adsorption-filtration system

Drinking water is supplied through a centralized water supply system and may not be accessed by communities in rural areas of Malaysia.This study investigated the performance of a low-cost, self-prepared combined activated carbon and sand filtration(CACSF) system for roofharvested rainwater and lake water for potable use. Activated carbon was self-prepared using locally sourced coconut shell and was activated using commonly available salt rather than a high-tech procedure that requires a chemical reagent. The filtration chamber was comprised of local,readily available sand. The experiments were conducted with varying antecedent dry intervals(ADIs) of up to 15 d and lake water with varying initial chemical oxygen demand(COD) concentration. The CACSF system managed to produce effluents complying with the drinking water standards for the parameters p H, dissolved oxygen(DO), biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5), COD, total suspended solids(TSS), and ammonia nitrogen(NH_3-N). The CACSF system successfully decreased the population of Escherichia coli(E. coli) in the influents to less than 30 CFU/m L. Samples with a higher population of E. coli(that is, greater than 30 CFU/m L) did not show 100% removal. The system also showed high potential as an alternative for treated drinking water for roof-harvested rainwater and class II lake water.

Green roofs for storm water management:a review

The rapid urbanization and industrialization involve an unsustainable use of natural systems,leading to various problems in cities.The urban hydrological system experiences fluctuating amount of surface runoff water when it rains heavily.It has been suggested that green roofs significantly mitigate storm water runoff generation even in tropical climate.Green roofs have become popular due to its proven benefits by mitigating urban heat island effects and protecting biodiversity.The annual rainfall and runoff relationship for green roofs is determined by the depth of the substrate.Water retention capacity mostly depends on substrate's physical conditions such as dry or wetness.Generally 6 mm to 12 mm rainfall is required for dry substrate to initiate runoff whereas response of wet conditions is mostly straight.Besides,there are some other factors affecting runoff dynamics such as type of a green roof and its slope,age of green roof,type of vegetation,soil moisture characteristics,weather.The review indicates that there is not much research in green roofs performance over storm water runoff;hence there is a need for further research.This paper reviews and addresses the role of green roofs in urban storm water management.

基于瞬变电磁法的煤层风氧化带探查

煤层风氧化带的发育对煤矿的生产组织和安全回采影响巨大,针对准格尔煤田东部隆起带煤层风氧化带圈定的技术难题,研究了瞬变电磁法探查煤层风氧化带的可行性。首先对研究区正常地层与煤层风氧化区的电阻率测井曲线进行了分析,总结了正常区与煤层风氧化区的电性差异,并以电阻率测井曲线构建了煤层风氧化区地电模型;然后采用MAXWELL软件对理论模型的瞬变电磁响应进行了数值模拟,发现在煤层风氧化区瞬变电磁反演电阻率断面表现为浅部低阻层变厚、低阻异常幅值减小的异常特征,可以以此来圈定煤层风氧化区的分布范围;最后在数值模拟的基础上,在串草圪旦煤矿开展了现场试验,结合钻探情况对试验数据从瞬变电磁反演电阻率断面和平面2个角度进行了分析,结果表明瞬变电磁法探测划分风氧化带是可行的。

Study on Fracture Characteristic of Artificial Roof of Downward Drift with High-Water Solidifying Backfill

On the basis of analysis of the structure aud loading characteristic of downward drift with high-water solidifying backfill, the fracture characteristics of the artiricial roof of "hard-support weak-plate" drift and "soft-support weak-plate" drift are demonstrated rrom theory. The location and the maximum tensile stress of destruction point are given.This paper aims at providing some theoretical basis and practical reference for designing the artificlal roof structure parameter in downward drirt backfill mining.

煤层顶板水害风险保护系数法评价技术研究

关于近水体下采煤防水安全煤(岩)柱保护层厚度取采高倍数问题,《建筑物、水体、铁路及主要井巷煤柱留设与压煤开采规范》(以下简称《“三下”开采规范》)附表4-3“防水安全煤(岩)柱保护层厚度”仅适用于“松散含水层”下采煤,至于基岩含水层下采煤以及老空水体下采煤如何确定保护层厚度并未涉及;常用的顶板水害风险评价技术方法评价的主要内容包括富水性评价、导通性评价、充水强度评价,在含水层富水性已知的情况下,评价方法可以进一步简化,仅评价“导通性”即可。基于以上2点,从《“三下”开采规范》出发,试图构建类似于底板突水系数那样简单的判据用于评价顶板水害风险。首先,基于“保护”一词的科学内涵,提出导水裂隙带顶界面至上覆含水层之间的隔水岩层均具有保护功能,应统称为保护层(Hb);基于《“三下”开采规范》中保护层厚度选取采高(A)一定倍数的做法,提出了保护系数(Bs)概念,即保护层厚度与采高的比值(Bs=Hb/A)。其次,基于《“三下”开采规范》附表4-3关于防隔水煤(岩)柱保护层厚度取值的规定,提出松散含水层下采煤的保护系数分区阈值Bi=(0,2、3、4、5、6、7);煤系地层一般为砂、泥岩互层型沉积建造,其中泥岩具有阻水功能(相当于松散层下的黏性土层),且泥岩总厚度一般大于累计采厚,故基岩含水层下保护层厚度可参照《“三下”开采规范》附表4-3“松散层底部黏性土层厚度大于累计采厚”的条件并按最大值选取,即4A,遂提出评价基岩含层的保护系数分区阈值Bi=(0,4)。根据保护系数和分区阈值,可将评价区划分为突水区(Bs≤0)、危险区(0<Bs<Bi)、安全区(Bs≥Bi)。当煤层上方有多层含水层时,应分别进行评价。最后,举例说明应用保护系数评价顶板水害风险的过程和方法,指出当含水层富水性为中等及以上时,“突水区”“危险区”的内涵侧重于安全性,通常作为防水安全煤柱留设;当含水层富水性弱或疏放经济时,“突水区”“危险区”主要用于指导疏干工程设计。

基于“三图法”的纳林河二号矿井顶板突水危险性评价

我国西北地区侏罗系煤田普遍受到顶板水害的威胁,影响矿山安全生产。以纳林河二号矿井3^(-1上)103工作面为例,提供一种有效的顶板水害评估方法。通过建立水文地质剖面并应用“三图法”理论,分析了影响煤层顶板砂岩含水层富水性的主控因素,包括砂岩含水层厚度、渗透系数、脆塑性岩厚度比和岩心采取率。运用层次分析法(AHP)对主控因素的权重进行了科学定量,基于富水性指数评估了含水层富水性,并获得了顶板冒裂安全性及突水危险性。通过与音频电透视技术获取的低阻异常区对比,初步验证了所提方法的可靠性。研究结果为纳林河二号矿井3^(-1上)103工作面安全回采提供依据,对于指导类似地区的顶板水害预防和控制具有参考价值。

蒙陕接壤区煤层顶板涌水水源智能判别方法

蒙陕接壤区煤炭高强度开采诱发的煤层顶板水害问题日益凸显,高效智能地判别煤层顶板涌水水源是顶板水害防治的关键。以蒙陕接壤区3个典型矿井为研究对象,将无机指标K^(+)+Na^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、HCO_(3)^(-)、TDS和有机指标UV_(254)、TOC、溶解性有机质(DOM)的荧光光谱作为判别指标,利用主成分分析法(PCA)对80组地下水水样数据进行主成分提取,提出一种人工鱼群算法(AFSA)改进随机森林(RF)的PCA-AFSA-RF顶板涌水水源智能判别方法。首先,建立PCA-RF判别模型,其准确率(A_(c))、精确率(P_(r))、召回率(R_(c))和F-measure指数(f_(1))分别达到了83.00%、83.17%、80.42%和79.57%;其次,通过AFSA对PCA-RF判别模型中决策树数目、树深和内部节点分裂所需的最小样本数进行寻优,在AFSA中引入遗传机制以避免陷入局部最优,建立基于PCA-AFSA-RF的煤层顶板涌水水源智能判别模型,该模型A_(c)、P_(r)、R_(c)、f_(1)分别达到92.18%、91.11%、87.58%和88.82%,较PCA-RF分别提高9.18%、7.94%、7.16%和9.25%,回代准确率达到97.50%;最后,利用该模型对12个矿井水水样进行判别,结果与现场实际相一致,表明AFSA改进后的PCA-RF模型具有更好的准确性和泛化能力。研究结果可为煤层顶板涌水水源的准确判别提供新方法。

我国不同类别煤层顶板水害致灾机理与防控路径

我国是世界上成煤和赋存条件最复杂的国家,煤层顶板水文地质条件的多样性和复杂性,采动覆岩裂隙场与渗流场耦合的相互性和时变性以及煤层顶板突水的独特性和危害性,造成顶板水害是我国尤其是西部煤矿区的主要矿井灾害之一。为了更好地认识顶板水害和推广现有技术和探索新技术防控此类矿井灾害,在全面分析近年来我国煤层顶板水害事故规律与顶板充水含水层的赋存条件、突水模式、动力特征、力学行为等基础上,系统划分了顶板水害的类型、特征、主要类别的致灾机理及梳理了现有顶板水害的防治技术,并展望了未来顶板水害防治领域的发展方向。研究发现:①顶板水害主体架构包括巨厚基岩含水层涌(淋)水、薄基岩弱胶结层水-砂耦合溃涌、离层空间蓄水储能突水、天窗补给型突水、围岩烧变增透致突等5种类别,集中分布于秦岭—淮河沿线以北地区,陕、蒙、宁是顶板水害主要聚集地。②采动诱发巨厚基岩含水层下覆岩原生裂隙互馈-贯通发育“Z”型离层空间,导致采场出现大面积涌(淋)水现象;基于复合关键层破断力学条件,阐明了薄基岩弱胶结层水-砂耦合溃涌致灾的动力源;构建了离层失稳突水临界判别准则,将离层突水划分为静载扰动、“动+静”载复合扰动、复合煤层开采重复扰动3种模式;红土隔水层缺失及红土薄弱区采动劣化损伤是产生天窗越流补给的主要根源;围岩烧变增透,孔隙度增大,接受临近水源补水后形成新的含水结构体,在采动诱发下烧变岩水涌入采场发生水害事故。③梳理了当前煤层顶板水害“探-放-治”三位一体的解危防控技术体系,提出了井上下共轭联动、钻-采(掘)高位协同地质勘探系统,以防治水“三区”划分为导向的地质保障工作,“煤-水-生态”多目标齐抓共管的绿色开采和防治水理念,以及数智化、透明化矿山水文地质灾害信息维护系统等未来发展方向。

“三软地层”超前探放水综合控制技术

“三软地层”探放水钻孔孔口管固管安装困难、顶板遇水塌陷渗水、疏放水钻孔坍塌堵孔以及钻孔缩颈的施工技术一直难以解决。通过理论计算与工程实践,摸索了一套探放水创新施工工艺,进行了优化钻孔参数设计,11701工作面大部分顶板疏放水钻孔垂高取200 m,终孔孔距不大于60 m,富水区域进行加密。技术上攻克了套管加长后固结难的技术难题,研发出一套“分级注浆固管法”,将整个套管牢固安装在设计位置,实现了在软岩区域快速固结安装超长孔口套管的新工法。针对“三软地层”的钻孔探放水,为了解决“三软地层”的探放水钻孔在成孔后坍塌堵塞的技术难题,创造性的研发出三级注浆以及“全孔花管护壁新工艺”;工程实践证明该套技术方案很好地解决了“三软地层”探放水钻孔施工难题。

基于“两带”探查技术的顶板水害危险性分析——以伯方煤矿为例

应用钻液漏失量观测、岩芯采取统计、钻孔电视观测和钻孔电阻率动态监测等多种“两带”探查技术方法,对伯方煤矿3煤开采的覆岩导水裂隙带发育特征进行研究,分析3煤采动影响下的顶板水害危险性。研究结果表明:3213工作面导水裂隙带发育高度为87.66 m,发育至K9砂岩含水层;垮落带发育高度为22.61 m,发育至2煤下部K8砂岩含水层。3313工作面垮落带最大高度为煤层顶板20~21 m,至2煤顶板砂岩含水层;导水裂隙带最大高度为煤层顶板83~87 m,至K9砂岩含水层。由此计算得出的垮落/采厚比为3.58~3.76,裂缝/采厚比为14.85~15.56。3煤回采产生的导水裂隙可造成二叠系下石盒子组和山西组砂岩含水层与3煤采空区的连通,含水层地下水岩导水裂隙向下渗流,增加了顶板水害的风险。建议矿井严格落实顶板水害防治的相关要求,降低采动裂隙对矿井正常生产的影响。

黔北煤田矿井顶板水害特征及防治措施研究

黔北煤田近年来发生了22起工作面顶板涌水事故,对该地区矿井安全生产造成了很大威胁。为了研究黔北煤田矿井顶板水害特征及防治措施,以黔北煤田某片区为研究对象,分析了研究区域顶板水害的充水水源、水化学特征、突水通道、水害特征,并提出了相应的顶板水害防治措施。研究发现:长兴组含水层的水质类型为SO_(4)^(2−)、HCO_(3)^(−)-Na^(+),玉龙山段含水层的水质类型为HCO_(3)^(−)、SO_(4)^(2−)-Ca^(2+)和HCO_(3)^(−)、SO_(4)^(2−)-Na^(+)、Ca^(2+);区内各含水层的pH值以弱碱性为主,范围为7.63~8.18。开采9号煤层时,顶板水害的充水水源主要为长兴组灰岩含水层;顶板涌水特征主要表现为:涌水突发性强、水头值大、衰减速度快、涌水持续时间较短,涌水出现的位置绝大部分处于工作面下三分之一位置。针对黔北煤田顶板水害问题,提出了控制工作面开采速度,避免工作面长时间停采;加强顶板初次来压和周期来压期间水害防治,以及提前施工顶板水疏放孔等防治水措施。研究结果为黔北煤田顶板水害防治工作提供借鉴。

梁北矿松软大采高工作面高水充填沿空留巷技术研究

以高水材料适应性研究为基础,通过分析梁北煤矿厚硬顶板大采高工作面沿空留巷围岩控制难点,提出“预裂切顶-高水充填-超前加固”沿空留巷技术。通过室内试验确定了高水充填材料最佳水灰比、早强剂掺量和用水温度;采用理论分析和工程类比确定了预裂切顶、超前加固和高水充填支护方案;采用数值模拟分析了沿空留巷方案的可行性。工程实践效果表明,围岩变形滞后工作面100~150 m趋于稳定,变形整体可控,留巷效果较好。

水滴形大跨钢屋盖结构风洞试验和风振分析

自然风经过大跨结构时,由于结构屋顶形状不规则,通常会引起柔性屋面的振动,因此针对大跨屋面结构抗风设计需要考虑风压分布和风振响应。以陕西省水务集团矿泉水生产车间为工程背景,制作了1∶200的刚性模型,通过刚性模型风洞试验测得该水滴型大跨钢屋盖结构的表面风压,研究了屋盖表面典型测点及整体的风压分布规律。基于风洞试验数据,对结构进行风振时程分析,得到了屋盖表面的风振响应和风振系数。结合刚性模型风洞试验和风振分析,深入研究了水滴形大跨屋盖结构的风压分布规律和风致振动特性,并总结了其共性规律。